St. Petersburg

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St. Petersburg Page 60

by Jonathan Miles


  Gastronom shops, 396, 432

  Gatchina, 149, 181–2, 181, 412

  Gates, Robert, 472

  Gautier, Théophile: on Tsarskoe Selo, 107, 152; on Nevsky Prospekt, 232; on St Petersburg ballet, 242–3; co-writes Giselle libretto, 244; on St Petersburg mazurka dancing, 245; on St Petersburg meals, 255–6

  Gazprom Tower, 473, 480

  Gedeonov, Stephan, 260

  Gellart, Christian, 142 General Staff of the Army offices, 209

  George III, King of Great Britain and Ireland, 160

  Georgi, Johann Gottlieb, 161

  Georgia, 471

  Gerasimov, Alexander, 394

  Gerasimov, General, 318, 322–3

  Gergiev, Valery, 468–9, 474

  German Embassy, 349

  Germany: Catherine I visits, 51; German presence at Anna’s court, 87–8; Alexander II’s relations with, 280; anti-German feeling in First World War, 349, 350, 352; German agitators in St Petersburg, 352, 355, 357; allows Lenin to cross its territory to return to Russia, 359; invasion of Soviet Union, 408–29

  Gide, André, 5, 396–7

  Ginzburg, Lydia, 415, 418

  Giselle (ballet), 244, 440–1

  glasnost, 453–7

  glasses, 450

  Glavit, 388

  Glavosobtorg, 396

  Glazunov, Alexander, 292, 297

  Glière, Reinhold, 438

  Glinka, Mikhail, 240, 241–2, 245, 278, 287

  Gogen, Alexander, 305

  Gogol, Nikolai: on St Petersburg, 4; background, 234; on Glinka, 241–2; Belinsky takes to task, 249; Shostakovich opera based on short story by, 393 WORKS: Dead Souls, 71; The Government Inspector, 240; ‘Nevsky Prospekt’, 233; ‘The Overcoat’, 234–5; Petersburg Tales, 233, 239–40

