Siege of Acre, see Acre: Great Siege of
siege engines, projectile-launching, 53, 95, 98, 99, 100, 394, 632
at Acre, 417, 419, 431, 437–8, 652, 653
Baybars’, 630
‘God’s own’, 438
on shipboard, 585, 653
Sifilke, 421
Sigurd of Norway, 125, 214n
sin, as cause of defeat, 166
Sinai Peninsula, 270
Sinjar, 289, 321, 322, 423
Slavs, 27
Spain, 211, 214, 376, 533
Almohad Moors in, 532
Almoravids invade, 27
Islam reaches, 19
polities in, 7
territory reconquered from Moors in, 27
Splendid Accounts of the Crusading Wars (Sayyid ‘Ali al-Hariri), 674
Stabelo, 131
Stephanie of Milly, 304, 328, 360
Stephanie, princess of Cilician Armenia, 539
Stephen of Blois, Count, 46, 55, 68, 71, 106–7, 131, 134, 198
flight of, 74–5
Stephen of Burgundy, Count, 131
Stephen of Cloyes, 533
Stephen of England, 198
Stephen of Pisa, 184
Stephen of Sancerre, 415, 420
Strasbourg, 372, 381
Sufis, 25
Suger of St Denis, Abbot, 213
al-Sulami, 113, 264
Summaq plateau, 84, 139, 142, 152, 166, 240, 243
Syria, 1, 19, 23, 107, 191, 499, 557, 623, 628, 648
Abaqa’s raiding force in, 648
Baldwin II’s arrival in, 166
in crisis, 137–45
disarray in, 64, 229
drought in, 298, 316
earthquakes in, 253, 281
First Crusade in, 62–88
Mongols arrive in, 616
northern, Mongols attain dominion of, 618
Raymond III’s truce with, 332
Saladin’s ongoing attempts to subdue, 319
Saladin’s return to, 513
struggle for control in, 573
Taliban, 677
Talisman, The (Scott), 671
Tancred of Hautville, 45, 46, 52, 60, 69, 70, 86, 92, 94, 97, 101, 106, 116, 117, 127, 130, 137–9, 138–43 passim, 145, 146–9, 150–2, 160, 162
Antioch commanded by, 137
Baldwin of Boulogne outmanoeuvres, 119
Baldwin’s plight ignored by, 146
Battle of Artah and, 142
Battle of Harran and, 138–40
Cecilia betrothed to, 143
death of, 153
legacy of, 151–3
regency of Antioch taken up by, 120, 137
Tancred: or The New Crusade (Disraeli), 672
Tanis River, 560, 593, 594, 597–8, 599, 603
Taqi al-Din, 276, 278, 338–9, 344–5
death of, 500
at Great Siege of Acre, 404, 405
Tartars, see Mongols
Taticius, 54, 55, 56, 69
Taurus Mountains, 171n
Tell al-Ayyadiya, 404, 405, 407, 431, 452
Tell Bashir, 139, 141, 194, 237
Tell Danith, 159
Tell Kaisan (Toron of Saladin), 404, 415, 452
Templars (Order of the Temple of Solomon), 168–71, 187, 220, 307, 344, 353, 354, 386, 430, 463, 468, 489, 541–5, 560, 568, 572, 576, 595–6, 597, 598, 633–4, 649, 655
dissolved, 658
French crusading army joined by, 217
at Great Siege of Acre, 400, 406
at Jacob’s Ford, see Jacob’s Ford
political influence of, 170
popularising of, 169
supranational nature of, 170, 663
see also Hospitallers
Temple of Solomon, see Jerusalem: Aqsa mosque in
Temüjin, 613
Terre de Sueth (Black Lands), 136, 167, 252, 311, 318
Teutonic Knights, 541–5, 557, 568, 576, 595, 638, 658
Theobald V of Blois, 415, 420, 424
Theodora Comnena, wife of Baldwin III of Jerusalem, 254
Thibaut III of Champagne, 527, 528
Thibaut IV of Champagne, 573
Thierry of Flanders, 207, 254, 305
Third Crusade, 367–74, 378–83, 384–90, 392, 397, 398, 400–515, 662
Acre, Great Siege of, is first full-scale battle of, 405
advance on Jerusalem by (first), 480–2, 481, 488–9
