St. Petersburg

by Jonathan Miles

  41 Rousset de Missy, Jean, Memoires du Regne de Catherine, Imperatrice et Souveraine de toute la Russie &c. &c. &c., Amsterdam, 1728, pp. 15ff; Anisimov, Five Empresses, p. 20.

  42 Engel, Barbara Alpern, Women in Russia 1700–2000. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. 11–12.

  43 Kratter, p. 207.

  44 The Present State of Russia, pp. 263, 329.

  45 Charles Whitworth, Britain’s first regular ambassador to Russia, qtd in Cracraft, The Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture, p. 195.

  46 The Present State of Russia, p. 191.

  47 Keenan, St Petersburg and the Russian Court, pp. 17–18; Cracraft, The Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture, p. 177.

  48 The Present State of Russia, p. 4.

  49 Ibid., pp. 26–7.

  50 Algarotti, Francesco, Lettres du comte Algarotti sur la Russie, London, 1769, p. 65.

  51 The Present State of Russia, p. 9.

  52 La Mottraye, Voyages, p. 241.

  53 Keenan, St Petersburg and the Russian Court, pp. 20, 120.

  54 Peter Henry Bruce, in Vernadsky, A Source Book for Russian History, p. 323; The Present State of Russia, pp. 89–90, 109.

  55 Peter the Great, declaration to Tsarevich Alexei of October 1715, in Dmytryshyn, Imperial Russia, pp. 21–4.

  56 Whitworth, An Account of Russia, p. 128; The Present State of Russia, pp. 102, 320.

  57 Dixon, Simon, ‘30 July 1752: The Opening of the Peter the Great Canal’, in Cross, Study Group on Eighteenth-Century Russia, p. 94.

  58 Hughes, Lindsey, ‘Architectural Books in Petrine Russia’, in Russia and the West in the Eighteenth Century – Proceedings of the Second International Conference Organized by the Study Group on Eighteenth-Century Russia and Held at the University of East Anglia, Norwich 17–22 July 1981, p. 103.

  59 Cracraft, The Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture, pp. 156–7, 180; Brumfield, William Craft, A History of Russian Architecture, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993, p. 205.

  60 The Present State of Russia, pp. 315–16.

  61 Ibid., pp. 179–80, 318.

  62 La Mottraye, Voyages, p. 240.

  63 The Present State of Russia, pp. 318–19.

  64 Ibid., pp. 317, 319.

  65 Jones, Bread Upon the Waters, pp. 24, 27, 29–31, 33.

  66 La Mottraye, Voyages, pp. 185, 253, 254.

  67 Wortman, Richard S., Scenarios of Power – Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy, Vol. I, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995, P. 49

  68 Cracraft, The Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture, p. 190; Hughes, ‘Images of Greatness’, in Hughes, Peter the Great and the West, pp. 259–60.

  69 Dmytryshyn, Imperial Russia, p. 16.

  70 Bird, Alan, A History of Russian Painting, Oxford: Phaidon, 1987, PP. 41–2.

  71 Hughes, ‘Architectural Books in Petrine Russia’, in Russia and the West in the Eighteenth Century, p. 103.

  72 Albedil, Peter the Great’s Kunstkammer, pp. 26–7.

  73 La Mottraye, Voyages, p. 248.

  74 Qtd in Anisimov, Five Empresses, p. 24.

  75 Shvidkovsky, Russian Architecture and the West, p. 204.

  76 Buckler, Julie A., Mapping St Petersburg-Imperial Text and Cityshape, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005, p. 160.

  77 The Present State of Russia, pp. 93–4.

  78 Richardson, William, Anecdotes of the Russian Empire in a Series of Letters Written a Few Years Ago from St Petersburg, London, 1784, pp. 222–3.

  79 Keenan, St Petersburg and the Russian Court, pp. 125, 131, 136; Cracraft, The Petrine Revolution in Russian Culture, pp. 228–32.

  80 Bagdasarova, Irina, ‘Official Banquets at the Russian Imperial Court’, in Dining with the Tsars, Amsterdam: Museumshop Hermitage Amsterdam, 2014, p. 18.

