see also Ayn Jalut, Battle of
Mont Gisard, Battle of, 307–8
Montfort, 544, 568, 643
Montjoie, 583, 586
Montreal, 159, 281, 282, 304, 344, 396, 557
Moors, 20, 26, 27, 43, 374, 532
Morlaàs, St Foi in, 12
Morphia (wife of Baldwin II), 173
Moses, 18, 250
Mosul, 72, 138, 146, 150, 191, 236, 238, 244–5, 258, 288, 289, 293, 319–20, 332
Saif al-Din seizes, 229
Saladin’s campaign against, 320–3
Saladin’s compromise with, 334
second siege against, 333
Mount Cadmus, 220
Mount Carmel, 187, 401
Mount Gilboa, 619
Mount Pilgrim, 147, 148, 150
Mount Silpius, 64, 67, 73, 75, 76, 636
Mount Staurin, 64, 67
Mount Tabor, 155
Mount Toron, 401, 402, 404, 405, 407
Mount Zion, 92, 97, 98, 100
al-Mu‘azzam, 540, 554, 556, 561, 566
death of, 567
al-Mu‘azzam Turanshah, 594, 601, 602, 605–6, 612
al-Mughith, 625
Muhammad, 91, 250, 325
conversion campaign of, 18
‘Night Journey’ of, 19, 361–2
questions concern legitimacy of successors of, 19
‘revelations’ experienced by, 17–18
warfare embraced by, 24
Muhammad, sultan of Baghdad, 150
Munqidh clan, 152–3
Murtzurphlus (Alexius V), emperor of Byzantium, 530
al-Mustansir, Caliph, 623
Mutamin, 276–7
Myriokephalon, Battle of, 305
Nablus, 172, 178, 246, 329
al-Nasir, Abbasid caliph, 317, 320, 321, 393
Nasir al-Din ibn Shirkuh, 334
al-Nasir Yusuf, 613, 616, 618, 620
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 678
Navarre, 389
Nazareth, 326, 344, 569, 631, 644
Near East:
arteries of commerce linking West with, 182
Baybars’ reshaping of, 622
Baybars seeks to make fortress state of, 621
Byzantium re-emerges as force in, 254
Cairo becomes capital of, 624
capture of True Cross hits Christian morale in, 352
change in shape and balance of power in, 153
commercial interdependence developed in, 456
convulsive changes in balance of power in, 535
crusader strongholds in, 544
cycle of religious violence perpetuated in, 4
disunited Islam remains in, 167
Fatimids conquer large swathes of, 21
in late 11th century, 22–3
Islam secures lasting possession of, 3
Latin settlement gives rise to remarkable society in, 189
Mamluk dynasty seizes power in, 612
Maudud’s adventure into, 154
Mongols bring panic to, 616
Muhammad of Baghdad reacts to Frankish subjugation of, 150
new outpost of Western European world born in, 115
Nur al-Din’s death leaves power vacuum in, 288
trading pacts and alliances develop in, 162
Nestorians, 104
New York and Washington, attacks on, 668, 679
Nicaea, 57, 66, 219, 220, 531
Siege of, 52–6
Nicholas IV, Pope, 651
Nicholas of Cologne, 533
Nile:
Amalric seeks to conquer, 271
Delta, 265, 266, 267, 278, 457, 552, 553, 560, 590, 592
region, 265–8 passim, 272, 282, 298, 305, 318, 338, 552, 566, 641
river 160, 277, 552–4, 592–3
flooding of, 265, 266, 557, 560, 592, 601
supply chain along, 601
Nilometer, 266
‘Nine Worthies’, 670
Normandy, 369, 372, 384
offensive against, 383
Normans, 7–8
Italian, 45, 57, 70, 215–16
Sicilian kingdom of, 198
North Africa, 8
al-Afdal’s (vizier’s) army taken from, 104
Islam reaches, 19
proxy battleground, 270
Shi‘ite faction seizes control of, 21
Nur al-Din Mahmud, 229–33, passim, 235, 236–49, 251–3, 255–65 passim, 268–71, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278–9, 280, 281–6, passim, 287, 288, 297, 368, 670
death of, 284
Frank truce offer refused by, 258
illnesses of, 253, 255, 283–4
‘Just King’ sobriquet of, 149, 262
ornate pulpit ordered by, 262–3, 363
see also Aleppo; Damascus
Nusrat al-Din, 253
Odo of Châteauroux, 577, 580, 584, 587–8, 604
Odo of St Amand, 307, 313
Old Man of the Mountain, see Rashid al-Din Sinan
Oliver of Paderborn, 534, 551, 552, 554, 556, 558, 559
Order of the Temple of Solomon, see Templars
Oriflame, 218, 583, 588, 604
Orontes River, 64, 66, 80, 152, 240, 260
Otho of Grandson, 651, 653, 655
Otranto, 566
Ottoman Turks, 658, 670
Outremer (Levant):
assimilation in, 666
backwater, 23
Baybars seeks to eradicate Latin presence in, 630
becomes leading centre of trade, 547
beset by adversity, 245
commerce and economy in, 546–9
complexity of trade routes in, 182
emergence of two religious orders in, 168
end of days of, 656
Field of Blood’s aftermath confronted by, 166
Franks consolidate hold over, 115
high mortality rate of, 126
influences that created, 666
James of Vitry’s speaking tour of, 536
knowledge and culture in, 183–6
La Forbie battle shatters remaining military strength of, 576
land of faith and devotion, 186–8
languages spoken in, 177
life in, 176–83
Louis IX serves as overlord of, 607
medical knowledge in, 184–5
