25 Neuberger, Joan, Hooliganism – Crime, Culture and Power in St Petersburg, 1900–14, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1993, pp. 25, 26, 29, 31.
26 Lenin, V. L, What Is to Be Done? (1902), New York: International Publishers, 1929, pp. 32, 157–8.
27 Letter to Mrs John Hay of 13 September 1904, in Spring Rice, The Letters and Friendships, Vol. I, p. 428.
28 Paul Jones, John, Memoirs of Rear Admiral Paul Jones, Vol. I, Edinburgh and London, 1830, p. 101; Lauchlan, Iain, Russian Hide-and-Seek – The Tsarist Secret Police in St Petersburg 1906–14, Helsinki : SKS-FLS, 2002, p. 63.
29 Redesdale, Memories, Vol. I, p. 206; Bater, St Petersburg – Industrialization and Change, p. 83.
30 Lauchlan, Russian Hide-and-Seek, pp. 115–16.
31 Ibid., pp. 78, 105; Zuckerman, The Tsarist Secret Police pp. 25–6, 35–40, 149.
32 Rosen, Baron, Forty Years of Diplomacy, Vol. I, London: George Allen and Unwin, 1922, p. 284.
33 Lauchlan, Iain, Russian Hide-and-Seek, p. 49.
34 Sablinsky, Walter, The Road to Bloody Sunday – Father Capon and the St Petersburg Massacre of 1905, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976, pp. 34, 45, 52, 55–7, 68–9, 74–6, 81–5, 100–103, 111, 126, 142, 146, 148, 158–9, 162–3.
35 Rosen, Forty Years of Diplomacy, Vol. I, pp. 253–4.
36 Sablinsky, The Road to Bloody Sunday, pp. 170–71.
37 Manchester Guardian, Friday, 27 January 1905; Sablinsky, The Road to Bloody Sunday, pp. 188–9.
38 Manchester Guardian, Friday, 27 January 1905.
39 Sablinsky, The Road to Bloody Sunday, pp. 171, 191, 192, 229–30.
40 Biely, Petersburg, p. 13.
41 Kokovtsov, Count, Out of my Past –The Memoirs of Count Kokovtsov, trans. Laura Matveev, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1935, pp. 37–8.
42 Father Gapon’s Petition to the Tsar, in Dmytryshyn, Imperial Russia, p. 383
43 Nabokov, Speak Memory, p. 139; Sablinsky, The Road to Bloody Sunday, p. 250.
44 Buckle, Nijinsky, pp. 29–32; Nijinsky, Nijinsky, p. 49.
45 Rosen, Forty Years of Diplomacy, Vol. I, p. 255; Montefiore, The Romanovs 1613–1918, p. 521.
46 Kokovtsov, Out of my Past, p. 93.
47 Letter of 13 March 1905, in Spring Rice, The Letters and Friendships, Vol. I, p. 458.
48 Tolstoy and Chekhov, qtd in Watson, Dictionary of Musical Quotations, p. 258.
49 Qtd in Buckle, Diaghilev, pp. 82–3.
50 Karsavina, Theatre Street, p. 170; Duncan, from her 1928 autobiography, My Life, qtd in Watson, Dictionary of Musical Quotations, p. 258.
51 Qtd in Blair, Isadora, p. 116.
52 Blair, Isadora, pp. 105, 111;Buckle, Nijinsky, pp. 31–3, quoting Duncan, p. 31; Buckle, Diaghilev, pp. 82–3.
53 Kokovtsov, Out of my Past, pp. 39–40.
54 Ascher, Abraham, The Revolution of 1905 – Russia in Disarray, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1988, pp. 94–5.