  GOKHRAN, 402

  Goldman, Emma, 376–7, 379, 380–1

  Golitsyn, Prince Alexander, 201

  Golitsyn, Prince Boris, 122

  Golitsyn, Prince Dmitry, 80, 158, 159, 161

  Golitsyn, Prince Mikhail, 88, 97–8

  Golitsyn, Prince Vasily, 12–13

  Golitsyna, Daria, 55

  Golitsyna, Princess Natasha, 75–6

  Goloshchekin, David, 454

  Golovin, Ivan Mikhailovich, 63

  Goncharova, Natalia, 222, 342

  Gonzaga Cameo, 211

  Gorbachev, Mikhail, 453–7

  Gordunov, Dmitri, 438

  Gorky, Maxim, 373, 378, 379, 402

  Gorokhova, Valentina, 418

  Gorokhovaya Street, 95–6, 96, 197, 371

  gostiny dvor (merchant’s yard), 131, 148, 333, 414, 436

  Gothic Banquet Service, 244–5

  Gotzkowsky, Johann Ernst, 87

  Gould, Glenn, 439–40

  Gould, William, 155

  GPU see police

  Grabit, Jean, 198

  Granovsky, Timofey, 248, 254

  Great Market, 47, 131

  Great Northern War (1700–21), 29, 33–4, 41, 62

  Grebenka, Evgeny, 129

  Grebenshchikov, Boris, 448–9, 465

  Green Frog Service, 152–3

  Greinert, Elza, 418–19

  Greuze, Jean-Baptiste, 180

  Grice, Richard, 24

  Grieg, Edvard, 297

  Grimm, Baron Melchior von, 141, 146, 156, 157, 160

  Grinevitsky, Ignaty, 283–4

  Grisi, Carlotta, 244

  Grossman, Vasily, 437, 475

  gulags, 387, 398, 435, 437

  Gulbenkian, Calouste, 403

  Gumilev, Nikolai, 373

  Guryev Service, 206

  Gustav III, King of Sweden, 163

  Gwynn, Stephan, 24

  gymnastics, 404

  hairdressers, 132, 232

  Hammer, Victor and Armand, 403

  Hangö, Battle of (1714), 41

  Hanway, Jonas, 104, 118

  Harris, Sir James, 152

  Hastie, William, 196–7

  Hawksmoor, Nicholas, 17–18

  Haymarket, 246–7, 267, 459

  health and medicine: under Catherine II, 167–9; cholera outbreaks, 246–8; women training as doctors, 265–6, 272, 334; epidemics under Alexander II, 270; epidemics in early twentieth century, 334–5; in immediate aftermath of 1917 Revolution, 374; women doctors in Soviet era, 395; during siege, 418, 422, 427; see also individual diseases by name; public health and hygiene

  heating, 129–30

  Hell (radical group), 269–70

  Hellman, Lillian, 478

  Herbel, Nicholas, 61

  Hermitage: Catherine II amasses collection and erects building to house it, 155, 156, 157–62; Yusupov charged with upkeep of galleries, 181; collections evacuated in preparation for Napoleon’s invasion, 205; Alexander I extends collections, 210-11; after fire, New Hermitage built to house collections, 238–9; under Gedeonev’s directorship, 260; Alexander III extends collections, 291; Winter Palace becomes part, 372–3; best artworks moved to Moscow for safe-keeping during civil war, 373; artworks returned from Moscow, 378; Soviet government sells many treasures and transfers others to Moscow, 402–3; treasures evacuated in preparation for German invasion, 412; food planted in Small Hermitage during siege, 422–4; guided tours for soldiers during siege, 426–7; artworks returned after Second World War, 431; 200th anniversary, 437–8; exhibitions from abroad, 438, 449; guided tours for foreigners, 449; Peter I exhibition, 468; films about museum, 68

  Hermitage Theatre, 156, 163, 193, 330

  Herzen, Alexander: on Catherine II, 137; publishes Radishchev’s Journey, 174; on political atmosphere under Nicholas I, 221, 253; on St Petersburg’s atmosphere, 227; on Bryullov’s Last Day of Pompeii, 236; as revolutionary thinker and writer, 248, 249–50; background, 249; hauled up before Third Section, 253; reaction to Nicholas I’s death, 254; pamphlet published by, 261; monuments to, 374; on revolutionary process, 383

  Heyden, Jan van der, 16

  historicism, 245

  Hitler, Adolf, 408, 409–10

  Holland, 9, 14–17, 22, 50, 180

  Holstein-Gottorp, Charles-Frederick, Duke of, 72

  Horse Guards Riding School see Manège

  horseracing, 404

  hospitality, 195

  hospitals, 168, 169

  Hotel Moskva, 459

  House of Arts, 373

  House of Soviets, 406

  housing: under Peter I, 31, 35, 42, 46, 60; under Anna, 85, 95; under Catherine II, 139–40, 163–4; under Nicholas I, 229; under Alexander II, 267, 270; communal, 402, 435, 445–6; Fifties cooperatives, 436; style of private, 446; in Nineties, 460–1; in twenty-first century, 470, 472–3, 482

  Howard, John, 164

  hunting, 88–9

  hygiene see public health and hygiene

  Hyndford, Lord, 111, 118

  ice hockey, 442–3

  Ice Palace, 97–8, 470

  Ignatiev, Nicholai, 287–8

  Ignaty, Archimandrite, 289

  Imperial Academy of the Liberal Arts of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture, 121

  Imperial Ballet School (formerly St

  Petersburg Classical Dance and Ballet School): foundation, 83; Rinaldi becomes director, 93; Gautier on, 243; Pavlova at, 293; Kschessinskaya at, 294; Nijinsky at, 316, 329; minimum age of students, 451

