Blacklisted By History
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Chapter 20: The Four Committees
1. Tydings report, p. 7.
2. Ibid., p. 165.
3. Oshinsky, op. cit., p. 110–14.
4. Reeves, op. cit., pp. 227–28.
5. There are many copies of the Lee list extant, mostly in mimeograph form as circulated in the halls of Congress (all identical as to text, but with different ancillary data). The version most accessible to researchers, though without name keys and somewhat buried in a voluminous record, is in the appendix to the Tydings hearings, pp. 1745 et seq.
6. Hearings on State Department appropriations, subcommittee of the House Appropriations Committee, January 28, 1948, p. 191.
7. Ibid., p. 176.
8. Report of the House Committee on Appropriations, February 27, 1948.
9. Congressional Record, March 3, 1948, p. 2085; March 4, 1948, p. 2158.
10. Ibid., March 3, 1948, pp. 2085–86.
11. Tydings report, p. 8.
12. Hearings of State Department subcommittee, House Committee on Expenditures, March 12, 1948.
13. Ibid.
14. FBISilvermasterfile, Vol.109, pp.51, 92.
15. Hearings of State Department subcommittee, House Committee on Expenditures, March 12, 1948.
16. FBI Silvermaster file, Vol. 94, p. 67.
17. Congressional Record, July 24, 1950, pp. 10805 et seq.
18. Congressional Record, August 2, 1948, pp. 9643–44.
Chapter 21: File and Forget It
1. McCarthy speeches, p. 35.
2. Tydings to Truman, April 12, 1950, Tydings papers, loc. cit.
3. Tydings hearings, p. 1.
4. “State Dept. to Open Files in Loyalty Probe,” Washington Post, March 11, 1950.
5. Tydings hearings, pp. 249–55.
6. FBI McCarthy file, Section 1.
7. FBI McCarthy file, Section 1, Section 4b.
8. Alan Belmont to D. M. Ladd, March 30, 1950, FBI McCarthy file, Section 1.
9. Tydings subcommittee archive, Box 4; Tydings report, p. 173.
10. Tydings report, p. 12.
11. FBI McCarthy file, Section 4.
12. FBI McCarthy file, Section 5.
13. These statements are taken from a cover memorandum by House Committee investigators in connection with the so-called Lee list. See Chapter 19.
14. Associated Press report, June 21, 1950.
15. FBI McCarthy file, Section 5.
16. Hoover to McCarthy, July 10, 1950, McCarthy papers I.
17. Tydings report, p. 11.
18. FBI McCarthy file, Section 6.
19. McCarthy speeches, pp. 149–50.
20. Tydings report, p. 171.
21. McCarthy hearings, “State Department File Survey,” February 4, 1953.
Chapter 22: All Clear in Foggy Bottom
1. Tydings report, p. 17.
2. Hearings of the subcommittee on State Department appropriations, Senate Appropriations Committee, supplemental appropriations for 1953, March 27, 1952, p. 502.
3. Congressional Record, February 20, 1950, p. 2071.
4. McCarthy speeches, p. 79.
5. This was the status of the matter as it stood in October 1951. It subsequently developed that three employees had been brought up on loyalty charges, but none had been dismissed at the time of Snow’s orations.
6. McCarthy placed excerpts from these LRB minutes in the Congressional Record for January 15, 1952, beginning at p. 192. A more extensive, typewritten version of these proceedings was held in McCarthy’s files (McCarthy papers I). The quotes given here are from this more detailed version.
7. LRB proceedings, McCarthy papers I.
8. Ibid. 9. Ibid.
10. Senate Appropriations subcommittee hearings, March 25–28, 1952, loc. cit.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid., p. 497.