55 Zuckerman, The Tsarist Secret Police, p. 151.
56 Letter of 29 March 1905, in Spring Rice, The Letters and Friendships, Vol. I, pp. 465–6.
57 Neuberger, Hooliganism, pp. 33, 77; Nabokov, Speak Memory, p. 177.
58 Maguire and Malmstad, notes to Biely, Petersburg, pp. 343–4.
59 Gooding, Rulers and Subjects, p. 103; Zuckerman, The Tsarist Secret Police, p. 159; Kokovtsov, Out of my Past, p. 70.
60 Biely, Petersburg, pp. 5, 10, 64, 213, 217, 240–41, 289.
61 Letter to Francis Villiers of 9 December 1903, in Spring Rice, The Letters and Friendships, Vol. I, pp. 371–2.
62 Karsavina, Theatre Street, pp. 158–62; Franks, Pavlova, pp. 17–18; Buckle, Nijinsky, p. 37.
63 Letters to Mrs Roosevelt of November 1905, in Spring Rice, The Letters and Friendships, Vol. II, pp. 7, 12.
64 Nicholas II, ‘October Manifesto’, in Dmytryshyn, Imperial Russia, p. 385
65 Zuckerman, The Tsarist Secret Police, pp. 169–70.
66 Gooding, Rulers and Subjects, pp. 96–7.
67 Baring, Maurice, A Year in Russia, London: Methuen, 1907, p. 45.
68 Biely, Petersburg, p. 97.
11 DAZZLE AND DESPAIR
1 McKean, St Petersburg Between the Revolutions, p. 46; Neville, Russia: A Complete History, p. 165.
2 Kokovtsov, Out of my Past, pp. 129–30.
3 Baring, A Year in Russia, p. 236.
4 Lenin, What Is to Be Done?, p. 149.
5 Service, The Penguin History of Modern Russia, pp. 19, 71; Figes, Orlando, Revolutionary Russia – 1891–1991, London: Penguin, 2014, p. 25. ‘Bolshevik’ from 'bolshinstvo' – ‘one of the majority’, and ‘Menshevik’ from ‘menshinstvo’ – ‘one of the minority’.
6 Sablinsky, The Road to Bloody Sunday, pp. 293–4, 299–300, 318–19; Krupskaya, Nadezhda K., Memories of Lenin, trans. E. Verney, New York: International Publishers, 1930, pp. 127–8.
7 Krupskaya, Memories of Lenin, pp. 166–7, 171.
8 Zuckerman, The Tsarist Secret Police, p. 173; Kokovtsov, Out of my Past, p. 560 n. 15.
9 Baring, A Year in Russia, pp. 50, 67.
10 Neuberger, Hooliganism, pp. 170–74.
11 Rosen, Forty Years of Diplomacy, Vol. II, pp. 27–8; Kokovtsov, Out of my Past, p. 93.
12 Sergei Diaghilev, letter to his mother of 1895, qtd in Gadan, Francis, and Maillard, Robert, A Dictionary of Modern Ballet, London: Methuen, 1959, p. 120.
13 Stravinsky and Craft, Expositions and Developments, p. 14; Swann, Herbert, Home on the Neva: A Life of a British Family in Tsarist St Petersburg- and after the Revolution, London: Victor Gollancz, p. 30.
14 Qtd in Buckle, Diaghilev, p. 123.
15 Buckle, Diaghilev, pp. 123, 125; Stravinsky and Craft, Expositions and Developments, p. 24.
16 Nijinsky, Vaslav, The Diary of Vaslav Nijinsky, ed. Romola Nijinsky, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1968, pp. 16, 30, 49, 77, 90.
17 Karsavina, Theatre Street, pp. 189, 192; Nijinsky, Nijinsky, pp. 80–81.
18 Kokovtsov, Out of my Past, p. 170.
19 Montefiore, The Romanovs 1613–1918, pp. 541–2; Lauchlan, p. 103; Service, The Penguin History of Modern Russia, p. 16.
20 Spring Rice, The Letters and Friendships, Vol. II, p. 40; Kokovtsov, Out of my Past, p. 459.
21 Letter to Mrs Roosevelt of 4 January 1906, in Spring Rice, The Letters and Friendships, Vol. II, p. 23; McKean, St Petersburg Between the Revolutions, p. 478.
22 Kokovtsov, Out of my Past, p. 464; McKean, St Petersburg Between the Revolutions, pp. 11, 53, 76; Bater, St Petersburg-Industrialization and Change, p. 218.
23 Nabokov, Speak Memory, pp. 137–8.
24 Swann, Home on the Neva, p. 30; Clark, Katerina, Petersburg, Crucible of Cultural Revolution, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995, p. 56.
25 Stites, Richard, Russian Popular Culture – Entertainment and Society Since 1900, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, p. 30; Bater, St Petersburg, pp. 270–71, 277, 332; Bowlt, Moscow and St Petersburg in Russia’s Silver Age, pp. 46, 51, 109, 113, 120–22.
26 Almedingen, Tomorrow Will Come, p. 55.
27 Bowlt, Moscow and St Petersburg in Russia’s Silver Age, p. 110.
28 Bater, St Petersburg – Industrialization and Change, pp. 264–5; Bowlt, Moscow and St Petersburg in Russia’s Silver Age, pp. 278–9.
