St. Petersburg

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St. Petersburg Page 59

by Jonathan Miles


  Borovikovsky, Vladimir, 162; paintings by, 176

  Bourgeois, Nicolas, 50

  Borodin, Alexander, 71

  Braamcamp, Gerrit, 158

  Bradbury, Malcolm, 461

  Brat (film), 465

  Brenna, Vincenzo, 154, 181, 187, 209

  Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (1918), 371

  Brezhnev, Leonid, 445–53

  Brianza, Carlotta, 294

  Britain: Peter I visits, 17–22; eighteenth-century relations with Russia, 84; spies on Russia under Elizabeth, 111; love of all things British in St Petersburg, 132–3; Catherine II’s relations with, 151; British labourers help remodel Tsarskoe Selo, 151; Catherine II’s love of things English, 152–3; Catherine II buys Houghton Hall art collection, 160–1; Russian Navy’s ships refitted at Portsmouth, 166; Paul’s relations with, 184; Crimean War, 254; St Petersburg’s ongoing Anglophilia, 308; British community in St Petersburg in early twentieth century, 331; British Embassy relief efforts in First World War, 350; sends expeditionary force to Arkhangelsk and Murmansk, 371, 374; spies on Russia during civil war, 375–6; tries to coordinate counter-revolution, 377; British Council exhibition in St Petersburg, 438

  Brobinsky, Count, 117

  Brodsky, Joseph, 5–6, 69, 235, 267, 450

  The Bronze Horseman statue, 143–7, 145, 146, 411, 428, 481; Pushkin’s poem, 147, 212, 223–6, 224

  Brown, Lancelot Capability, 153, 155

  Bruce, Peter Henry, 43, 44, 59–60

  Bruce Lockhart, Sir Robert, 344, 368, 371

  Brühl, Count Heinrich von, 158

  Bruni, Fedor, 235–6, 239

  Bryant, Louise, 365, 367, 369, 378

  Bryullov, Alexander, 237

  Bryullov, Karl, 235, 236

  Buchanan, Sir George, 345, 356, 357, 361, 367

  Buchanan, James, 310

  Buchanan, Meriel: on discontent in St Petersburg, 348; on discomforts during First World War, 350; on Alexandra, 352; on Bolsheviks, 355; and 1917 Revolution, 356; on St Petersburg in aftermath of 1917 Revolution, 368, 369

  Buddhist temple, 343 budochniki, 129, 130

  building techniques and wages, 196, 197

  Bukharin, Nikolai, 398

  Bulatov, Colonel, 219

  Bulgakov, Mikhail, 404

  Bulgarin, Faddei, 252, 258

  Burturlin, Peter, 64

  Bush, John, 152

  Butter Week carnival (Maslenitsa), 10, 87, 338

  Buturlin, Count Dmitry, 210

  Buzheninova, Avdotya, 97–8

  Cadet Corps, 82–3, 113, 194

  Cadet Corps gardens, 178

  Cadet School, 121

  Calais, 50

  calendar, Russian, 23, 370

  Cameo Service, 136, 237

  Cameron, Charles, 150–2, 153–4, 156, 198, 209

  Campana, Giampietro, 260

  camps see gulags

  canals, 31, 82, 139–40; see also individual canals by name

  cannibalism, 419

  Caravaque, Louis, 50, 109

  Carburi de Ceffalonie, Captain Marin, 144–5

  Carmarthen, Admiral, 20, 24

  cars, 331, 341, 444, 447

  Carte, John, 18

  Casals, Pablo, 328

  Casanova, Giacomo: mother visits St Petersburg, 93; on Russian servants, 129–30, 191; goes to masked ball, 137; on Catherine II, 138; buys young maidservant, 170–1; on St Petersburg and life there, 177, 477; formalities to be complied with before leaving St Petersburg, 183