  Imperial Porcelain Factory, 123, 153, 206, 307

  Imperial Russian Public Library see National Public Library

  India, 184

  industrial relations and unrest: growing industrialisation and its effects, 257–8; first sustained Russian strike, 271; growing unrest in late nineteenth century, 309–10; and 1905 Revolution, 311–13, 318, 319–23; trade unions legalised, 324; with 1905 Revolution crushed, working conditions worsen and productivity soars, 331; Lena Goldfields massacre triggers new wave of strikes and unrest, 343–4; 1914 general strike, 348; First World War brings worsening conditions for workers, 349–50; and 1917 Revolution, 354–8; strikes in immediate aftermath of 1917 Revolution, 369; Cheka fires on strikers, 377; worker disenc
hantment with Bolsheviks, 380–1; absenteeism penalties, 409

  industries: under Elizabeth, 123–4; under Catherine II, 140; under Alexander I, 270–1; under Alexander III, 289–90; under Nicholas II, 304–5; and First World War, 349–50; in Fifties and Sixties, 436, 443; privatisation, 463

  inflation, in Nineties, 461–2

  Inkhuk, 389–90

  inoculation, 167–8

  Institute of St Catherine, 203

  Intergirl (film), 460

  Internet, 471

  iron industry, 271, 309

  Ishutin, Nikolai, 269–70

  Istomina, Avdotya, 243

  Ivan IV, the Terrible, Tsar of Russia,

  Ivan V, Tsar of Russia, 11–12, 13

  Ivan VI, Emperor of Russia, 99–100, 103, 133, 135

  Ivanov (film), 448–9

  Ivanov, Alexander, 135–6

  Ivanov, Lev, 296–7

  Izvestia (newspaper), 356, 391, 404

  jails, 164

  Japan, 305, 319

  Jawlensky, Alexei von, 340

  jazz, 401, 453–4

  Jews, 261, 287–8, 300, 323, 349, 405–6

  Johnson, Samuel, 161

  Joséphine, Empress of France, 210–11

  Joyce, James, 233

  judo, 443

  Juel, Just, 38

  Justice, Elizabeth, 85–7, 94

  Kakhovsky, Pyotr, 214, 215, 220

  Kamenev, Lev, 383, 398

  Kamennoostrovsky Prospekt, 314, 332

  Kamenny Island, 178, 329

  Kandinsky, Vasily, 340, 342, 389

  Kaplan, Fanya, 375

  Karakozov, Dmitri, 269–70

  Karsavina, Tamara: on St Petersburg at Christmas, 295; and 1905 Revolution, 299, 316, 321–2; on nineteenth-century traditions, 307–8; apartment, 328; rehearsals at Hermitage Theatre, 330; on the Ballets Russes in Paris, 330; on St Petersburg during First World War, 351–2; on October Revolution, 362; in 1920s, 378

  Kazan Cathedral, 187, 199, 310

  Kekerekeksinen see Chesme Palace Kennedy, John F., 444–5

  Kerensky, Alexander, 354, 358–62, 366

  KGB see police

  Khalturin, Stephan, 277

  Kharchenko, Oleg, 474

  Khlysty see Kristovovery

  Khrushchev, Nikita: succeeds Stalin and denounces him, 435; in power, 435–45; agrees to publication of Solzhenitsyn novel, 437; attitude to abstract art, 438; attitude to jazz, 442; loss of support and then power, 444–5

  Kijé, Lieutenant, 186

  Kinchev, Konstantin, 465

  Kirov, Sergei, 397–8

  Kirov Theatre see Mariinsky Theatre

  Kist, Gerrit, 9

  Klemperer, Otto, 393

  Klenze, Leo von, 238

  Kliastitzi, Battle of (1812), 203

  Kneller, Sir Godfrey, 20

  Knowles, Admiral Sir Charles, 166

  Knox, General Alfred, 356, 367

  Kochubey, Prince Viktor, 188

  Koestler, Arthur, 385, 399, 409

  Kokovtsov, Count Vladimir: and 1905 Revolution, 314–15, 316; at ceremony to admit First Duma, 324; on Third Duma, 331; and Rasputin, 337–8; and 1917 Revolution, 354, 356, 358