29 Dobson, St Petersburg, p. 122; Neuberger, Hooliganism, pp. 221–2, 226; Stites, The Women’s Liberation Movement in Russia, p. 187.
30 Stites, The Women’s Liberation Movement in Russia, pp. 169, 171, 175.
31 Dobson, St Petersburg, pp. 110–11.
32 Bater, St Petersburg – Industrialization and Change, p. 351; McKean, St Petersburg Between the Revolutions, pp. 38–9.
33 Bernstein, Sonia’s Daughters, pp. 44, 47, 178, 182; Stites, The Women’s Liberation Movement in Russia, pp. 181, 184.
34 McKean, St Petersburg Between the Revolutions, p. 41; Bernstein, Sonia’s Daughters, pp. 44, 58�
�9, 78, 178, 182.
35 Marye, George Thomas, Nearing the End in Imperial Russia, London: Selwyn and Blount, 1928, pp. 447–8.
36 Fuhrmann, Joseph T., Rasputin – A Life, New York: Praeger, 1990, pp. 34–6.
37 Report of M. V. Rodzianko, President of the Duma, to Nicholas II, in Dmytryshyn, Imperial Russia, p. 448.
38 Fuhrmann, Rasputin, pp. 26–9, 42–3, 61.
39 Buchanan, Sir George, My Mission to Russia – and Other Diplomatic Memories, Vol I, London: Cassell, 1923, p. 156.
40 Moynahan, Brian, Rasputin: The Saint 'Who Sinned, New York: Random House, 1997, p. 157; Kokovtsov, Out of my Past, p. 290.
41 Fuhrmann, Rasputin, p. 192.
42 Kokovtsov, Out of my Past, pp. 291, 296–7.
43 Report of M. V. Rodzianko, President of the Duma, to Nicholas II, in Dmytryshyn, Imperial Russia, p. 440.
44 Fuhrmann, Rasputin, p. 95.
45 Redesdale, Memories, Vol. I, p. 270.
46 Buckle, Diaghilev, pp. 179–80, 195; Maes, A History of Russian Music, pp. 221–2.
47 Stravinsky and Craft, Memories and Commentaries, pp. 33, 38.
48 Stravinsky and Craft, Expositions and Developments, p. 21; Stravinsky and Craft, Memories and Commentaries, p. 30.
49 Buckle, Diaghilev, pp. 214, 252–4; Maes, A History of Russian Music, p. 228.
50 Stravinsky and Craft, Memories and Commentaries, p. 32.
51 Bowlt, Moscow and St Petersburg in Russia’s Silver Age, pp. 266–7, 321–4.
52 Bird, A History of Russian Painting, pp. 203, 210–11; Moynahan, Brian, Rasputin, p. 181.
53 Kandinsky, Vasily, Concerning the Spiritual in Art, trans. M. T. H. Sadler, New York: Dover Publications, 1977, pp. 1, 29 n.7; Bird, A History of Russian Painting, pp. 191–2.
54 Bowlt, Moscow and St Petersburg in Russia’s Silver Age, pp. 67, 73, 78, 307.
55 McKean, St Petersburg Between the Revolutions, pp. 88, 102–103.
56 Ibid., pp. 193, 241, 266–7.
57 Neuberger, Hooliganism, pp. 239–40, 242, 277.
58 Qtd in Moynahan, Rasputin, p. 181.
59 Reed, John, Ten Days that Shook the World (1919), London: Penguin, 1977, p. 61.
60 Lockhart, R. H. Bruce, Memoirs of a British Agent, London: Putnam, 1934, p. 160.
61 Buchanan, Sir George, My Mission to Russia, Vol. I, pp. 173–4.
62 Rosen, Forty Years of Diplomacy, Vol. II, p. 153.
63 Stites, Russian Popular Culture, pp. 14, 21.
64 Rosen, Forty Years of Diplomacy, Vol. II, p. 153.
65 Fuhrmann, Rasputin, pp. 118–19.
66 Marye, Nearing the End in Imperial Russia, pp. 445–6.
67 Fuhrmann, Rasputin, pp. 121, 140–44, 164, 192.
68 Stravinsky and Craft, Expositions and Developments, p. 63; Maes, A History of Russian Music, p. 178.
69 Buchanan, Meriel, Petrograd – The City of Trouble 1914–18, London: Collins, 1919, p. 12.
70 McKean, St Petersburg Between the Revolutions, pp. 268, 297, 307–308; Neuberger, Hooliganism, pp. 258–9, 263.
71 Scudder, Jared W., Russia in the Summer of 1914, Boston: Richard Badger, 1920, pp. 18, 21, 161–6.
72 McKean, St Petersburg Between the Revolutions, p. 324; Montefiore, The Romanovs 1613–1918, p. 577.
73 Nabokov, Speak Memory, p. 27.
74 Buchanan, Meriel, Petrograd, pp. 46–7.
75 Francis, David R., Russia from the American Embassy – April 1916-November 1918, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1921, p. 11.
