Summaq campaigns let by, 84
waning popularity of, 92
Reconquista, 663
Red Sea, 159, 324
Reform movement, 10, 11, 16, 45
Reformation, 670
Regensburg, 218, 382
relics:
Apostles’ bones, 49
Crown of Thorns, 49, 530, 578
Holy Lance, 77–8, 83–4, 86–7, 104, 106, 111
Bartholomew’s trial by fire casts doubt on efficacy of, 87
Kerbogha said to have been paralysed by, 81
Raymond of Toulouse becomes supporter of, 83
John the Baptist, 49, 106, 530
True Cross, 104, 106, 120–1, 129, 134, 158, 162, 163, 164, 307, 345, 443, 451, 557
capture of, 351, 352, 371, 373
Richard I’s failure to recapture, 512, 513, 519
Virgin Mary’s hair, 49
Reynald of Châtillon, 252, 254, 255, 256, 260, 304–5, 307, 318, 328, 331, 350
Red Sea campaign launched by, 324–5
capture of, 256
figure of hate in Islam, 326
Muslim caravan attacked by, 343
release of, 304
Saladin’s audience with, 351–2
Saladin beheads, 352
Rhineland, 212
Rhineland Jews, massacre of, 41
Riccardo Filangeri, 567, 572
Richard I of England (‘Lionheart’), 1, 367, 374–80, 383–90, 428–30, 446–99, 501–5, 507–13, 515, 526, 552, 655, 662, 670, 671, 672
arrival of, in Holy Land, 428–9
Ascalon’s rebuilding by, 492
at Battle of Arsuf, 466–76
becomes king of England, 383–4
Berengaria marries, 429
birth and background of, 375–8
calamitous failure of leadership by, 509
confirmed as Henry’s successor, 383
Conrad’s assassination and, 495–6
Conrad’s parley with, 492
Conrad’s telling advantages over, 492
cross taken by, 374, 378, 380
crossbow bolt hits, 466
death and burial of, 516
descriptions of, 374–5, 379
elaborate negotiations with Saladin conducted by, 482–8
Frederick II compared to, 569
at Great Siege of Acre, see Acre: Great Siege of
Guy–Conrad rivalry and, 436, 448
illnesses of, 433, 511
installed as duke of Aquitaine, 376
installed as duke of Normandy, 384
Joanne-al-Adil marriage suggested by, 484–5, 487
John’s power bid and, 494
journey of, to Holy Land, 388–90, 429
Leopold captures, 515
Lionheart sobriquet of, 374
march from Acre by, 458–76, 461
dispatch/letter sent to Garnier during, 469, 472–3, 475
military discipline and, 327, 387
Muslim potentates contacted by, 511
naval assault on Cyprus by, 429
Philip Augustus and, rivalry or unity between, 434–6
Poitou title of, 376
post-Crusade campaigns of, 516
in Punch, 674
resigns as commander-in-chief of Third Crusade, 508
return to Europe undertaken by, 412–13, 515
Saladin’s Acre diplomatic exchanges with, 434
Saladin’s attack on Jaffa and, 410–11
Saladin’s attempt to exploit rift between Conrad and, 487
Saladin’s protracted 1192 negotiations with, 510
Saladin seeks diplomatic re-engagement with, 501
Saladin’s supply caravan attacked by, 505
Saladin’s three-year truce with, 512
scholars’ views of, 375, 379, 490
songs composed by, 516
Third Crusade a contest between Saladin and, 367
Third Crusade’s preparations’ cost to, 386
see also Third Crusade
Richard of Cornwall, 573
Richard of Salerno, 146, 154
Ridwan (ibn Tutush) of Aleppo, 22, 66, 141, 142, 152
death of, 156
River Jordan, 155, 156, 160, 167
Upper, 260, 311
see also Transjordan
River of Reeds, 466, 467
River Rochetaille, 466, 467, 468, 470
River Saleph, 421
Robert II Flanders, Count, 46, 57, 92, 106
Robert IV of Leicester, 432, 472, 482, 510
Robert (knight of Jerusalem), 132
Robert of Artois, 580, 592, 596–7, 598, 607
Robert of Dreux, 207, 403, 474
Robert ‘Guiscard’ (‘the Wily’), 44
Robert of Hereford, 493
Robert of Nantes, patriarch of Jerusalem, 584–5, 604
Robert of Normandy, Duke, 46, 47, 57–9, 92, 106
Robert of Rheims, 109–10, 111
Roda, 266
Roger II of Sicily, 215–16, 218
Roger of Rozoy, 131–2
Roger of Salerno (later prince of Antioch), 153–4, 154–5, 157–9, 163–4, 327
death of, at the Field of Blood, 164, 166
Roger of Tosny, 432
Roland, 374, 376
Romania, Latin, 531, 532, 541, 573, 577, 628
Rome:
Christianity becomes official religion of, 8
declining empire of, 9
popes exiled from, 9
Eugenius III’s dispute with people of, 201
exposed to attack, 216
Germany’s acrimonious dispute with, 208
Hohenstaufen encirclement of, 571
imperial rule of, 5, 8
secular governance of, 201
Roupen III, prince of Cilician Armenia, 317
Roupenid dynasty, 171n, 539
Royal Book (al-Majusa), 184
Ruj valley, 154
Russia, 21, 612, 614
Sa‘ad al-Daulah, 128, 129, 130
Sacro Catino, 124
Saddam Hussein, 678–9
Sadi, ra’is of Tyre, 179
Saewulf, 122
Safad, 170–1, 396, 633–4
Saffaram, 423, 446, 452, 460
