Joan of Arc

by Helen Castor

  Hauviette’s memories of Joan as her friend: Duparc, Nullité, I, p. 276 (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, III, p. 264).

  For the boys teasing Joan, and her kneeling in the fields when she heard the bells, see Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 277 (Jean Waterin), 280–1 (Simonin Musnier), 287 (Colin, son of Jean Colin) (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, III, pp. 265, 268, 275). Her godfather Jean Morel also said that she was teased: Duparc, Nullité, I, p. 253 (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, III, p. 241; English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, p. 268).

  For the testimony of Perrin Drappier, see Duparc, Nullité, I, p. 271 (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, III, p. 259).

  Those who remembered Laxart saying that he had lied to Joan’s father: Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 283 (Isabelle, wife of Gérardin), 285 (Mengette, wife of Jean Joyart), 288 (Colin) (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, III, pp. 271, 273, 276).

  For the testimony of Durand Laxart, see Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 295–7 (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, III, pp. 282–4; English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 273–4).

  For Catherine and Henri le Royer, see Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 298, 299–300 (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, III, pp. 285, 286–7; Catherine in English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, p. 275).

  For the testimony of Jean de Metz and Bertrand de Poulengy, see Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 289–92, 304–7 (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, III, pp. 276–9, 291–4; English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 271–3, 275–7).

  For the lack of carnal impulses, see Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 325 (Bastard), 378 (La Touroulde), 387 (Alençon), 486 (d’Aulon) (all apart from d’Aulon trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, IV, pp. 10, 61, 70; the Bastard, Alençon and d’Aulon in English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 284, 309, 347). The royal squire Gobert Thibaut said he had heard soldiers who had fought alongside Joan say that, if they did have carnal desires, the feelings went away when they thought of her: Duparc, Nullité, I, p. 370 (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, IV, p. 54).

  ‘the secret malady of women’: see the testimony of d’Aulon in Duparc, Nullité, I, p. 486 (trans. English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, p. 347).

  Simon Charles and the call of nature: Duparc, Nullité, I, p. 402 (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, IV, p. 84).

  Joan as an innocent: see the testimony of Marguerite La Touroulde in Duparc, Nullité, I, 378 (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, IV, pp. 61–2).

  Her confidence on the battlefield: see the testimony of Alençon in Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 387–8 (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, IV, p. 70; English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, p. 310).

  For her intolerance of swearing in general, see Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 327 (Gaucourt), 330 (Ricarville), 339 (André Bordes), 340 (Renaude, widow of Huré), 370 (Thibaut), 373 (Simon Beaucroix), 409 (Pierre Milet) (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, IV, pp. 12, 15, 23, 25, 54, 57, 90; Beaucroix in English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, p. 301). Louis de Coutes said she had reproved the duke of Alençon for swearing, and the theologian Seguin Seguin recalled her chastising La Hire: Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 367, 473 (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, IV, pp. 51, 152; English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 298, 338).

  For Joan chasing women away from the camp, see Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 367 (Coutes), 373–4 (Beaucroix), 387 (Alençon), 409 (Milet) (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, IV, pp. 51, 57, 69–70, 90; Coutes, Beaucroix and Alençon in English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 298, 302, 309).

  For Joan’s sparing appetite: Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 327 (Gaucourt), 329 (Ricarville), 364 (Coutes), 408 (Colette, wife of Pierre Milet) (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, IV, pp. 12, 15, 49, 89; Coutes in English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, p. 296).

  For Joan refusing to eat stolen food, see Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 373 (Beaucroix), 396 (Pasquerel) (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, IV, pp. 57, 78; English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 302, 316).

  For Joan forbidding plunder and protecting churches, see Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 330 (Regnauld Thierry), 373 (Beaucroix), 409 (Milet) (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, IV, pp. 15, 57, 90; Beaucroix in English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, p. 302).

  For Joan asking her troops to confess their sins: Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 338 (Pierre Compaing), 363 (Coutes), 373 (Beaucroix), 391 (Pasquerel) (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, IV, pp. 23, 47, 57, 73; Coutes and Pasquerel in English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 295, 313).

  Joan’s pity for those who died without absolution: Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 366 (Coutes), 392 (Pasquerel) (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, IV, pp. 50, 75; English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 297, 314).

  ‘she did God’s work’: Duparc, Nullité, I, p. 402 (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, IV, p. 84).

  For the Bastard and the miracle of the wind, see Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 318–19 (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, IV, pp. 4–5; English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 279–80).

  For Pasquerel and the miracle of the water, see Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 391–2 (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, IV, p. 74; English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, p. 313).