  Kolpakova, Irina, 441

  Komissarzhevskaya, Vera, 340

  Königseck, Herr, 24–5

  Konstantin, Grand Duke, 277

  Korb, Johan, 22

  Kornilov, General Lavr, 361

  Korobov, Ivan, 95–6

  Kostrovitskaya, Vera, 416, 417

  Kotlin, 28, 29

  Kotzbuë, Auguste von, 184, 186–7

  Koussevitzky, Sergei, 339

  Krestovsky, Vsevolod, 270

  Krestovsky Island, 178–9, 331, 442, 472–3

  Kristovovery (Khlysty), 336

  Kronstadt: fort constructed, 29; port at, 42; dilapidation in eighteenth century, 84–5; canal to admit stricken ships, 165–6; cathedral built, 198; concerts in, 279; 1906 revolt, 326; prostitution in early twentieth century, 335; in twenty-first century, 473–4, 473

  Kronstadt mutiny (1921), 380–1

  Kschessinskaya, Matilda, 294, 305–7, 308, 330

  Kubelik, Jan, 328

  Küchelbecker, Wilhelm, 221

  kulaks, 388

  Kuleshov, Lev, 392

  Kunstkammer, 50, 61, 73, 74–5, 466–7

  Kuratkin, Prince, 10

  Kutuzov, General, 202, 204

  Kuznetsov, Alexei, 433–4

  La Vie (French envoy), 62

  Labensky, Franz, 210

  Ladoga, Lake, 420–2, 421, 424

  Ladvoski Atelier, 390–1

  Lakhta Centre, 473, 480, 481

  Land and Freedom movement, 275–7, 282–6, 290–1

  Landé, Jean-Baptiste, 83, 93, 124

  Ladoga Canal, 82

  Lane, Edward, 68

  languages, 195–6, 450

  Larionov, Mikhail, 342

  Lavrov, Peter, 272

  law and order: in eighteenth century, 56, 57, 58, 73; under Elizabeth, 103, 122; under Catherine II, 164; under Alexander 1, 197–8; under Nicholas I, 220–1, 254–5; trial by jury and defence counsels introduced, 261; trial by jury suspended, 275; rise in gangs and street crime under Nicholas II, 309, 318, 327, 333; in Soviet era, 398, 406; during siege, 419, 420; in Seventies, 450; in Nineties, 455–6, 459–60, 464–5; in twenty-first century, 470; see also executions; flogging; police; revolution, the road to

  Le Blond, Jean-Baptiste Alexandre, 33, 45, 46, 52

  Le Carré, John, 461

  Le Nôtre, André, 33

  Leeuwenhoek, Anthonie van, 15–16

  Lefort, François, 9, 13

  Legat, Nikolai, 296–7

  Legat, Sergei, 322

  Legat, Vera, 293

  Legend of the Communard (show), 378

  Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von, 61

  leisure and entertainment: under Peter I, 55–6; under Anna, 87; under Catherine II, 178–9; in nineteenth century, 192–4, 258; in early twentieth century, 307–8, 331; in Soviet era, 404, 442–3, 448; see also individual types of entertainment by name

  Lena Goldfields massacre (1912), 343

  L’Enfant, Pierre-Charles, 45

  Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich: begins revolutionary activities, 290; encourages industrial unrest, 309–10; and peasant politicisation, 319; on 1905 Revolution, 323; emerges as Bolshevik leader, 325–6; flees to Finland, 326; flees to Switzerland, 330, 341; returns to St Petersburg to seize power, 359–61; joins Soviet government, 369; prohibits export of art treasures, 373; executes Gumilev, 373; shot by SR activist, 375; on function of towns, 379; power, 383; accepts controlled capitalism, 385; death, 386; brutal policies, 387; and cinema as propaganda, 391 Leningrad (journal), 433