  The Catechism of the Revolutionary (pamphlet), 271

  Cathcart, Lord, 126

  Catherine I (Martha), Empress of Russia: meets Peter I, 25; brought to St Petersburg to live with him, 38–9; son born, 43–4; appearance, 51, 76; Peter I builds palace for, 51; entertains at Peterhof, 53; behaviour at assemblées, 55; Peter I prepares for her succession, 65–6; relationship with Peter I, 66; crowned Empress, 66–7; Peter I executes her lover, 67; succeeds to throne, 67, 70–1; grieves for Peter I and daughter, 68; involvement in Peter I’s death, 70; reign, 71– 6; extravagance of parties, 72–3

  Catherine II, the Great, Empress of Russia, 176; on Elizabeth, 108, 118; background and marriage, 116; life at Elizabeth’s court, 116–17; children, 117; entertained by Count Choglokov, 121–2; on Peter III, 124–5; on the climate, 126; reign, 126–79; wins power in coup against husband, 133–5; lifestyle, 135–7; iconography, 136, 175; St Petersburg building schemes and gardens, 136, 139–40, 147–57; court life, 138; lovers, 138, 175; as writer and intellectual, 141–3; assembles Hermitage Collection, 157–62; writes opera libretti, 163; sets up bank, 166; and health and medical matters, 167–9; variolated against smallpox, 167; on serfdom, 171; Pugachev’s rebellion against, 171–3; Sevastopol progress, 173; Radishchev’s revolutionary book attacking, 173–5; death, 176–7, 179; relationship with Paul, 179, 180, 181, 182, 188; relationship with Alexander I, 200–1

  Catherine Canal, 284

  Cavanagh, Eleanor, 146

  Cavos, Alberto, 302

  Cavos, Catterino, 210, 240, 302

  Cecchetti, Enrico, 296–7, 339

  censorship see books and publishing Central Post Office, 154, 366

  Chaadaev, Peter, 226, 484

  Chagall, Marc, 390

  Chain Bridge house, 220–1

  Chaliapin, Fyodor, 327, 378

  Champeaux, Gérard de, 180

  Chappe d’Auteroche, Abbé, 168–9

  Charles XII, King of Sweden, 23, 30

  Charlotte of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 38

  Chechnya, 471–2.

  Cheka see police

  Chekhov, Anton, 317

  Chéret, Jules, 348

  Cherkassy, Prince, 40

  Chernenko, Konstantin, 453

  Chernobyl, 5

  Chernyshev, Ivan, 112

  Chernyshevsky, Nikolai, 232, 252–3, 264–5, 166–7, 173

  Chesme, Battle of (1770), 166

  Chesme Palace (formerly

  Kekerekeksinen; Frog Marsh Palace), 153, 154

  Chétardie, Marquis de la, 110

  Chevakinsky, Savva, 106

  Chiaveri, Gaetano, 61

  children: infant mortality, 140; orphanages, 140, 147; labour, 257; child prostitutes, 255, 268, 288, 335; begging in twentieth-century St Petersburg, 327; see also education chimney sweeps, 131

  chocolate, 436

  Choglokov, Count, 121–2

  choirs, 94–5

  cholera, 246–7, 270, 334–5, 374

  Christmas, 294–5, 295

  Church of Christ the Saviour on the Spilt Blood, 289, 422

  Churchill, Winston, 409

  cinema: in Soviet era, 372, 391–3; see also individual films by name cinemas, 331–2

  circuses, 404

  Clarke, Revd Edward Daniel, 149

  clerks, 230–1, 234

  climate, 126–7, 478–9

  clothes: Peter I forces nobles to modernise, 32; Paul’s laws governing, 184; in nineteenth century, 191–2, 280; in Sixties, 450