13. Ibid., pp. 499–500.
14. Ibid., p. 542.
15. Ibid., pp. 980–81.
16. Ibid., p. 963.
17. Ibid., p. 52.
18. Ibid., pp. 387–89.
19. Ibid., p. 419.
20. Ibid., pp. 454–55.
21. Ibid., p. 389.
22. Ibid., p. 392.
Chapter 23: The Man Who Knew Too Much
1. McCarthy speeches, p. 11.
2. FBI McCarthy file, Section 1b.
3. Tydings hearings, p. 131.
4. FBI McCarthy file, Section 1.
5. Congressional Record, April 25, 1950, pp. 5897–98.
6. FBI McCarthy file, Section 1b.
7. FBI McCarthy file, Section 2.
8. Tydings hearings, p. 291.
9. McCarthy speeches, pp. 61–62, 125, et seq.
10. FBI Lattimore file, Vols. 20, 25.
11. FBI McCarthy file, Section 5.
12. Ibid. 13. Tydings report, p. 95.
14. Senate Appropriations subcommittee hearings, March 1952, loc. cit.
15. FBI McCarthy file, Section 1b.
16. Stanley to Rosen, November 23, 1954, FBI McCarthy file, Section 2.
17. J. B. Matthews papers, Duke University. Document provided by Ira Katz.
18. FBI McCarthy file, Section 1.
19. Statement of Miriam de Haas, Washington Times-Herald, November 2, 1952.
Chapter 24: The Trouble with Harry
1. FBI Oppenheimer file, Section 1.
2. Ibid. This same information, and much more like it, is repeated many times throughout the Bureau’s voluminous file on Oppenheimer, and would be paraphrased in the charges later brought against him by the Atomic Energy Commission.
3. Hoover letter to Gen. Harry Vaughan, for the attention of President Truman, with accompanying memo summarizing key points in the Oppenheimer case, November 15, 1945. Ibid.
4. On Oppenheimer’s multitude of new responsibilities under Truman, see James Shepley and Clay Blair Jr., The Hydrogen Bomb (David McKay, 1953), p. 29.
5. United States Atomic Energy Commission, Personnel Security Board, “In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer,” proceedings of the Gray Commission, April 1954, p. 48. The letters from Bush and Conant appear in FBI Oppenheimer file “Supplemental Release of Referred Documents” at end of series (no file number).
6. Ibid., pp. 415, 420.
7. Ibid., p. 425.
8. Testimony of Attorney General Herbert Brownell before the Senate Internal Security subcommittee, November 17, 1953, pp. 1109 et seq.
9. These issues are discussed at length in many Bureau memos, most notably in Section 3 of the FBI file on White, and in Vols. 155 and 158 of the Silvermaster file. As Bureau official A. H. Belmont summed up the matter to D. M. Ladd: “From the foregoing, it will be seen that, as of March 1946, the Treasury Department was in possession of all the essential allegations from Elizabeth Bentley and we had placed no restrictions on them from dismissing various persons in their employ named in the summaries.” December 1, 1953. FBI Silvermaster file, Vol. 158.
10. Testimony of J. Edgar Hoover to Senate Internal Security subcommittee, November 17, 1953, p. 1146.
11. “Interlocking Subversion in Government Departments,” proceedings of the Senate Internal Security subcommittee, Part 14, Appendix 1, p. 958.
12. This memorandum is photographically reproduced in Venona: Soviet Espionage and the American Response, loc. cit., p. 117.
13. FBI Hiss-Chambers file, Vol. 6.
14. Ibid., Vol. 12.
15. Ibid, Vols. 1 and 2.
16. Truman interview with Prof. Anthony Bouscaren, on television station WXIX, Milwaukee, Wis., September 3, 1956; transcript printed in U.S. News & World Report, September 14, 1956.
17. “A Synopsis of the Edward U. Condon Case,” House Committee on Un-American Activities, November 11, 1958.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. “Investigation of Edward U. Condon,” testimony of Adrian Fisher, executive hearings of the House Committee on Un-American Activities, March 9, 1948.
21. “Interlocking Subversion in Gover
nment Departments,” hearings of Senate Internal Security subcommittee, December 3, 1953, pp. 1221 et seq.
22. Ibid., p. 1230.
23. “Export Policy and Loyalty,” hearings of the Investigations subcommittee, Senate Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments, July 30, 1948, p. 57.
24. Ibid., pp. 359–61.
25. Ibid., pp. 336–37.
26. LRB Memorandum of Decision, January 27, 1949. The rationale for this decision by the Richardson Loyalty Review Board is discussed at sympathetic length by Gary May in Un-American Activities (Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 111 et seq.
Chapter 25: A Book of Martyrs
1. FBI Silvermaster file, Vol. 114, p. 479.
2. FBI Silvermaster file, Vol. 155, p. 55.
3. Tydings appendix, p. 1794.
4. Ibid., p. 1795.
5. McCarthy speeches, p. 71.
6. Hillenkoeter to McCarthy, March 2, 1950, Tydings papers, Series V, Box 7.
7. McCarthy speeches, p. 17.
8. Hearings of the Senate Internal Security subcommittee, October 8, 1957, pp. 1855–56.
9. “The Memoir of Gordon Griffiths,” 1999, Library of Congress Manuscript Division, Shelf No. 23, 107.