  81 Qtd in Engel, Women in Russia, p. 14.

  82 Wortman, Scenarios of Power, Vol. I, p. 59.

  83 Bernstein, Laurie, Sonia’s Daughters – Prostitutes and Their Regulation in Imperial Russia, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1995, pp. 13–14.

  84 Keenan, St Petersburg and the Russian Court, pp. 120–21.

  85 The Present State of Russia, pp. 31–2.

  86 Pososhkov, Ivan, ‘A Book on Poverty and Wealth’, in Dmytryshyn, Imperial Russia, pp. 30–36.

  87 Lewitter, L. R., ‘Ivan Tikhonovich Pososhkov (1652–1726) and “The Spirit of Capitalism’”, in The Slavonic and East European Review, Vol. LI, No. 125, October 1973, London: University College London, PP. 537, 539, 552–3.

  88 Keenan, St Petersburg and the Russian Court, pp. 35, 40.

  89 Cracraft, The Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture, pp. 175, 180–81.

  90 Mottley, John, The History of the Life and Reign of the Empress Catherine, Vol. I, London, 1744, pp. 366–7.

  91 Hughes, “‘For the Health of the Sons of Ivan Mikhailovich’”, in Reflections on Russia in the Eighteenth Century, p. 48.

  92 Alexei’s ‘Confession’ of June 1718, in Dmytryshyn, Imperial Russia, pp. 26–7.

  93 Official Condemnation of Alexei, June 1718, ibid., p. 28.

  94 The Present State of Russia, p. 305.

  95 Peter Henry Bruce, in Vernadsky, A Source Book for Russian History, P. 341

  96 Cracraft, The Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture, pp. 19–21.

  97 The Present State of Russia, p. 307.

  98 Ibid., p. 27.

  99 Shvidkovsky, Russian Architecture and the West, pp. 202–203.

  100 Leibniz to Peter the Great, 16 January 1712, in Vernadsky, A Source Book for Russian History, p. 366.

  101 Dukes, The Making of Russian Absolutism, p. 75.

  102 Shvidkovsky, Russian Architecture and the West, pp. 197–8; Cracraft, The Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture, pp. 158, 161, 163.

  103 Hosking, Russia and the Russians, p. 202.

  104 Dashwood, Sir Francis, ‘Sir Francis Dashwood’s Diary of his Visit to St Petersburg in 1733’, ed. Betty Kemp, The Slavonic and East European Review, Vol. XXXVIII, No. 90, London: University of London, Athlone Press, December 1959, p. 204.

  105 Qtd in Giroud, St Petersburg, p. 10.

  106 Bird, A History of Russian Painting, p. 41.

  107 Cracraft, The Petrine Revolution in Russian Culture, p. 56.

  108 Hughes, ‘“For the Health of the Sons of Ivan Mikhailovich”’, in Reflections on Russia in the Eighteenth Century, pp. 448, 50; The Present State of Russia, pp. 242–3.

  109 Cross, By the Banks of the Neva, pp. 33–4.

  110 Baehr, Stephen L., ‘In the Re-Beginning: Rebirth, Renewal and Renovatio in Eighteenth-Century Russia’, in Russia and the West in the Eighteenth Century – Proceedings of the Second International Conference Organized by the Study Group on Eighteenth-Century Russia and Held at the University of East Anglia, Norwich 17–22 July 1981, p. 153.

  111 Wortman, Scenarios of Power, Vol. I, p. 48.

  112 Hosking, Russia and the Russians pp. 205, 213.

  113 Duc de Saint-Simon, qtd in Hughes, ‘Images of Greatness’, in Hughes, Peter the Great and the West, p. 255.

  114 Anisimov, Five Empresses, pp. 25, 34.

  115 Marker, Gary, ‘Godly and Pagan Women in the Coronation Sermon of 1724’, in Bartlett and Lehmann-Carli, eds., Eighteenth-Century Russia: Society, Culture, Economy – Papers from the VII International Conference of the Study Group on Eighteenth-Century Russia, Wittenberg, 2004, Berlin: Lit Verlag, 2008, pp. 211–19; Alexander, ‘Catherine I, Her Court and Courtiers’, in Hughes Peter the Great and the West, p. 229.

  116 Alexander, ‘Catherine I, Her Court and Courtiers’, in Hughes Peter the Great and the West, p. 229; Galitzin, Le Prince Augustin, La Russie au XVIIIe siècle, Paris, 1863, pp. 252–3.

