Mao: The Unknown Story

by Jung Chang

  9 –323 Tianjin report: Mao 1987–98, vol. 3, p. 214. In Manchuria: Ledovsky interview, 19 June 1996. Belgian priest: van Coillie, p. 258. “Five-Antis”: Mao orders in Mao 1987–98, vol. 3. Number of suicides: Zhou Jingwen, pp. 224–5; cf. Chow, p. 133. “parachutes”: Ding Shu 1993, p. 128; Yue Qian, in Kaifang (Open Magazine), Hong Kong, 1999, no. 3,p. 29.

  10 Mao villas: visits to over two dozen of them, and interviews with Mao’s personal staff.

  11 –325 Started in 1949: Zhang Suizhi, pp. 72–5; Li & Yang, p. 264. Sent word to Hunan: Hunan Party secretary Jin Ming, in Gong Guzhong et al., pp. 301–2; visits to Hunan villas, Oct. 1994. “But you have no place”: interviews with people who had been told, Oct. 1994 & Sept. 2000.

  12 –326 Mao travel: interviews with Mao’s personal staff and provincial officials; Li & Peng, pp. 10, 87, 104. Swimming pools: interviews with Mao’s personal staff, villa attendants and people close to him; Lin Ke et al., p. 128. The pool cost: Mao’s own figure, 25 Apr. 1954, Mao 1987–98, vol. 4, p. 483. A gourmet: interviews with Mao’s personal staff.

  13 No bath, massage: ibid.; Li & Yang, pp. 69–71. Hospital came to him: Li Zhisui, pp. 168–71; Lin Ke et al.. Clothes: SMMM, pp. 131–3, 154, 188–90, 217–18.

  14 One patriotic Chinese: Aarons, p. 92. Sexual caprice: Peng 1998, pp. 561–2; Mao 1987–98, vol. 4, p. 389; Li Zhisui, pp. 137–9, 283; interviews with Mao’s girlfriends. Money: interview with Mao’s personal staff; SMMM, pp. 511–12, 532–3. Well over 2 million: interview with a staff member who knew about Mao’s account, 19 Apr. 1999; cf. SMMM, p. 511.

  CHAPTER 32 Rivalry with Stalin

  1 Mao sent Strong: Strong & Keyssar, pp. 228ff; Nikiforov, pp. 124–5, 131, n. 56.

  2 CCP intelligence in USA: AVPRF, 0100/43/302/4; cf. Kulik 1995. Mao and Browder: Schram 1965, p. 292 (Mao cable to Foster, 29 July 1945); Browder, p. 251; RGASPI, 485/184/15 (Mao to Dimitrov, 19 Aug. 1940).

  3 Strong writings: Strong 1947, pp. 168ff; cf. id., 1948, pp. v — vi.

  4 “Unit Asia”: Hu Qiaomu, p. 510.

  5 –333 Mao — Stalin exchanges 1947–49: APRF, 39/1/31, pp. 23–75; extracts in Ledovsky 1995a, pp. 74ff; complete texts of Mao to Stalin, 30 Nov. 1947 in PDV, 2001, no. 5, pp. 119–22; and Stalin to Mao, 20 Apr. 1948, in PDV, 2000, no. 6, p. 121.

  6 Another “accident” for Wang Ming: medical documents that established the poisoning, including an official “circular” on 7 July 1948; Wang Ming, pp. 46–7.

  7 15 Aug., Mao vetoed: Mao 1993b, vol. 3, pp. 335–6, 397; Hu Qiaomu,p. 329.

  8 –335 Stalin “told off” by Mao: interview with Kapitsa, 21 June 1995. Stalin to Yugoslavs: CWB no. 10, p. 131; Dimitrov, 10 Feb. 1948; our conversation with Djilas, 30 Mar. 1986. Stalin — Mao cable exchange 10–15 Jan. 1949: CWB nos. 6–7, pp. 27–9; cf. Ledovsky 1995a, pp. 81–4; id., 1995b, pp. 74–6. “So be it”: Ye Zilong, p. 136.