10. Remarks of Sen. Joe McCarthy, Congressional Record, July 26, 1956.
11. Tydings appendix, p. 1815.
12. Jack Anderson, Confessions of a Muckraker (Ballantine Books, 1979), p. 221.
13. Tydings appendix, p. 1816.
14. FBI Lattimore file, Section 17, p. 13.
15. FBI McCarthy file, Section 3.
16. Ibid.
17. McCarthy speeches, p. 53.
18. The Chambers statements to Raymond Murphy concerning Post are included in Murphy memoranda of March 20, 1945, and August 28, 1946, both printed in proceedings of the Senate Internal Security subcommittee, December 2, 1953, pp. 1181–83.
19. FBI Silvermaster file, Vol. 42.
20. Remarks of Rep. Fred Busbey of Illinois, Congressional Record, March 25, 1948, p. A1912.
21. FBI Lattimore file, Vol. 10, p. 90.
22. Investigative memoranda and witness statements in proceedings concerning Charles W. Thayer. McCarthy papers I.
Chapter 26: Some Public Cases
1. Tydings hearings, pp. 189–99.
2. Ibid., p. 208.
3. Haldore Hanson, Humane Endeavour: The Story of the China War (Farrar & Rinehart, 1939).
4. Ibid., pp. 32, 101, 44–45, 267, 349.
5. Ibid., pp. 305, 273, 311, 69.
6. Ibid., p. 227.
7. Ibid., p. 37.
8. Tydings hearings, pp. 590–91.
9. See Brunauer memoranda and related data in papers of Maurice Rosenblatt/ National Committee for an Effective Congress, Boxes 12, 18, Library of Congress Manuscript Division; and Brunauer testimony to Tydings committee, pp. 295 et seq.
10. Tydings report, p. 29.
11. These data are provided in Appendix IX, pp. 550, 553; the same information is included in the Tydings appendix, p. 1518.
12. Tydings hearings, p. 91.
13. Tydings report, p. 29.
14. Report of the Special House Committee on Un-American Activities, March 29, 1944, p. 154.
15. Tydings hearings, p. 87.
16. Tydings report, p. 29.
17. Memoranda of loyalty board on Brunauer cases, #325 (Esther Brunauer) and #326 (Stephen Brunauer), executive files of House Committee on Un-American Activities, NARA. Document provided by Ted Morgan.
18. Tydings hearings, p. 119.
19. Time, October 21, 1951.
20. McCarthy speeches, pp. 334 et seq.
21. Statement of Henry Luce issued by Time, Inc., November 9, 1951.
22. Ronald Radosh, Mary R. Habek, and Grigory Sevostianov, eds., Spain Betrayed (Yale Press, 2001), pp. 306, 333.
23. “Review of the Scientific and Cultural Conference for World Peace,” report of the House Committee on Un-American Activities, April 19, 1949, p. 11.
Chapter 27: Tempest in a Teacup
1. Tydings report, pp. 138–41.
2. An extended discussion of Walker Stone of the Scripps-Howard chain as the source for Hoover’s “airtight” quote is contained in FBI Amerasia file, Section 59.
3. Tydings appendix, p. 2310; Tydings hearings, p. 999.
4. FBI Amerasia file, Section 54.
5. Ibid.
6. Congressional Record, May 25, 1950, p. 7543.
7. Tydings hearings, p. 974.
8. FBI Amerasia file, Section 53.
9. AlfredFriendly, “U.S. DeniesReportsof 5 ‘Secrets,’” Washington Post, June 1, 1950.
10. FBI Amerasia file, Section 52.
11. Morgan memo to file, June 2, 1950, Tydings papers, series V, Box 3.
12. FBI Amerasia file, Section 29.
13. Tydings hearings, p. 974.
14. FBI Amerasia file, Section 53.
15. FBI Amerasia file, Section 51.
16. Ibid. 17. FBI Amerasia file, Section 52.
18. FBI Amerasia file, Section 53.
19. Hoover to James Hatcher, May 25, 1950, FBI Amerasia file, Section 51.
20. FBI Amerasia file, July 30, 1950, Section 53.
21. Congressional Record, May 25, 1950, p. 7453.
22. Tydings appendix, p. 2283.
Chapter 28: Little Red Schoolhouse
1. McCarthy speeches, p. 85; Tydings report, p. 41.
2. All these identifications, save Rose Yardumian, are given in the IPR report, p. 97 and pp. 147–59. The identification of Yardumian was made by former IPR official William Johnstone, McCarthy hearings (Voice of America), March 4, 1953, p. 432.