  Leningrad Choreographic Academy, 450–1

  Leningrad Circle for New Music, 393

  Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra, 393, 400, 425

  Leontov, Valery, 448

  Lermontov, Mikhail, 221, 232

  Leskov, Nikolai, 399–400

  Lessing, Gotthold, 142

  Levine, James, 468

  Levitan, Isaak, 303

  Levitsky, Dmitry, 162

  L’Hôpital, Marquis de, 117

  Lialin, Oleg, 436

  libraries see National Public Library

  Lissitsky, El, 390–1

  Liszt, Franz, 240–1, 242

  literature and learning: under Elizabeth, 120–1; under Catherine II, 141–3, 147; under Nicholas I, 221-7, 233–5, 239–40, 248–52; censorship tightens, 252–4; under Alexander II, 264–7, 270, 271–2; in Soviet era, 372, 373, 388–9, 394, 404, 437; see also books and publishing

  Litta, Count, 260

  Little Society, 176

  Litvinenko, Alexander, 471–2

  living organs, 114, 115

  Locatelli, Giovanni-Batista, 115

  Lomonosov, Mikhail, 79, 120–1, 221

  London, 17–21, 230; Wallace Collection, 237

  Loris-Melikov, Mikhail, 278

  Loubet, Emile, 308

  l
oudspeakers: street, 406, 424, 426; on cars, 444

  Louis XIV, King of France, 49, 64

  Löwenwolde, Karl Gustav von, 81, 102

  Ludwig I, King of Bavaria, 238

  Lunacharsky, Anatoli, 371–2, 378

  Luzhkov, Yuri, 463–4

  Lvov, Nikolai, 154

  Lvov, Prince Pavel, 329

  Macartney, George, 180

  McCartney, Paul, 470

  Maddison, John, 111

  Madonis, Luigi, 92–3

  Mahler, Gustav, 328

  The Maid of Marienburg (play), 39

  Makhaev, Mikhail, 162

  Makovsky, Sergei, 340

  Malenkov, Georgy, 434

  Malevich, Kasemir, 341, 342, 389, 390

  Maltsevsky Market, 436

  Maly Konyushennya, 483

  Maly Theatre, 393, 439–40, 475

  Mamontov, Savva, 292

  Manchuria, 305

  Mandelstam, Osip, 308–9, 352, 404

  Manège (Horse Guards Riding School), 199

  Manet, Edouard, 260

  manners see etiquette and manners Manstein, General, 88, 89, 92, 94, 100, 104

  Marble Palace, 149

  Maria Alexandrovna, Empress of Russia, 259, 281

  Maria Feodorovna, Empress of Russia (Paul’s wife), 153–4, 180, 202

  Maria Fyodorovna, Empress of Russia (Alexander Ill’s wife), 286, 324

  Mariinsky Theatre (Kirov in Soviet era): design and opening, 259; under Alexander III, 292; 1892 production, 296; Nijinsky at, 329–30; in First World War, 351; in immediate aftermath of 1917 Revolution, 358–9, 378; renamed GATOB briefly, then Kirov, 398; Ulanova at, 404–5; hit by German shell in Second World War, 414; foreign visitors, 449; gala concert broadcast worldwide, 468; in Nineties, 4; in twenty-first century, 468–9, 475, 483; Mariinsky II built, 474–5

  Marinetti, Filippo, 341

  Maritime Cathedral of St Nicholas, 106, 422

  markets: under Peter 1, 47–8, 47, 58; under Anna, 101; under Elizabeth, 123; buying frozen food from, 131–2; monitoring of hygiene, 140; Christmas markets, 295; under Nicholas II, 333; post-glasnost, 465; see also individual markets by name

  Mars Field, 269, 308, 413

  Martin y Soler, Vincente, 163

  Marx, Karl, 272, 374

  Marye, George, 346

  Mashina Vremeni (Time Machine), 448

  Maslenitsa see Butter Week carnival

  masquerades: in London, 19; under Peter I, 41; under Anna, 91, 91; under Elizabeth, 106; under Alexander 1, 192–3; under Nicholas I, 244

  Masson, Charles François Philibert, 138, 175–6, 180

  Matisse, Henri, 403, 437, 485

  Mattarnovy, Georg, 61

  Matus, Ksenia, 425–6

  Matveyev, Artamon, 10, 11–12

 

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