  9 17 Jan. Mao response: APRF, 39/1/31, p. 75. Mikoyan at Xibaipo: Ledovsky 1995a, pp. 78–92 (Mikoyan 1966 report), 1995b; Mikoyan, S. 2002, pp. 154–9; Shi 1992, pp. 35–46; Heinzig, pp. 135–56. “quite natural”: 1 Feb. 1949 (APRF 39/1/39); Ledovsky 1995b, pp. 76–7. Gather intelligence: Malukhin 1977, p. 127; Shi Zhe 1991, p. 418 (E: Shi 1993, p. 88). Mao “mocking-indifferent”: Malukhin 1977, pp. 149–50.

  10 –336 Mikoyan reports from Xibaipo: APRF, 39/1/39, pp. 1–95.

  11 –337 Strong, Rittenberg: Strong & Keyssar, p. 250; Mikoyan, S., p. 158 (Stalin’s cable 4 Feb. 1949 re Rittenberg; Mikoyan on Stalin’s “spymania”); CWB, nos. 12–13 (2001), p. 257 (Khrushchev to Mao, 31 July 1958); Rittenberg & Bennett, pp. 134ff. Borodin: Vaksberg, pp. 251ff; Strong & Keyssar, pp. 243–4. 13 Mar. 1949: Mao 1993–9, vol. 5, pp. 259–60.

  12 Stalin — Liu re Cominform: Heinzig, pp. 206–7; Kovalev 1992b, pp. 95–7; Shi 1993, pp. 83–6. Orlov: Vlasov, pp. 202–3, 205; Vaksberg, pp. 251ff; Li Haiwen, p. 60.

  13 –339 Liu insisted: Liu 1996, vol. 2, p. 223. Liu speech: URI, Liu, vol. 2, pp. 178–9. Russian delegate: Heinzig, pp. 258–60. “form their ties”: URI, Liu, vol. 2, pp. 183–5 (23 Nov. 1949); cf. Aarons, p. 87; Kovalev 1992b, p. 98.

  CHAPTER 33 Two Tyrants Wrestle

  1 Mao “sprang up”: Kovalev 1992b, p. 108. “Capitalist embassies”: Tikhvinsky 1994, p. 52 (Kovalev to Stalin, 23 May 1949); cf. id., 1996, pp. 467–8.

  2 Mao to Mikoyan: APRF 39/1/39 (31 Jan., 5 Feb. 1949); extracts of talks in Ledovsky 1995a, 1995b.

  3 Liu wrote Stalin: Ledovsky 1996a, p. 80 (Liu report, 4 July 1949). Cities as key: Mao 1993b, vol. 3, p. 464. “[US] carbines”: Yan Changlin, pp. 335–7. 1946 Ford: Li Yimang, pp. 383–4.

  4 “force [them] out”: Yang Kuisong 1997, pp. 177–81. “intolerable conditions”: APRF 39/1/39 (1 Feb. 1949). “all warships”: 21 Apr. 1949, Mao 1993b, vol. 3, p. 485; Foreign Ministry 1990ff, vol. 1, p. 35. Churchill: U.K. Hansard (Commons) vol. 464, col. 34, cited in Murfett, p. 120.

  5 APRF 39/1/39 (to Mikoyan, 1 Feb. 1949).

  6 –343 Stalin alert, cables Mao: Kapitsa 1996, p. 44; Malukhin 1977, pp. 135–6; Kovalev 1992a, p. 106; Tikhvinsky 1994a, p. 52. “avoid clashes”: 27–9 Apr. 1949, Mao 1993b, vol. 3, pp. 489–91. Mao’s intent: Cohen 1987, p. 288 (paraphrasing Huang Hua). Chou verbal message: FRUS 1949, vol. 8, pp. 357–60 (Clubb, 1 June 1949). Hoax: Tikhvinsky 1994,p. 53.

  7 –344 “strike it hard”: Foreign Ministry 1990ff, vol. 1, pp. 44–5. “wait,” Stalin says: “Yes!”: Ledovsky 1996a, pp. 81–2; cf. Heinzig, pp. 174–231 on Liu visit. Chou to Russian ambassador: Westad 2003, p. 311; cf. Wingrove1995, pp. 314–15.