  For Alençon’s memory of Joan saving his life, see Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 384–5 (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, IV, pp. 67–8; English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, p. 307). For the duke’s illness and bitterness by the 1450s, see Vale, Charles VII, pp. 159–60.

  For Jean Barbin’s memory of the comments of Jean Érault, see Duparc, Nullité, I, p. 375 (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, IV, p. 59; English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, p. 303). In the surviving text that records Marie Robine’s visions, there is one that speaks of a burning wheel with weapons (for which, see above, p. 72), but no mention of a Maid to come. In other words, the only mention of this version of the prophecy is here, in Barbin’s memory of what Érault had said twenty-five years earlier.

  For the Bastard’s memory of Joan asking for the bells to be rung, and her description of her voice, see Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 323–4 (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, IV, pp. 8–9; English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 283–4).

  For Jean d’Aulon’s conversation with Joan about her revelations, see Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 486–7 (trans. English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 347–8).

  For Joan’s conversation with Seguin Seguin, see Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 471–2 (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, IV, pp. 150–1; English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 337–8).

  For Nicolas Caval’s even briefer statement, see Duparc, Nullité, I, p. 451 (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, IV, pp. 130–1).

  For the statement of Jean de Mailly, see Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 353–5 (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, IV, pp. 37–9). De Mailly had been a counsellor to King Henry, represented the duke of Burgundy at Arras in 1435 and received King Charles into Noyon in 1443: Tisset, Condamnation, II, pp. 414–15.

  For the testimony of Thomas de Courcelles, see Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 355–9 (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, IV, pp. 40–4; English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 292–4).

  For the testimony of Guillaume Manchon, see Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 415–28 (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, IV, pp. 96–109; English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 321–31).

  For Loiseleur disguising himself as St Catherine, see the testimony of Pierre Cusquel in Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 451–4 (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, IV, pp. 131–3). Cusquel was a townsman of Rouen, now in his fifties, who claimed that as a young man he had been brought to meet Joan in her cell twice by the man it seems he then worked for, the master of works at Rouen Castle – visits which, if they took place as he claimed, must have been unsanctioned, and reinforce the sense of Joan’s vulnerability to those who had access to her in the castle. Cusquel’s statement is mostly hearsay, including the far-fetched story about Loiseleur, and gives a sense that he (unlike many of the other witnesses) was thrilled to find himself involved in such significant events, both Joan’s captivity and, now, her rehabilitation. He himself had talked to Joan, he declared, and advised her to speak carefully, since her life was at stake. It is Cusquel who reports that, on the day of Joan’s death – an execution he could not bear to w
itness, he said, because his heart was so overcome with pity for a woman unjustly condemned – he encountered the king of England’s secretary on his way back from the execution and heard him say ‘We are all undone, for a saint has been burned!’ This is one of the most often cited comments concerning the immediate reaction to Joan’s death, but, in the context of the rest of Cusquel’s testimony, it needs to be treated with caution; certainly, it had grown in the telling since Cusquel testified at the earlier hearing of 1452: Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 187–8 (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, III, pp. 176–9).

  For the sentence of nullification of 7 July 1456, see Duparc, Nullité, II, pp. 602–12 (quotations from pp. 608–9) (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, IV, pp. 221–30; extract in English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 348–9).

  For Charles in the Loire valley, and his health, see Vale, Charles VII, pp. 134, 172–3.

  For the dauphin’s rebellion and the arrest of the duke of Alençon, see Vale, Charles VII, pp. 154–62, 166–70.

  EPILOGUE

  For the process of Joan’s canonisation, see H. A. Kelly, ‘Joan of Arc’s Last Trial: The Attack of the Devil’s Advocates’, in Wheeler and Wood (eds), Fresh Verdicts, pp. 205–36; T. Wilson-Smith, Joan of Arc: Maid, Myth and History (Stroud, 2006), pp. 183–4, 196–9; report of Joan’s beatification by F. M. Wyndham in the Tablet, 10 April 1909, http://archive.thetablet.co.uk/article/10th-april-1909/7/the-beatification-of-joan-of-arc-its-history-with-; Warner, Joan of Arc, pp. 259–60.

  ‘She is a saint’: Wilson-Smith, Joan of Arc, p. 184.

  ‘Joan of Arc has shone like a new star …’: Wilson-Smith, Joan of Arc, p. 198.

  For the comments of Pope Benedict XVI in 2011, captured on film, see http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/multimedia/2011/01/26/st-joan-of-arc-an-inspiration-for-public-service/.

  For Joan’s letter to the English, see above, p. 98.

  ‘Joan is above all the saint of reconciliation …’: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, p. 277.