Saffuriya, 318, 226, 345, 346, 347
Safita, 296
Safwat of Damascus, 135
Saidnaya, 187
Saif al-Din (nephew of Nur al-Din), 289, 293–4
death of, 317
Saif al-Din (son of Zangi), 229, 231, 233, 235, 499
death of, 244
St Andrew, 77, 83
St Augustine of Hippo, 15
St Denis, 217, 218, 388
St Foi, 12
St Francis of Assisi, 556–7
St Leonard, 117, 140, 143
St Peter, 63, 559
Basilica of, 77, 139
St Sophia, Basilica of, 48
Saladin (Yusuf ibn Ayyub), 2, 183, 270–1, 272, 273, 274–83, 285–98, 306–23, 332–64, 367–368, 378, 391–3, 394–8, 422–3, 425–8, 450–4, 457, 480, 481–7 passim, 488, 489–91, 498–502, 504–1, 508, 509–15, 624, 659, 669, 673, 675, 677, 678–9
achievement of, in 1187, 363
Aleppo and Mosul campaign of, 320–3
Aleppo stalked by, 292–4
armies disbanded by, 513
armies reassembled by, 498
Ascalon razed by, 477, 478
Assassins and, 294–5
Ayyubid strategy in 1192
and, 499–501
Baha al-Din’s biography of, 397
career, to 1186, of, 335–6
Chahine’s film of, 678
civil and religious rejuvenation initiated by, 278
Conrad’s assassination and, 495–6
Conrad’s urgent message to, 494–5
courtesy and clemency shown to Jerusalem Franks by, 359–61
damaged martial reputation of, 446
Damascus target of, 290–2
declining health and death of, 51
3–14
domination drive by, 316–23
ebbing strength of, 392
fever suffered by, 333–4
financial insecurity, troop shortages and sedition faced by, 501
first invasion of Palestine by, 278
fortifications continue to be razed by, 480, 482
at Great Siege of Acre, see Acre: Great
Siege of history’s view of, 335, 340, 464
indecisive generalship of, 446
intelligence network of, 324
Ismat marries, 296
at Jacob’s Ford, 311–15
Jerusalem left dangerously undermanned by, 490
Jerusalem’s water sources poisoned by, 505
likened to Devil, 370
Lyons and Jackson’s biography of, 335
major anti-Zangid offensive planned by, 320
modern Muslim biography of, 674
motives and mentality of, 286–7
news of Frederick’s death reaches, 422
‘noble savage’, 671
Palestine (1183) offensive of, 324–31
Palestine (1187) offensive of, 343–64
Raymond III seeks protection from, 343
rebuilds Egypt’s fleet, 298
repeated illness weakens, 446
Richard I’s Acre diplomatic exchanges with, 434
Richard I’s arbitration request to, 486–7
Richard I’s march from Acre and, 460, 462, 464, 465–70 passim, 472, 476
Richard I opens channels of communication with, 433–4
Richard I’s pact with, 451
Richard I’s protracted 1192
negotiations with, 510
Richard I’s three-year truce with, 512
ruinous setbacks faced by, 498
September 1187
intentions of, 357–61
strategy re-evaluated by, 478, 482–4
Third Crusade a contest between
Richard I and, 367
Third Crusade’s second advance on
Jerusalem and, see Third Crusade: advance on Jerusalem by (second)
Tyre besieged and attacked by, 394–5
will dictated by, 333
see also Jerusalem, kingdom of; Palestine
Salahiyya, 276
al-Salih, 285, 289, 290, 292, 293–4, 296, 317–18
death of, 317
al-Salih Ayyub, 574, 585, 590, 624
death of, 593
illness of, 589–90
mamluks favoured by, 591
al-Salihiyya, 261
San Germano agreement, 564–6, 567
Santiago de Compostela, 13, 185, 207
Saone, 396
Saruj, 228
Saudi Arabia, 677
see also Mecca; Medina
Sawar, 230
Sayyid ‘Ali al-Hariri, 674
Scandelion Pass, 400
Scott, Sir Walter, 671
Sebaste, 187
Second Council of Lyons, 649
Second Crusade, 197–8, 201–37
chronicler’s damning account of, 368
cost of royal participation in, 215
Damascus target of, 234–5
French and German armies set out for, 218
Islam’s countering of, 232–7
joint Latin council considers course of, 233–4
retreat from Damascus by, 235
Turkish assaults on, 220
Second World War, 675
Seljuqs, see Turks: Seljuq
Sermon on the Mount, 14
Shaizar, 142, 152–3, 157, 166, 233, 254
failed expeditions against, 171
Shajar al-Durr, 593–4, 606, 612
Shaqwi, Ahmad, 674–5
Sharaf al-Ma‘ali, 131, 133, 134
Sharamsah, 561
Shawar, vizier of Egypt, 267, 268, 269–70, 272, 280, 322
execution of, 273
Shirkuh ibn Shadi, 230, 242, 248, 251, 253
death of, 274
Egyptian campaigns of, 268–73
Shobak, 159
Sibylla, Princess (later queen of Jerusalem), 299–300, 301, 303, 323–4, 356, 379, 398
crowning and anointing of, 342
death of, 435
Sicily, 8, 181, 369, 371, 550, 551, 562, 564, 567, 577, 580
Byzantium’s tension with, 216
pressure on Rome from, 198
Sidon, 125, 127, 354, 412, 433, 448, 633, 656
Louis IX’s refortification of, 607
The Crusades: The Authoritative History of the War for the Holy Land Page 85