  8 “without Chinese witnesses”: Kovalev 1992b, p. 108. Mao — Stalin first talk: 16 Dec. 1949, CWB nos. 6–7, pp. 5–7.

  9 –345 Mao in Moscow: Heinzig, pp. 263–367, 403ff; Wingrove 1995; Kapitsa 1996, pp. 48–55; Kapitsa interview; Fedorenko 1989, 1994, 1995, 1996; Shi 1989. Li & Yang, pp. 108–9, 151; Ye Zilong, pp. 178–9; interview with Shi Zhe, 14 Oct. 1993.

  10 Molotov “to find out”: Chuev, p. 163. Kovalev: Kovalev 1992b, p. 109. Togliatti: interview with Nilde Jotti (Togliatti’s partner), 3 June 1994; Lajolo, p. 29. Ovation: Rákosi, p. 128; Shi Zhe 1991, p. 441.

  11 Gollan, Notes of talk with Mao, 10 Nov. 1957, p. 4 (Gollan Papers, Manchester University); Kapitsa interview.

  12 –346 Exploded to Kovalev: Kovalev 1992b, p. 109; Pei Jianzhang, p. 19; Shi Zhe 1991, pp. 437–8. Mao — Stalin, 24 Dec: Pei Jianzhang, p. 18; cf. Westad 2003, p. 317. “attempt to phone him [Stalin]”: CWB nos. 6–7, p. 165 (Mao to Yudin, 31 Mar. 1956). “do business with … Britain”: Mao 1987–98, vol. 1, p. 197; Wang Dongxing 1993, p. 163.

  13 –347 “right after this”: CWB nos. 6–7, p. 165 (Mao to Yudin, 31 Mar. 1956). “drafted for me”: Yang Kuisong 1999, p. 297. Not by plane: cable, 2 Jan. 1950, Mao 1987–98, vol. 1, p. 212. Acheson and rebuttal: MacFarquhar 1972, p. 74; Heinzig, pp. 301–5; Wingrove 1995, p. 121; Mao 1987–98, vol. 1, pp. 245–8.

  14 Stalin’s tongue-lashing: Kulik 2000, p. 31. Car ride: Shi Zhe 1991, pp. 457–8.

  15 Loan: Zazerskaya 1997, p. 175, n. 40; Yang Kuisong 1997, p. 621. Soviet spheres of influence: DDWX, 1996, no. 2, pp. 54–5; CWB nos. 6–7, p. 165 (Mao to Yudin, 31 Mar. 1956); cf. Ganshin & Zazerskaya, pp. 63ff. “colonies”: Schram 1974, p. 101 (Mao, 10 Mar. 1958); Sino — Russian Relations Studies Society, p. 249. “grabbed half”: Burr 1999a, p. 91 (Mao to Kissinger, 17–18 Feb. 1973). Gave Russia monopoly: Chou cable to Politburo, 8 Feb. 1950, in Jin Chongji et al. 1998, pp. 37–8; Wingrove 1995, pp. 327ff; Kapitsa interview. “Of all the foreign”: quoted by Foreign Minister Qian Qichen, Foreign Ministry 1990ff, vol. 5, p. 11. Carefully erased: 14 Feb. 1950 cable, Mao 1987–98, vol. 1, pp. 262–3.

  16 Liu 1996, vol. 2, p. 246.

  17 At Stalin’s insistence, secretly introduced: Arkhipov interview; cf. Wingrove 1995, p. 330; Shi Zhe 1991, pp. 415, 446 (E: Shi 1993, p. 86). “We do hope”: Shi Zhe 1991, p. 463; Zhu Zhongli 1995, pp. 190–1. Flabbergasted guests: interview with Markus Wolf, who was present, 18 Nov. 1999; Wolf, pp. 42–3. Stalin’s toast: Fedorenko 1989, p. 148; id.
1995, p. 89; Kapitsa interview; Shi Zhe 1991, p. 465. Mao on Stalin at photo: Ye Zilong, p. 183; Shi Zhe 1991, p. 462.