advance on Jerusalem by (second), 502–4
and indecision, 502–3
councils convened on future of, 489, 494
factions and disputes threaten, 436
fate of Germans in, 420–2
Franks’ argument over strategy and leadership during, 504
Franks’ unquestioned maritime supremacy during, 445
Jaffa stalling of, 480
kings delay departure to, 382–3, 384–5
kings’ journey to, 388–90, 429
outcome of, 153–15
preaching of, 368–74
preparations and finances for, logistics of, 385–8
prostitutes’ arrival during, 411, 480
regrouping by, 492–3
religious ideology underpins, 479
retreats from Jerusalem by, see Beit Nuba: Third Crusade’s first retreat from; Beit Nuba: Third Crusade’s second retreat from
Richard I arrives at, 428–9
Richard I’s elaborate negotiations with
Saladin during, 482–8
Richard I’s freedom to lead, 456
tax (Saladin Tithe) associated with, 385–6
three-year truce after, 512
transport ships used during, 459
turns back from Jerusalem, see Beit
Nuba: Third Crusade’s first retreat from; Beit Nuba: Third Crusade’s second retreat from
winter’s effects on, 488
see also Richard I; Saladin
Thoros (of Edessa), 60–1
Thoros (son of Leon I), 252, 259
Tiberias, 117, 121, 126–7, 260, 313, 344, 346–8 passim
capitulation of, 354
Raymond welcomes Muslim troops into, 343
Saladin orders dismantling of walls of, 423
Tigris River, 20, 157, 333, 405
Toledo, 27, 152
Toron of Saladin (Tell Kaisan), 404, 415, 452
Tortosa, 147, 150, 213, 649, 656
Toulouse, 377, 383
Tours, 383, 388
Tower of the Chain (Damietta), 552
Tower of the King (Acre), 654
Transjordan, 159, 167, 281, 282, 318, 344, 393, 618, 625
strategic, political and economic significance of, for Ayyubid realm, 330
Trapesac, 396
Treaty of Devol, 145
trebuchets, see siege engines, projectile-launching
Tripoli, 86, 113, 147–50, 161, 257, 319, 393, 538, 539, 573, 635–6, 644, 649
Baybars’ assault on, 642–3
‘crusader state’, 115
Mamluks storm, 650–1
punitive raids against, 281
remarkable prosperity in 13th century enjoyed by, 547
Saladin’s 1188 attack on, 396
troubadours, 372–3, 376
Troyes, 168
Tughrul Beg, 21, 22
Tughtegin of Damascus, 135–6, 154–6, 157, 165–6
Assassins find ally in, 156
death of, 190
Tunis, 640
Turan, 348
Turan-Shah, 276, 277, 298, 304, 308–10
Turcoman dynasty, 157
Turcopoles, 163, 345
Turks, 21, 23, 26, 34, 36, 55, 89, 411–12
Kipchak, 590, 614, 627, 629
Seljuq, 21–2, 23, 53, 55, 57, 58, 59, 63, 75, 89, 107, 220, 230, 256, 541, 554, 614
Antioch recovered by, 27
at Battle of Dorylaeum, 57–9
at Battle of Manzikert, 27
war tactics of, 24
Tutush, 22
Twain, Mark, 672
/> Tyre, 90, 125, 172, 179, 182, 393, 398, 410, 412, 435, 436, 445, 448, 495, 633, 649, 656
Frederick Barbarossa’s bones buried in, 421
Hugh of Burgundy tries to seize control of, 496
refugee Latins take refuge in, 355
remarkable prosperity in 13th century enjoyed by, 547
Richard I refused entry into, 430
Saladin’s 1187
siege and attack on, 394–5
Saladin leaves untouched, 355–6
Umar, 362, 363
Unur of Damascus, 187, 192–3, 230, 231–2, 234, 235, 236, 239
death of, 244
Urban II, Pope, 11, 33–41, 42–3, 200, 288, 659
Alexius requests aid of, 49