  117 La Mottraye, Voyages, p. 203.

  118 Dixon, Simon, ‘30 July 1752: The Opening of the Peter the Great Canal’, in Cross, Study Group on Eighteenth-Century Russia, p. 93; Cross, Anthony, By the Banks of the Neva, p. 1
74.

  119 Qtd in Anisimov, Five Empresses, pp. 40–41.

  120 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, A Treatise on the Social Compact, London, 1764, qtd in Cross, Peter the Great, p. 82.

  121 Sokurov, Alexander, dir., Russian Ark, The State Hermitage Museum, Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation et al., 2002.

  122 Cracraft, The Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture, p. 177.

  123 The Present State of Russia, p. 300.

  124 Dashwood, ‘Diary’, p. 203.

  125 Brodsky, Less Than One, p. 74.

  4 OBLIVION AND REBIRTH

  1 Alexander, ‘Catherine I, Her Court and Courtiers’, in Hughes, Peter the Great and the West, p. 229.

  2 Anisimov, Five Empresses, p. 355 n.1.

  3 Qtd in Proskurina, Vera, Creating the Empress – Politics and Poetry in the Age of Catherine II, Brighton, MA: Academic Studies Press, 2011, p. 14.

  4 Mottley, The History of the Life and Reign of the Empress Catherine, Vol. II, p. 48.

  5 Wortman, Scenarios of Power, Vol. I, p. 67.

  6 Galitzin, La Russie au XVIIIe siècle, pp. 179–80.

  7 Shrad, Vodka Politics, p. 54.

  8 Mottley, The History of the Life and Reign of the Empress Catherine, Vol. II, p. 49.

  9 Qtd in Massie, Peter the Great, p. 769.

  10 Gogol, Nikolai, Dead Souls, trans. Christopher English, Oxford: Oxford World’s Classics, 1998, p. 245.

  11 Smith, Hedrick, The Russians, New York: Ballantine Books, revised edn 1984, p. 134.

  12 Vernadsky, A Source Book for Russian History, p. 377.

  13 Dukes, The Making of Russian Absolutism, p. 113.

  14 Alexander, ‘Catherine I, Her Court and Courtiers’, in Hughes, Peter the Great and the West, p. 230.

  15 Deschisaux, Description d’un voyage, p. 21.

  16 Galitzin, La Russie au XVllle siècle, p. 330.

  17 La Mottraye, qtd in Cracraft, The Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture, p. 218.

  18 Deschisaux, Description d’un voyage, pp. 16–17, 21

  19 Galitzin, La Russie au XVIIIe siècle, pp. 180, 201.

  20 Bolkhovitinov, Nikolai Nikolaevich, Russia and the United States – An Analytical Survey of Archival Documents and Historical Studies, trans. J. D. Hartgrove, Soviet Studies in History, Vol. XXV, No. 2, pp. 38, 40.

  21 Dashwood, ‘Diary’, p. 205.

  22 Keenan, St Petersburg and the Russian Court, p. 30.

  23 Albedil, Peter the Great’s Kunstkammer, p. 24.

  24 La Mottraye, Voyages, pp. 248–9.

  25 Keenan, St Petersburg and the Russian Court, pp. 30–31.

  26 Anisimov, Five Empresses, p. 49.

  27 Shrad, Vodka Politics, p. 54.

  28 Galitzin, La Russie au XVIIIe siècle, p. 194.

  29 Warner, Russian Myths, pp. 73–7, ill. p. 77.

  30 Mottley, The History of the Life and Reign of the Empress Catherine, Vol. II, p. 2. ' '

  31 Smith, Alexandra, ‘Pushkin’s Imperial Image of Saint Petersburg Revisited’, in Reid and Andrew, eds, Two Hundred Years of Pushkin, Studies in Slavic Literature and Poetics, Vol. XXXIX, Amsterdam and New York: Editions Rodopi, 2003, p. 125.

  32 Dukes, The Making of Russian Absolutism, p. 103.

  33 Manstein, General, Memoirs of Russia, Historical, Political and Military, London, 1770, pp. 8–9, 21.

  34 Proskurina, Creating the Empress, p. 26.

  35 Gerasimova, Julia, The Iconostasis of Peter the Great in the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St Petersburg (1722–9), Leiden: Alexandras Press, 2004, pp. 4, 33, 49, 53, 146, 191–2, 194.