76 Buchanan, Meriel, Petrograd, pp. 46, 48.
77 Qtd in Norman, The Hermitage, p. 136.
78 Karsavina, Theatre Street, pp. 222, 252; Buchanan, Meriel, Petrograd, pp. 113–14.
79 Bowlt, Moscow and St Petersburg in Russia’s Silver Age, pp. 84, 278.
80 Qtd in Buckle, Diaghilev, p. 300.
81 Karsavina, Theatre Street, p. 258.
82 Osip Mandelstam, ‘118’ of 25 November 1920, in Osip Mandelstam Selected Poems (1973), Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1977, trans. Clarence Brown, p. 55.
83 Almedingen, Tomorrow Will Come, p. 89.
84 Buchanan, Meriel, Petrograd, pp. 62, 70, 74.
85 Almedingen, Tomorrow Will Come, p. 92.
86 Fuhrmann, Rasputin, p. 192.
87 Francis, Russia from the American Embassy, pp. 35, 43.
88 Fuhrmann, Rasputin, pp. 118, 198–208; Figes, Revolutionary Russia, p. 86.
89 Buchanan, Sir George, My Mission to Russia, Vol. II, pp. 38–9.
90 Kokovtsov, Out of my Past, p. 480.
91 McKean, St Petersburg Between the Revolutions, p. 460; Moynahan, Rasputin, p. 349.
92 Buchanan, Meriel, Petrograd, pp. 91–2, 35–6.
93 Francis, Russia from the American Embassy, p. 63.
94 Buchanan, Meriel, Petrograd, p. 92; Norman, The Hermitage, p. 135.
95 Kokovtsov, Out of my Past, p. 481; Buchanan, Meriel, Petrograd, pp. 94–5, 97; Buchanan, Sir George, My Mission to Russia, Vol. II, p. 63; McKean, St Petersburg Between the Revolutions, p. 476.
96 Buchanan, Meriel, Petrograd, p. 87.
97 Ibid., p. 105.
98 Abdication of Nicholas II, in Dmytryshyn, Imperial Russia, p. 478.
99 Kokovtsov, Out of my Past, p. 481; Buchanan, Sir George, My Mission to Russia, Vol. II, pp. 72–3; Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 627.
100 Buchanan, Sir George, My Mission to Russia, Vol. II, p. 62.
101 Moynahan, Rasputin, pp. 355, 357–8; Fuhrmann, Rasputin, pp. 214, 224–5.
102 Kokovtsov, Out of my Past, pp. 482, 484.
103 Buchanan, Sir George, My Mission to Russia, Vol. II, p. 91; Francis, Russia from the American Embassy, pp. 102, 104.
104 Buckle, Diaghilev, pp. 326, 328–9.
105 Shklovsky, Viktor, A Sentimental journey – Memoirs 1917–22, trans. Richard Sheldon, Ithaca, NY, and London: Cornell University Press, 1970, p. 20; Buchanan, Sir George, My Mission to Russia, Vol. II, p. 116; Service, The Penguin History of Modern Russia, pp. 47–8; Reed, Ten Days, p. 45.
106 Francis, David R., Russia from the American Embassy, p. 137.
107 Lockhart, Memoirs of a British Agent, p. 225, quoting Raymond Robins.
108 Pipes, Richard, The Russian Revolution, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1990, p. 385; Bryant, Louise, Six Red Months in Russia – An Observer’s Account of Russia Before and During the Proletarian Dictatorship, London: William Heinemann, 1918, p. 45.