3. IPR report, p. 97.
4. IPR hearings, p. 437.
5. IPR report, p. 97.
6. McCarthy speeches, p. 83.
7. IPR Report, pp. 111–12.
8. Ibid., pp. 208–09.
9. Ibid., p. 79.
10. FBI IPR file, Section 47.
11. Ibid., Section 14, part 2.
12. IPR report, pp. 223–25.
Chapter 29: “Owen Lattimore Espionage—R”
1. McCarthy speeches, p. 85.
2. Tydings report, pp. 52–53, 161.
3. Ibid., p. 161.
4. Owen Lattimore, Solution in Asia (Little, Brown, 1945), p. 139.
5. Owen Lattimore, The Situation in Asia (Greenwood Press, 1949), pp. 79–80.
6. Solution in Asia, p. 141.
7. Ibid., pp. 141–42.
8. Situation in Asia, p. 69.
9. IPR report, pp. 16–17.
10. Owen Lattimore, “New Road to Asia,” National Geographic, December 1944.
11. IPR report, p. 119.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid., p. 46.
14. Ibid., p. 225.
15. Tydings hearings, p. 484.
16. FBI Lattimore file, Section 10, p. 73.
17. FBI Lattimore file, Section 1, p. 1.
18. FBI IPR file, Section 3, p. 10.
19. FBI Lattimore file, Section 2, p. 81.
20. FBI Lattimore file, Section 1, p. 92.
21. FBI Lattimore file, Section 2, p. 67.
22. Memorandum to James M. McInerney, Assistant Attorney General, Criminal Division, and William E. Foley, Chief, Internal Security Division, June 17, 1952. McCarthy papers III.
23. Ibid. 24. FBI Amerasia file, Section 10.
25. IPR hearings, p. 3199.
Chapter 30: Dr. Jessup and Mr. Field
1. “Nomination of Philip C. Jessup,” hearings of the subcommittee on nominations, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations (hereafter cited as Jessup hearings), September 21, 1951, pp. 24 et seq.
2. Ibid., p. 4.
3. Ibid., p. 170.
4. Ibid., p. 172.
5. House Committee on Un-American Activities, Guide to Subversive Organizations and Publications (1957), p. 16.
6. “Un-American Activities in California,” report of the California State Committee on Un-American Activities, 1948, pp. 16
9–72, and 1949, p. 412.
7. Appendix IX, p. 1067.
8. Jessup hearings, p. 43.
9. Ibid., pp. 60 et seq.
10. Ibid.
11. “Un-American Activities in California,” report of the California State Committee on Un-American Activities, 1949, p. 694.
12. Jessup hearings, pp. 231, 250, 182.
13. IPR hearings, p. 5228.
14. IPR report, p. 54.
15. Jessup hearings, p. 465.
16. Ibid., pp. 480–81.
17. IPR hearings, p. 860.
18. Ibid., p. 1049.
19. Jessup hearings, p. 619.
Chapter 31: A Conspiracy So Immense
1. McCarthy speeches, pp. 215 et seq.; America’s Retreat from Victory: The Story of George Catlett Marshall (Devin-Adair, 1951).
2. A lightly fictionalized account of this episode may be found in William F. Buckley Jr., The Red Hunter (Little, Brown, 1999).
3. McCarthy speeches, pp. 305–07. The use here of “maledictions” is a dead giveaway as to the origins of the speech—a typical Davis word, atypical of McCarthy.
4. William F. Buckley Jr. and L. Brent Bozell, McCarthy and his Enemies (Regnery, 1995), pp. 388–92.
5. See the account in Forrest Pogue, George C. Marshall, Ordeal and Hope, 1939–1942 (Penguin Books, 1993), Chapter IX, “So Little Time,” pp. 193 et seq.
6. On Lend-Lease and Faymonville, see Leonard Mosley, Marshall: Hero for Our Times (Hearst Books, 1982), pp. 144–45; on Marshall’s second-front ideas for Europe vs. the Churchill strategy, see Wedemeyer, op. cit., pp. 228 et seq.
7. As to Marshall’s role as team player—and political general—Mosley writes: “He was now a political soldier…He would have to become expert in a whole new set of skills.” And: “By giving way to the President and going along with his stratagem [on Lend-Lease] he had taken a step into his [Roosevelt’s] camp, and it would have both practical and psychological consequences.” Op. cit., pp. 123, et seq., p. 143.
8. Among the more striking aspects of Vincent’s record was that he opposed U.S. involvement in the war in 1940, at the height of the Hitler-Stalin pact, saying “it is not our war.” Thereafter, when it did become our war with the Japanese attack in the Pacific, his most urgent concern was the fate of the Soviet armies—though he was then an official at our embassy in Chungking. Gary May, China Scapegoat (New Republic Books, 1979), pp. 58–59, 79.
9. For an extended discussion of the documents that made up the Marshall directive, and Vincent’s role in their creation, plus the documents themselves, see Vincent’s testimony before the Senate Internal Security subcommittee, February 1, 1952, pp. 2197 et seq.