  CHAPTER 34 Why Mao and Stalin Started the Korean War

  1 Supervise Vietnam: cf. Pei Jianzhang, p. 18.

  2 –351 plan to send in Chinese troops: Zhai, pp. 13–25. Ho to Moscow: Luo Guibo, pp. 233–6; Liu 1996, vol. 2, p. 241; Zhang Guanghua, in BNC, 2000, no. 4, p. 12; Westad 2003, pp. 316–18; Heinzig, pp. 302–6. Mao told Yudin: Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Chronology,” p. 45. Liu to French: Figuères interview, 13 Oct. 1998; Figuères’ letter to authors, 11 May 1999. Mao-style land reform: Tin, pp. 14ff, 28ff; Boudarel.

  3 Doggerel: To Huu, “October Song,” Daily Telegraph, 19 Dec. 2002. Kim in Moscow 1949: Torkunov, pp. 12–13; CWB, no. 5, pp. 4–6 (Stalin — Kim, 5 Mar.); Weathersby, p. 4 (Stalin — Kim, 7 Mar.); Mansourov 1997, pp. 97–102. Mao commitment: APRF, 3/65/9, pp. 51–5 (Shtykov to Vyshinsky, 15 May 1949), APRF, 45/1/331, pp. 59–61 (Kovalev to Stalin, 18 May 1949); extracts in Torkunov, pp. 61–5; Shen Zhihua, p. 211.

  4 Push by Kim: CWB, no. 5, p. 8; Torkunov, pp. 51–3. 30 Jan. Stalin: CWB, no. 5, p. 9.

  5 “Asian affairs beautifully”: DPRK Report, no. 23 (2000); Torkunov, pp. 58–9; Weathersby, pp. 8–15. Stalin’s schemes: CWB, nos. 6–7, p. 116 (Stalin to Mao in Stalin to Kim, 7[8] Oct. 1950); cf. Beria 2001, pp. 230–2. 1 July 1950: Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Chronology,” p. 35.

  6 interview, 27 Dec. 1995. Raphaël-Leygues, p. 118 (Sainteny); US Senate, p. 70 (Barr).

  7 19 Aug.: ibid., pp. 45, 47 (28 Aug.). 1 Mar. 1951: Mao 1987–98, vol. 2, p. 153. Stalin — Malik: Rusk, p. 141; Schoenbaum, pp. 208ff; telephone interview with Rusk, 17 Feb. 1992.

  8 –355 Ordered Kim: Torkunov, p. 56 (Stalin to Shtykov, 2 Feb. 1950). “I shall not lift a finger”: Goncharov et al., p. 145 (citing Kapitsa); cf. Kapitsa 1996, pp. 215ff; Weathersby, pp. 9–11 (summarizes Stalin’s shift to Kim, spring 1950). 13 May: Shen Zhihua, pp. 218–19. Next morning: CWB, no. 4, p. 61. 15 May: Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Chronology,” pp. 30–1. 16th: Mansourov, pp. 322–3 (Stalin to Roshchin, 16 May 1950); cf. Torkunov, p. 70.

  9 –356 SOS: CWB nos. 6–7, p. 112. “I am far”: CWB nos. 6–7, p. 114. “Stand by”: Mao 1987–98, vol. 1, p. 538 (E: Zhang & Chen, p. 161). Only now Politburo: Shen Zhihua, p. 251. Politburo discussion: Mao to Stalin, 2 Oct. 1950, Mao 1987–98, vol. 1, pp. 539–40; Lei Yingfu, pp. 156–8; Zhang 1993, pp. 6–15.

  10 Two different cables, 2 Oct.: Mao 1987–98, vol. 1, pp. 539–41; Mansourov 1995–6, pp. 100, 106–7, 114–15; Shen 1996–7, pp. 237–8.