  Cobenzl, Count Karl, 158

  cocaine, 380

  Coesvelt, William, 210

  Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 176–7

  Collot, Marie-Anne, 144

  Communist Party: 1920 power structure, 382–3; privileged life of elite, 396, 431–2, 447

  concentration camps see gulags

  Conegliano, Cima da, 291

  Consecration of the Waters ceremony, 43

  Constantine (Alexander I’s brother), 200, 213–14, 246

  Constructivism, 342, 390

  The Contemporary (periodical), 261, 263, 265

  contraceptives, 395, 446

  coopers, 131

  Corberon, Chevalier de, 160

  Corot, Camille, 230

  Corps of Pages, 121

  corruption: under Peter I, 57, 62; under Peter II, 71–2; under Elizabeth, 122; police, 254; under Alexander II, 281; under Nicholas II, 335; in Soviet era, 379, 420, 450; Gorbachev campaigns against, 453; post-glasnost, 462–5, 469, 470

  Cottrell, Ch
arles, 100

  Courland, Frederick William, Duke of, 37–8

  Cozens, Alexander, 24

  Cozens, John Robert, 24

  Cozens, Richard, 24

  crime and punishment see executions; flogging; law and order; police Crimea, 471

  Crimean War (1853–6), 254

  Cross, Letitia, 19

  Crozat, Pierre, 159

  Cruickshank, Isaac, 185

  Cui, César, 328

  Currency Bank, 156

  Custine, Astolphe de: on St Petersburg, 4, 226, 234; film character based on, 68; on St Petersburg floods, 68; on St Petersburg’s squares, 227; on reconstruction of Winter Palace, 238; on celebrations for Alexandra Feodorovna’s name-day, 245; on Russia’s political climate, 252, 254, 256; on Bronze Horseman statue, 481

  dachas, 258

  Dadaism, 341

  Daguerre, Dominique, 180

  Dahl, Vladimir, 186

  dance: popular dances in nineteenth century, 230, 245; Duncan performs in St Petersburg, 299, 317; Siamese influence, 308; popular dances in early twentieth century, 345; popular dances in Fifties and Sixties, 442; see also ballet

  Dashwood, Sir Francis, 69, 84–5

  David, Jacques-Louis, 149

  Davidov, Vladimir, 297

  DDT, 454

  Deane, John, 24, 62

  Decembrist uprising (1825), 213–20, 215, 221–2

  Decrezet, Antoine, 155

  Degaev, Sergei, 291

  Deineka, Alexander, 394

  Demidov, State Councillor, 122

  Denon, Dominique Vivant, 210

  Department of State Police see police

  department stores, 333, 396

  Derzhavin, Gavrila, 151, 155, 167, 253–4

  Deschisaux, Pierre, 72–3, 74

  Diaghilev, Sergei: on Kschessinskaya’s affair with Nicholas II, 294; background and appearance, 299; on Duncan, 299, 317; and modern art, 302–4; as international impresario, 327–9; relationship with Nijinsky, 329–30; rehearses Petrushka, 338; and The Rite of Spring, 339; tours America, 351; refuses post of Minister of the Fine Arts under Kerensky, 359; Prokofiev’s ballet for, 389

  Dialogues (film), 453–4

  Dickens, Charles, 230, 234

  Didelot, Charles-Louis, 243

  Diderot, Denis: correspondence with Catherine II, 141; visits St Petersburg, 142, 143; helps Catherine II obtain Paris artworks, 158, 159; Levitsky’s portrait, 162; on St Petersburg, 177

  Dimsdale, Dr Thomas, 167–8

  divorce, 395

  Döblin, Alfred, 234

  doctors see health and medicine

  dog-catchers, 131

  Dolgorukov, Vladimir, 293

  Dolgoruky, Prince Alexei, 79

  Dolgoruky, Catherine, 79–80

  Dolgoruky, Ivan, 79–80, 84

  Dolgoruky, Prince Michael, 12

  Dolgoruky family, 78

  Dolgov (building contractor), 173

  Donizetti, Gaetano, 468

  Dos Passos, John, 233–4

  Dostoevsky, Fyodor: relationship with Pushkin, 223; inspiration for The Double, 234–3; on St Petersburg, 223, 477; first story, 249; sentenced to death for involvement with Petrashevsky circle but sent to Siberia instead, 251–2; returns from exile, 259; supports student demonstrations, 263; 1862 arson attacks mentioned in Crime and Punishment, 264; on women’s condition, 265; milieu of his novels, 267; prostitutes in Crime and Punishment, 268; planned novel about drunkenness epidemic, 268; on terrorism, 278; death, 282; anti-Semitism, 287; Soviet attitude to, 388; on St Petersburg’s weather, 479