  For the testimony of Aimon de Macy, see Duparc, Nullité, I, p. 404–6 (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, IV, pp. 86–8; English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 319–21).

  Select Bibliography

  PRIMARY SOURCES

  A Parisian Journal, 1405–1449, trans. and ed. J. Shirley (Oxford, 1968).

  Basin, T., Histoire de Charles VII, 2 vols, trans. and ed. C. Samaran (Paris, 1933–44).

  Boudet, J.-P. (ed.), Le ‘Recueil des plus célèbres astrologues’ de Simon de Phares, I (Paris, 1997).

  Bower, W., Scotichronicon, ed. D. E. R. Watt and others, 9 vols (Aberdeen, 1987–98).

  Brie, F. W. D. (ed.), The Brut, or the Chronicles of England, I (London, 1906).

  Broquière, B. de la, Le Voyage d’outremer, ed. C. Schefer (Paris, 1892).

  Buchon, J. A. C. (ed.), Choix de chroniques et mémoires relatifs à l’histoire de France (Orléans, 1875).

  Chartier, J., Chronique de Charles VII, ed. V. de Viriville, 3 vols (Paris, 1858).

  Chastellain, G., Oeuvres, ed. K. de Lettenhove, 8 vols (Brussels, 1863–6).

  Chronique du Mont-Saint-Michel (1343–1468), ed. S. Luce, I (Paris, 1879).

  Chronique du religieux de Saint-Denys, trans. and ed. M. L. Bellaguet, 6 vols (Paris, 1839–52, repr. in 3, Paris, 1994).

  Chroniques relatives à l’histoire de la Belgique, ed. K. de Lettenhove (Brussels, 1872).

  Cochon, P., Chronique normande, ed. C. de Robillard de Beaurepaire (Rouen, 1870).

  Curry, A., The Battle of Agincourt: Sources and Interpretations (Woodbridge, 2000).

  Delpit, J. (ed.), Collection générale des documents français, I (Paris, 1847).

  Doncoeur, P., and Lanhers, Y. (ed. and trans.), L’Enquête ordonnée par Charles VII en 1450 et le codicile de Guillaume Bouillé (Paris, 1956).

  Duparc, P. (trans. and ed.), Procès en nullité de la condamnation de Jeanne d’Arc, 5 vols (Paris, 1977–88).

  Fenin, P. de, Mémoires, ed. E. Dupont (Paris, 1837).

  Gesta Henrici Quinti, trans. and ed. F. Taylor and J. S. Roskell (Oxford, 1975).

  Godefroy, T. (ed.), Le Cérémonial françois (Paris, 1649).

  Grévy-Pons, N. (ed.), L’Honneur de la couronne de France: Quatre libelles contre les Anglais (Paris, 1990).

  Gruel, G., Chronique d’Arthur de Richemont, ed. A. le Vavasseur (Paris, 1890).

  Hobbins, D. (trans. and ed.), The Trial of Joan of Arc (Cambridge and London, 2005).

  Journal de Nicolas de Baye, greffier du parlement de Paris, 1400–1417, ed. A. Tuetey, 2 vols (Paris, 1885–8).

  Journal d’un bourgeois de Paris, 1405–1449, ed. A. Tuetey (Paris, 1881).

  Le Févre, J., Chronique, ed. F. Morand, 2 vols (Paris, 1876–81).

  Mémoires pour servir à l’histoire de France et de Bourgogne (Paris, 1729).

  Monstrelet, E. de, La Chronique d’Enguerran de Monstrelet, ed. L. Douët-d’Arcq, 6 vols (Paris, 1857–62).

  Morosini, A., Chronique: Extraits relatifs à l’histoire de France, ed. and trans. G. Lefèvre-Pontalis and L. Dorez, 4 vols (Paris, 1898–1902).

  Nicolas, H. (ed.), Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council of England, III and IV (London, 1834–5).

  Quicherat, J. (ed.), Procès de condamnation et de réhabilitation de Jeanne d’Arc, 5 vols (Paris, 1841–9).

  Quicherat, J., ‘Relation inédite sur Jeanne d’Arc’, Revue historique (1877), 327–44.

  Rymer, T. (ed.), Foedera (1704–35), IX, via British History Online at http://www.british-history.ac.uk.

  Smet, J.-J. de (ed.), Recueil des chroniques de Flandre, III (Brussels, 1856).

  Stevenson, J. (ed.), Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Wars of the English in France, II, parts I and II (London, 1864).

  Strong, P. and Strong, F., ‘The Last Will and Codicils of Henry V’, English Historical Review, 96 (1981), 79–102.

  Taverne, A. de la, Journal de la paix d’Arras (Paris, 1651).