name of, explained, 115
pilgrims to, 186–7
Qalawun turns attention towards, 648
Richard I credited with saving, 516
Second Crusade set to revitalise, 218
‘severe and terrible judgement’ suffered by, 370
in 13th century, 535–49
vulnerability of, 664
see also Jerusalem; Palestine
Palestine:
absorbed into Arab-Islamic state, 19
Ascalon a stepping stone between Egypt and, 128
Baldwin I consolidates hold over, 122, 128
Baybars’ exploratory raids into, 631
British mandated to administer, 673
coup avoided in, 167
crown rights bring threat of civil war to, 173
deepening crisis among Latins in, 342
earthquakes in, 281
eastern Christian repression in, 28
Fifth Crusaders begin to arrive in, 551
Frederick II asserts rights to direct rule over, 565
Frederick II’s weakened authority in, 568
Godfrey’s authority in, open to challenge, 116
Godfrey’s depleted army for defence of, 106
Haute Cour becomes important forum for legal, political and military decision making in, 174
imperial rights asserted over, 572
Latin armies united in, 496
Latin Christendom’s foothold in, 513
Louis VII marches to, 233
Maudud invades, 154
Mongols arrive in, 616
Muslims hold all of, 656
rejuvenated fortunes of, 574
Saladin’s first invasio
n of, 278–9
Saladin’s 1183
offensive against, 324–31
Saladin’s 1187
offensive against, 343–64
Shawar appeals for aid from, 270
shifting balance of power in, 323
southern, Saladin demolishes fortresses in, 498
tales of eastern Christian repressions in, 28
unconquered bulk of, 121
see also Baldwin of Boulogne (later Baldwin I); Battles of Ramla
papacy:
anti-popes and, 198
crusading strengthens authority of, 668
establishment of, 9
military arm perceived needed by, 16
role of, as Christendom’s protector, 10
upheavals hamper crusading ability of, 198
Paris, 198, 217, 372, 387
Sainte-Chapelle in, 579
Paschal II, Pope, 107, 143, 144
Pelagius, cardinal-bishop of Albarno, 555, 556, 557–8, 559–60, 561, 562, 571, 592
‘People’s Crusade’, 41, 48, 52
Persians, 21, 23, 227, 264, 288, 392
Ilkhanate, 627, 628, 648
Peter Desiderius, 95
Peter the Hermit, 41, 69, 106
Peter Tudebode, 109
Philip II Augustus of France, 323, 367, 369, 378, 379, 380, 382–90, 446–9, 496–7, 516, 526, 578
at Great Siege of Acre, see Acre: Great Siege of
Guy–Conrad feud and, 436
John of England’s alliance with, 497, 502
journey to Holy Land by, 388–90, 429
report of death of, 483
Richard I and, rivalry or unity between? 434–6
Richard I’s changed relationship with, 384
Richard I’s disputes with, 377–8
small war chest of, 387
Third Crusade quit by, 449
see also Third Crusade
Philip of Dreux, bishop of Beauvais, 403, 495
Philip of Flanders, Count, 305–6, 431, 447
Philip of Nevers, 447
Philippopolis, 219, 382
Piacenza, 34
pilgrimage, 13
Pilgrims’ Castle, 545n, 638, 656
Pisa, 7, 182, 298, 436, 541, 547, 649, 666
naval support from, 117, 394, 401, 402
Poitiers, 19
Poitou, 323
Poland, 615
Pons, count of Tripoli, 154, 155, 157
Portugal, 27, 212
Prester John, 614
Punch, 673
al-Qaeda, 668, 677, 679
Qalat Ja‘bar, 228
Qalawun, 613, 621, 632, 633, 644–5, 647–8, 650–1, 652, 665
becomes sultan, 647
death of, 652
Qara Arslan of Hisn Kaifa, 193–4
Qaragush, 276, 277, 318, 338, 396, 410, 416, 418, 419, 426, 440, 441, 444
heavy weapons of, 417
letter smuggled by, 414
Qaraqorum, 615
Qutb al-Din Maudud, 245
Qutb, Sayyid, 679
Qutuz, 612, 616, 618, 619, 620, 622
Ralph of Caen, 140
Ramla, 90, 121, 307, 354, 478, 482, 487, 488, 491, 634
Battles of, 128–34, 166
Ranulf of Glanville, 420
Rashid al-Din Sinan, 294–6, 495, 496
Raymond II of Tripoli, 245
Raymond III of Tripoli, 245, 259, 260, 302, 303–4, 304, 306, 323, 324, 328, 329, 332, 342–3, 368
appointed regent, 331
death of, 393, 539
Guy reconciled with, 344
Muslim troops welcomed into Tiberias by, 343
release of, 302
Saladin’s 1187 invasion of Palestine and, see Palestine: Saladin’s 1187 offensive against
seeks protection from Saladin, 342–3
surrender of, 259
Raymond of Aguilers, 77, 81, 109, 111
Raymond of Le Puy, 169
Raymond of Poitiers (later of Antioch), 173, 194, 219, 233, 239
death of, 242, 244, 245, 368
Eleanor and, 233
Inab and, 240–2
Louis VII rejects scheme of, 233
Raymond of Toulouse, 35, 39, 43–4, 46, 52, 57, 63, 69, 70, 73, 82–6 passim, 87–8, 96–7, 98–9, 100, 103, 104, 105, 147–8, 149, 662
Alexius renews alliance with, 107
groundswell of support for, 86
humiliating retreat of, 99
Iftikhar ad-Daulah negotiates release with, 102
The Crusades: The Authoritative History of the War for the Holy Land Page 84