  Dostoevsky, Mikhail, 263

  Dovshenko, Alexandr, 392–3

  downpipes, 478

  Drenteln, General Alexander, 275

  Dresdensha (Anna-Cunegonda Felker), 122

  Drigo, Riccardo, 297

  drinking see alcohol drugs, 380, 459, 460, 470

  Dudinskaya, Natalia, 441

  Dukes, Paul, 375–6

  Duma: creation of First, 324–5, 325; dissolved, 327; Second Duma brought down, 330; Third Duma, 330–1, 337–8

  Dumas, Alexandre, 1, 231, 259

  Duncan, Isadora, 299, 317, 388 dvorniki, 129–30

  dwarfs, 11, 36, 37–8, 44, 84

  dysentery, 30, 422

  Dzerzhinsky, Felix, 371, 383, 391, 471

  Earth (film), 392–3

  Easter, 87, 193–4

  education: under Peter 1, 54–5; under Anna, 82–3; under Elizabeth, 121; under Catherine II, 140–1, 147; under Alexander I, 201; under Nicholas I, 248; student unrest under Alexander II, 261–3, 263; improvements for women, 265; student unrest in early twentieth century, 334; women’s education in early twentieth century, 334; early Soviet attempts to spread culture to the masses, 371–2; women’s education in Soviet era, 394; schoolchildren given false picture of life abroad, 396–7; fees introduced by Soviets, 432

  Edward VII, King of Great Britain and Ireland, 353

  Egyptian Bridge, 206

  Eisenstein, Sergei, 5–6, 208, 319, 365, 392, 408

  Ekaterina Dolgoruky, Empress of Russia, 282

  Ekaterinburg, 77, 375

  Elena Pavlovna, Grand Duchess, 259, 260, 279

  Eliasbcrg, Karl, 426

  Eliseev Brothers’ Trading House, 305

  Eliseev emporium, 343

  Elizabeth, Empress of Russia: at mother’s wedding, 39; Peter I builds palace for, 51; learns ballet, 83; goes to the opera with Anna, 93–4; uneasy life during Anna’s reign, 94; palace harmed by fire, 95; Anna blocks her succession, 99; wooed by Shah Nadir, 99–100; stages coup, 100, 102; appearance, background and character, 102, 107–8, 110–11, 118; reign, 102–24; conspiracies against, 103; luxury at her court, 103–4, 107–91, 117–18; iconography, 109–10; fear of assassination, 110; foreign policy, 111; lack of interest in internal government, 111-12; and the arts, 112–16; and cross-dressing, 108, 118–20; death, 124; spied on in flagrante by Peter 111, 125; funeral, 125; and Yakovlev, 131; rumoured to be Emperor Paul’s mother, 179