  36 Galitzin, La Russie au XVIIIe siècle, pp. 312–13.

  37 Manstein, Memoirs of Russia, p. 22.

  38 Vigor, Letters from a Lady, p. 30.

  39 Manstein, Memoirs of Russia, p. 26.

  40 Dukes, The Making of Russian Absolutism, pp. 104–105.

  41 Vigor, Letters from a Lady, pp. 63–4.

  42 Keenan, Paul, ‘23 December 1742: Elizaveta Petrovna’s Ceremonial Entry into St Petersburg’, in Cross, Study Group on Eighteenth-Century Russia, pp. 80–81.

  43 The ‘H’ form being an ‘N’ in Russian, it spells ANNA.

  44 Marker, Gary, Publishing, Printing and the Origins of Intellectual Life in Russia, 1700–1800, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985, P. 48.

  45 von Strahlenberg, An Historico-Geographical Description, p. 183, n.22.

  46 Algarotti, Lettres, p. 107; Dashwood, ‘Diary’, p. 204.

  47 Keenan, St Petersburg and the Russian Court, pp. 144–5.

  48 Gregory, John, and Ukladnikov, Alexander, Leningrad’s Ballet, Croesor, Gwynned: Zena Publications, 1990, p. 9.

  49 Rosslyn, Wendy, ‘The Prehistory of Russian Actresses: Women on the Stage in Russia (1704–1757)’, in Bartlett and Lehmann-Carli, eds, Eighteenth-Century Russia: Society, Culture, Economy, pp. 69–81, 75.

  50 Longworth, Philip, The Three Empresses – Catherine I, Anne and Elizabeth of Russia, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1972, pp. 80–81.

  51 Qtd in Soloviev, Sergei M., A History of Russia, Vo1. 34: Empress Anna, Favorites, Policies, Campaigns, trans. Walter J. Gleason, Gulf Breeze, FL: Academic International Press, 1984, p. 27.

  52 Vigor, Letters from a Lady, p. 71.

  53 Münnich, Comte Ernest de, Mémoires sur la Russie de Pierre le Grand à Elisabeth Ire (1720–42), trans. Francis Ley, Paris: Harmattan, 1997, p. 129.

  54 Dashwood, ‘Diary’, p. 200; Algarotti, Lettres, p. 72.

  55 Dashwood, ‘Diary’, pp. 203, 206.

  56 Ibid., p. 202.

  57 Vigor, Letters from a Lady, p. 4.

  58 Justice, Elizabeth, A Voyage to Russia: Describing the Laws, Manners and Customs of That Great Empire as Governed at This Present by That Excellent Princess, the Czarina, York, 1739, p. 35.

  59 Ibid., pp. 16, 35.

  60 Ibid., pp. 15–17.

  61 Ibid., pp. 15, 22–5, 35.

  62 Anisimov, Five Empresses, p. 96.

  63 Manstein, Memoirs of Russia, pp. 43–6.

  64 Longworth, The Three Empresses, p. 122.

  65 Anisimov, Five Empresses, p. 95.

  66 Manstein, Memoirs of Russia, p. 251.

  67 Vigor, Letters from a Lady, p. 19.

  68 Qtd in Soloviev, Empress Anna, p. 26.

  69 Ibid.; Longvvorth, The Three Empresses, p. 122.

  70 Richard, John, A Tour from London to Petersburgh, London, 1780, p. 18.

  71 Anisimov, Five Empresses, pp. 89, 91; Longworth, The Three Empresses, p. 121. The incident has been attributed to both Catherine and Anna – in 1726 and 1735. Both would have been capable.

  72 Miinnich, Mémoires, p. 129,

  73 Qtd in Soloviev, Empress Anna, p. 72.

  74 Vigor, Letters from a Lady, pp. 102–103.

  75 Ibid., pp. 93–4.

  76 Manstein, Memoirs of Russia, p. 249.

  77 Anisimov, Five Empresses, p. 115.

  78 Justice, A Voyage to Russia, p. 14.

  79 Rosslyn, in Eighteenth-Century Russia, pp. 74–5.

  80 Manstein, Memoirs of Russia, p. 51.

  81 Anisimov, Evgeny V., Empress Elizabeth – Her Reign and Her Russia 1741–61, trans. John J. Alexander, Gulf Breeze, FL: Academic International Press, 1995, p. 184.