109 Buchanan, Sir George, My Mission to Russia, Vol. II, pp. 113, 165.
110 Ibid., p. 176; Buchanan, Meriel, Petrograd, p. 181; Norman, The Hermitage, pp. 141–2.
111 Reed, Ten Days, p. 61.
112 Buchanan, Sir George, My Mission to Russia, Vol. II, pp. 205–207.
113 Karsavina, Theatre Street, pp. 264–5.
12 RED PETROGRAD
1 Bryant, Six Red Months in Russia, p. 48; Reed, Ten Days, pp. 54–5.
2 Francis, Russia from the American Embassy, pp. 168–9.
3 Ibid., p. 171; Reed, Ten Days, p. 65.
4 Reed, Ten Days, p. 219.
5 Bryant, Six Red Months in Russia, p. 88.
6 Reed, Ten Days, p. 108.
7 Buchanan, Sir George, My Mission to Russia, Vol. II, p. 208.
8 Almedingen, Tomorrow Will Come, p. 108.
9 Pipes, Richard, The Russian Revolution, p. 496.
10 Lockhart, Memoirs of a British Agent, p. 242; Buchanan, Meriel, Petrograd, pp. 225, 229–330, 235.
11 Buchanan, Sir George, My Mission to Russia, Vol. II, pp. 239–40.
12 McAuley, Mary, Bread and Justice – State and Society in Petrograd 1917–22, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991, pp. 51–2.
13 Qtd in Reed, Ten Days, pp. 105, 134.
14 Almedingen, Tomorrow Will Come, p. 90; Reed, Ten Days, p. 197; McAuley, Bread and Justice, pp. 7–31, 50, 285.
15 Bryant, Six Red Months in Russia, p. 37.
16 Buchanan, Meriel, Petrograd, p. 227.
17 Shklovsky, A Sentimental Journey, pp. 133–4, 145.<
br />
18 Qtd in Norman, The Hermitage, p. 159.
19 Shklovsky, A Sentimental Journey, p. 175; Wolkonsky, Princess Peter, The Way of Bitterness: Soviet Russia, 1920, London: Methuen, 1931, p. 163.
20 McAuley, Bread and Justice, p. 124.
21 Figes, Revolutionary Russia, p. 134.
22 Belinsky, ‘Petersburg and Moscow’, in Nekrasov, Petersburg: The Physiology of a City, p. 31.
23 McAuley, Bread and Justice, pp. 31–2, 40; McAuley, Mary, Soviet Politics – 1917–19, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992, p. 27
24 Lockhart, Memoirs of a British Agent, p. 257.
25 Dukes, Sir Paul, Red Dusk and the Morrow – Adventures and Investigations in Red Russia, London: Williams and Norgate, 1923, p. 102; McCauley, Bread and Justice, p. 390.
26 McAuley, Bread and Justice, p. 142.
27 Qtd in Fitzpatrick, Sheila, The Commissariat of Enlightenment-Soviet Organization of Education and the Arts under Lunacharsky, October 1917–1921, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970, pp. 1–2.
28 Ibid., pp. 98–9.
29 Maes, A History of Russian Music, p. 238.
30 Norman, The Hermitage, p. 164; Taylor, Richard, ‘The Birth of the Soviet Cinema’, in Gleason, Kenez and Stites, eds, Bolshevik Culture: Experiment and Order in the Russian Revolution, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1985, pp. 190, 195.
31 Goldman, Emma, Living My Life, Vol. II, London: Pluto Press, 1988, p. 783; Norman, The Hermitage, p. 149.
32 Shklovsky, A Sentimental Journey, p. 188.
33 McAuley, Bread and Justice, pp. 331, 335.
34 Wolkonsky, The Way of Bitterness: Soviet Russia, 1920, pp. 148, 156.
35 Buckler, Mapping St Petersburg, p. 240.
36 McAuley, Bread and Justice, p. 364.
37 Norman, The Hermitage, p. 163.
38 McAuley, Bread and Justice, p. 356.
39 Qtd in McAuley, Bread and Justice, p. 378 and see pp. 66–8, 88–9, 110.
40 Holquist, Peter, ‘Violent Russia, Deadly Marxism? Russia in the Epoch of Violence 1905–21’, in Kocho-Williams, Alastair, ed., The Twentieth Century Russia Reader, Abingdon: Routledge, 2011, p. 115; Service, The Penguin History of Modern Russia, pp. 107–108.
41 Plotnikova, Yulia, ‘Children of the Emperor’, in At the Russian Court, p. 307; Montefiore, The Romanovs 1613–1918, p. 636.
42 Dukes, Red Dusk and the Morrow, pp. 7–10, 21–2, 33–4, 114; Knightley, Phillip, The Second Oldest Profession – Spies and Spying in the Twentieth Century, London: Pimlico, 2003, pp. 69–73.
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