  Elizabeth Alekseevna (Alexander I’s wife), Empress of Russia, 201

  Elizabeth Ivanova, 111

  Elssler, Fanny, 244

  Emelyanov, Ivan, 283–4

  The End of St Petersburg (film), 349–50, 367

  Engelhardt House, 232

  Engels, Friedrich, 385

  Engineers’ Castle, 209

  Engineers School, 61

  English Reformed Church, 156

  engraving, topographical, 162

  Eon, Chevalier d’, 119–20

  Eropkin, Peter, 95–8

  Erotica Museum, 469–70

  etiquette and manners, 55

  Evdokia, Tsarina of Russia, 13, 39

  Evelyn, John, 18, 20–1

  executions, 22, 48–9, 220

  exploration, 74

  Exter, Aleksandra, 390

  Faber, Theodor von, 190–1

  Fabergé jewels, 287, 307, 403

  factories see industrial relations and unrest; industries

  fairs, 10, 87, 128, 129, 193–4, 307, 338

  Falconet, Etienne, 143–7, 149, 411, 481

  Fall of Berlin (film), 432–3

  family, Soviet attitude to, 395–6, 446

  famine see food Farquharson, Henry, 24

  Farsetti, Filippo, 181

  Farussi, Zanetta, 93

  fashion see clothes

  Faure, Félix, 308

  Favier, Jean-Louis, 110

  Fedotov, Georgy, 384

  Fedotov, Pavel, 235

  Felker, Anna-Cunegonda see

  Dresdensha

  Felten, Yuri, 144–5, 154–5, 156, 160

  fencing, 404

  Festival of the Magic of the White Rose, 244

  Figner, Evgenia, 277

  Figner, Vera, 275–6, 282, 283, 285, 361

  Filosofov, Dmitri, 302

  Finch, Edward, 100, 101

  Finland, 326, 409

  Finland Station, 376, 437

  fire-fighting, 46, 57, 130, 307

  f
ires: (1736 and 1737), 95; (1740s), 122; Winter Palace burns in 1837, 236–7, 237

  First World War (1914–18): outbreak, 349; life in St Petersburg during, 349–54; protests against Russian involvement, 344; Russian war efforts disintegrate, 361–2; Germans advance on St Petersburg, 370–1; Russia leaves the war, 371

  Fisher, Lola, 441

  Flamsteed, John, 21

  flogging, 48–9

  flood barriers, 101, 139, 473–4

  floods: (1721 and 1723), 62; (1726), 74; (1752), 121–2; (1763), 165; (1824), 212, 213, 225; (1903), 301; (1924), 386–7

  Fokine, Mikhail: as dancer, 293; strikes during 1905 Revolution, 299, 321–3; inspirations, 308, 317; rehearses Petrushka, 338; remains at Mariinsky throughout the First World War, 351

  Fontana, Giovanni, 51

  Fontanka Canal, 165

  food: in eighteenth century, 48, 85–7; under Elizabeth, 117–18, 122–3; under Catherine II, 131–2, 152, 166; sale of frozen, 131–2; under Alexander I, 194–5; meal times, 231; under Nicholas I, 255–6; shortages in aftermath of 1917 Revolution, 369–70, 376–7, 379; in Soviet era, 394, 396, 443, 446–7, 452; during siege, 415–20, 422–4; 1946 famine, 431–2; expenditure on foreign imports, 450; special food for ballet dancers, 451; rationing comes in again under Gorbachev, 455; in Nineties, 461–2; in twenty-first century, 472

  football, 404, 429, 442, 481

  Forbes, George, Baron, 84

  Ford, John, 435

  Foster, Norman, 474

  Fourier, Charles, 250

  Fox, Charles James, 151

  France: Peter I visits, 49–50; Elizabeth’s relations with, 111, 119–20; French Revolution’s influence on Russia, 173–4; rise in fashionability of French language, 196; Napoleonic Wars, 202, 203–6; Crimean War, 254; investment in tsarist Russia, 290, 327; and Russian Civil War, 374; see also Paris

  Francis, David, 355

  Franco-Prussian War (1870–1), 280 Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, 349

  Frederick II, the Great, King of Prussia, 111, 157, 158

  Fredericks, Count, 357

  Freemasonry, 206, 212

  Friedland, Battle of (1807), 202

  Frog Marsh Palace see Chesme Palace FSB see police

  Fyodor III, Tsar of Russia, 11

  Gagarin, Yuri, 443

  Gaignat, Louis-Jean, 68

  Galeria, 482

  Galich, Alexander, 442

  Gallé glassware, 307

  gambling, 56, 89, 345, 459

  Gapon, Father, 311–13, 316, 326

  gardens: Summer Garden grounds, 32–3; at Peterhof, 52–3, 200; at Tsarskoe Selo, 107, 149–52, 153; at Tauride Palace, 155, 202; pleasure gardens, 179, 194

  Gargarin, Sergei, 114

  Gargarin Palace, 156

 

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