  82 Ibid., pp. 19, 20, 200, 203.

  83 Qtd in Longworth, The Three Empresses, p. 127.

  84 John Cook, Voyages and Travels through the Russian Empire, Tartary and the Empire of Persia, Vol. I, Edinburgh, 1770, pp. 96–7.

  85 Longworth, The Three Empresses, pp. 133–4.

  86 Shvidkovsky, Russian Architecture and the West, p. 207; Anisimov, Five Empresses, p. 112.

  87 Shvidkovsky, Russian Architecture and the West, pp. 209–210.

  88 Giroud, St Petersburg, p. 16.

  89 Manstein, Memoirs of Russia, p. 258.

  90 Algarotti, Lettres, p. 106.

  91 Vigor, Letters from a Lady, pp. 119–120; Anisimov, Five Empresses, p. 101.

  92 Dukes, The Mak
ing of Russian Absolutism, pp. 107–108.

  93 Anisimov, Five Empresses, pp. 105–106.

  94 Charles Cottrell, qtd in Cross, By the Banks of the Neva, p. 337.

  95 Anisimov, Five Empresses, pp. 145–6, 148–50, 153; Anisimov, Empress Elizabeth, pp. 4, 7.

  96 Soloviev, Empress Anna, p. 42.

  97 Vockerodt, Prussian Secretary, qtd in Schuyler, Peter the Great, Vol. II, p. 11.

  5 DANCING, LOVE-MAKING, DRINK

  1 Leichtenhan, Francine-Dominique, Elisabeth Ire de Russie, Paris: Fayard, 2007, p. 20.

  2 Anisimov, Empress Elizabeth, pp. 11, 166.

  3 Soloviev, Sergei M., History of Russia, Vol. 37: Empress Elizabeth’s Reign 1741–44, trans. Patrick J. O’Meara, Gulf Breeze, FL: Academic International Press, 1996, p. 19.

  4 Soloviev, Empress Elizabeth’s Reign, p. 44.

  5 Dukes, The Making of Russian Absolutism, p. 109.

  6 Soloviev, Empress Elizabeth’s Reign, p. 30.

  7 Manstein, Memoirs of Russia, pp. 319–20.

  8 Hanway, Jonas, An Historical Account of the British Trade Over the Caspian Sea with a Journal of Travels, Vol. I, London: Dodesley, 1753, p. 82.

  9 Shvidkovsky, Russian Architecture and the West, pp. 210–13, 219–26.

  10 Benois, Alexander and de le Messelier, qtd in Anisimov, Empress Elizabeth, pp. 184, 186.

  11 Gautier, Théophile, The Complete Works – Vol. VII: Travels in Russia, trans. and ed. S. C. De Sumichrast, Athenaeum Press, reprinted by Forgotten Books, n.d., p. 293.

  12 Dukes, The Making of Russian Absolutism, p. 110; Dixon, Simon, Catherine the Great, New York: HarperCollins, 2009, p. 72.

  13 Cross, By the Banks of the Neva, p. 19; Anisimov, Empress Elizabeth, P. 183.

  14 Nisbet Bain, R., The Daughter of Peter the Great, London: Constable, 1899, P. 139

  15 Anisimov, Empress Elizabeth, p. 172.

  16 Catherine the Great, The Memoirs of Catherine the Great, trans. Mark Cruse and Hilde Hoogenboom, New York: Modern Library, 2005; pbk 2006, p. 143.

  17 Nisbet Bain, The Daughter of Peter the Great, p. 141.

  18 Richard, A Tour from London to Petersburgh, p. 44.

  19 Richardson, Anecdotes of the Russian Empire, p. 218.

  20 Anisimov, Empress Elizabeth, p. 168, quoting Pauzié, p. 173.

  21 Shrad, Vodka Politics, p. 52.

  22 Qtd in Nisbet Bain, The Daughter of Peter the Great, p. 134; Richard, A Tour from London to Petersburgh, p. 17.