  Taylor, C. (ed. and trans.), Joan of Arc: La Pucelle (Manchester, 2006).

  Tisset, P., and Lanhers, Y. (trans. and ed.), Procès de condamnation de Jeanne d’Arc, 3 vols (Paris, 1960–71).

  Valois, N. (ed.), ‘Un nouveau témoignage sur Jeanne d’Arc: Réponse d’un clerc parisien à l’apologie de la Pucelle par Gerson (1429)’, in Annuaire-Bulletin de la Société de l’Histoire de France, 43 (1906), 161–79.

  Waurin, J. de, Anchiennes cronicques d’Engleterre, ed. E. Dupont, 3 vols (Paris, 1858–63).

  Waurin, J. de, A Collection of the Chronicles and Ancient Histories of Great Britain, now called England, from AD 1422 to AD 1431, trans. E. L. C. P. Hardy (London, 1891).

  SECONDARY SOURCES

  Allmand, C. T., ‘Henry V (1386–1422)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.

  Allmand, C. T., Henry V (London, 1992).

  Allmand, C. T., (ed.), Power, Culture and Religion in France, c.1350–c.1550 (Woodbridge, 1989).

  Allmand, C. T. (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume VII c.1415–c.1500 (Cambridge, 1998).

  Armstrong, C. A. J., ‘La Double Monarchie, France-Angleterre et la maison de Bourgogne (1420–1435): Le Déclin d’une alliance’, in Annales de Bourgogne, 37 (1965), 81–112.

  Arn, M.-J. (ed.), Charles d’Orléans in England (Cambridge, 2000).

  Atkins, M., ‘Jacqueline, suo jure countess of Hainault, suo jure countess of Holland, and suo jure countess of Zeeland (1401–1436)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.

  Autrand, F., Charles VI (Paris, 1986).

  Balcon, S., La Cathédrale Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul de Troyes (Paris, 2001).

  Balfour-Melville, E. W. M., James I, King of Scots, 1406–1437 (London, 1936).

  Barker, J., Agincourt: The King, the Campaign, the Battle (London, 2005).

  Barker, J., Conquest: The English Kingdom of France in the Hundred Years War (London, 2009).

  Beaucourt, G. du Fresne de, ‘Le Meurtre de Montereau’, Revue des questions historiques, V (1868), 189–237.
/>   Beaucourt, G. du Fresne de, Histoire de Charles VII, 6 vols (Paris, 1881–91).

  Beaune, C., Birth of an Ideology: Myths and Symbols of Nation in Late-Medieval France (Berkeley, 1991).

  Beaune, C., Jeanne d’Arc (Paris, 2004).

  Benedetti, J., Gilles de Rais (London, 1971).

  Black, A., ‘Popes and Councils’, in Allmand (ed.), New Cambridge Medieval History VII, 65–86.

  Blumenfeld-Kosinski, R., Poets, Saints and Visionaries of the Great Schism (Pennsylvania State University, 2006).

  Boissonade, P., ‘Une étape capitale de la mission de Jeanne d’Arc’, Revue des questions historiques, 3rd ser. XVII (1930), 12–67.

  Bossard, E., Gilles de Rais, maréchal de France, dit Barbe-Bleue (1404–1440) (Paris, 1886).

  Bossuat, A., Perrinet Gressart et François de Surienne (Paris, 1936).

  Bouzy, O., Jeanne d’Arc en son siècle (Paris, 2013).

  Branner, R., ‘The Labyrinth of Reims Cathedral’, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 21, no. 1 (1962), 18–25.

  Brown, M. H., ‘Douglas, Archibald, fourth earl of Douglas, and duke of Touraine in the French nobility (c.1369–1424)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.

  Brown, M., The Black Douglases: War and Lordship in Late Medieval Scotland, 1300–1455 (Edinburgh, 1998).

  Brown, M., ‘French Alliance or English Peace? Scotland and the Last Phase of the Hundred Years’ War, 1415–53’, in Clark (ed.), Conflicts, Consequences and the Crown in the Late Middle Ages, 81–99.

  Castor, H., She-Wolves: The Women Who Ruled England Before Elizabeth (London, 2010).

  Chevalier, B., ‘Les Écossais dans les armées de Charles VII jusqu’à la bataille de Verneuil’, in Jeanne d’Arc: Une époque, un rayonnement, 85–94.

  Clark, L. (ed.), Conflicts, Consequences and the Crown in the Late Middle Ages (Woodbridge, 2007).

  Clin, M.-V., ‘Joan of Arc and her doctors’, in Wheeler and Wood (eds), Fresh Verdicts on Joan of Arc, 295–302.