Alexius’s appeal to, 34
becomes pope, 34
Clermont sermon of, 33, 35–9, 110, 198, 202, 203, 205
death of, 107
First Crusade instigated by, 10, 33–9
Gregory VII compared with, 16
preaching tour of, 35
Urban III, Pope, 367
urbanisation, 7
Usama ibn Munqidh, 179–80, 184, 187
Uthman (son of Saladin), 338, 540 ‘Uthman (caliph), 234
Venetian crusade, 199, 659
Venice, 7, 182, 541, 547, 649, 666
commercial powerhouse of Frankish Levant, 172n
Fourth Crusade envoys’ ill-fated treaty with, 527–8, 528–9, 531
Vézelay, 202, 206–8, 388
Virgin Mary, 18, 49, 187
Virtues of Jihad, The (Baha al-Din), 397
Viterbo, 201
Voltaire, 670
Wales, 372
al-Walid, Umayyad caliph, 250
War of St Sabas, 627
warhorses, 13n, 59
‘weighing of souls’, 11
Welf of Bavaria, 209
Welf dynasty, 198
Wends, 212, 213
Wibald of Corvey and Stavelot, Abbot, 213
Wilhelm II of Germany, 673, 674, 675
William I of England (the Conqueror), 46
William II of England (Rufus), 46
William II of Sicily, 371, 389
William of Aquitaine, 131
William of Beaujeu, 650, 653, 654
William Jordan, 148, 149
death of, 150
William of L’Estang, 478, 510
William of Longchamp, 385
exile of, 493–4
Saladin Tithe, 385–6
William Marshall, 384
William of Montferrat, 303, 393, 528
William of Salisbury (‘Longsword’), 580, 596, 597
William of Tyre, 195, 221, 229, 236, 257, 268, 271, 294, 300, 312, 320, 326, 328–9, 335
archbishop of Tyre, 303
chancellor of kingdom of Jerusalem, 195n
World Islamic Front, 668
Yaghi Siyan, 66, 67, 70
flight, capture and decapitation of, 73
weakening resistance of, 72
Yarmuk River, 136
Yasur, 482, 488
Yusuf ibn Ayyub, see Saladin
al-Zahir, 338, 394, 500, 512, 513, 540
Zangi, 1, 190–5, 205, 211, 225–9, 231, 240, 246, 263, 287
assassination of, 228
Baghdad’s honour for, 227
Edessa conquered by, 194–5, 225–7
honorific titles assumed by, 227–8
Syrian power balance reshaped by death of, 234
Zangid dynasty, 225, 227, 234, 238, 239, 248, 249–50, 320, 321, 514, 647
Zara, 528
Zaragoza, 200
Zardana, 152, 165
al-Zawahiri, Ayman, 679
Zionism, 675, 678
Zürich, 209
About the Author
THOMAS ASBRIDGE is Senior Lecturer in Medieval History at Queen Mary, University of London, and the author of The First Crusade. He lives in England.
Visit www.AuthorTracker.com for exclusive information on your favorite HarperCollins author.
Also by Thomas Asbridge
THE FIRST CRUSADE
Credits
Jacket design by Allison Saltzman
Jacket art: Richard I at the Battle of Ascalon by Abraham Cooper, © Christie’s Images Ltd./SuperStock
Copyright
THE CRUSADES. Copyright © 2010 by Thomas Asbridge. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the non-exclusive, non-transferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, down-loaded, decompiled, reverse engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins e-books.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available upon request.
EPub Edition © January 2010 ISBN: 978-0-06-198136-4
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
About the Publisher
Australia
HarperCollins Publishers (Australia) Pty. Ltd.
The Crusades: The Authoritative History of the War for the Holy Land Page 86