  11 Chou — Indian ambassador: Zhang & Chen, pp. 163–4 (Chinese minutes); Panikkar, p. 110.

  12 –358 “I considered”: CWB nos. 6–7, p. 116. Mao, 8 Oct.: Mao 1987–98, vol. 1, pp. 543–5; (E: Mao 1998, pp. 109–10). Lin sent Mao long cable: interview with Kang Yi-min, 2 Sept. 1998. Chou — Lin — Stalin talks: Zhou 1997, vol. 1, 85; Shi Zhe 1991, pp. 495–8, 502; Kapitsa 1996, pp. 221–2; Zhang, X., pp. 70–4; CWB nos. 6–7, p. 119 (Roshchin to Stalin, 13 Oct. 1950).

  13 “Forget it”: Mao — Chou — Kim talk, 10 Oct. 1970, ZQZS vol. 6, p. 70. “We should enter”: Mao 1987–98, vol. 1, p. 556 (E: Zhang & Chen, p. 169; cf. Chen 1994, p. 202); Shi Zhe 1991, p. 500. Mao to Russian ambassador: CWB nos. 6–7, pp. 118–19 (Roshchin to Stalin, 13 Oct. 1950; Torkunov, pp. 117–18).

  CHAPTER 35 Mao Milks the Korean War

  1 Kim “agreed …”: Peng 1998, p. 453; cf. Chen 2001, p. 320; Shen 2003–4, pp. 13–14. Peng — Mao exchange: Peng 1998, p. 454 (E: Zhang & Chen, p. 215); cf. Chen 2001, pp. 92–4.

  2 –360 “against American”: CWB nos. 6–7, p. 51 (1 Dec. 1950). “Our homes”: Public Papers: Truman 1950, p. 741 (radio address, 15 Dec. 1950; “Declaration,” 16 Dec.). “The temperature”: Peng 1998, p. 456. Logistics manager: Ledovsky 1990, pp. 73–4 (Li Fuchun, 2 Jan. 1951). HQ’s answer: Hong Xuezhi, pp. 240–1.

  3 Peng raced to Mao: Peng 1998, p. 480. “overall strategy”: Mao 1987–98, vol. 2, pp. 151–3; Torkunov, pp. 144, 146. 19 Feb. 1951: Zhou 1997, vol. 1, p. 132.

  4 –362 Chinese plan to make aircraft: CCP Archive Study Office 1991, pp. 204–7. He Changgong Biography team, pp. 487–8. 3,000 planes: Zhang, X., p. 210. Asking for blueprints: Mao cable to Stalin, 28 Apr. 1951, Zhou 1997, vol. 1, p. 151; delegation: Xu Xiangqian, pp. 542–6 (E: Xu, pp. 140ff). 3 June 1951: Cai & Zhao, p. 125; BNC, 2000, no. 10, p. 13. “the farther north”: 26 May 1951, Mao 1987–98, vol. 2,p. 332.

  5 Truce “now advantageous”: CWB nos. 6–7, p. 60 (13 June 1951). “Not a single”: from someone who heard this order, interview, 11 Apr. 1999. Kim on POWs: Volokohova, pp. 83–4 (undated cable from Razuvayev, Soviet ambassador, Pyongyang, Feb — Mar. 1952). 14 July 1952: CWB nos. 6–7, p. 78. Rusk: interview for Thames TV, 1986. “Rejecting the proposal”: CWB nos. 6–7, p. 78.

  6 Kim: ibid., pp. 77–9. “We consider”: ibid., pp. 77–8. Chou — Stalin: ibid.,p. 14.

  7 –364 Mao plotted to depose Kim: AQSh, f. 14, 1967, d. 1, p. 2 (Kang Sheng to Albania’s Hysni Kapo, 22 Jan. 1967); cf. Schäfer 2003–4, p. 60; id. 2004, pp. 7–10. Chou — Stalin, 20 Aug. & 3 Sept. 1952: CWB nos. 6–7, pp. 11–13, 16. US air losses: Stewart, p. 286; Jackson, p. 105.

  8 Stalin never signed: Bo Yibo 1993, 297; Zhou 1997, vol. 1, pp. 261, 274, 288–9. Turf: Wada, pp. 18–19; Fuwa, p. 477. Pol Pot: Quan & Du, pp. 2–9.

  9 –366 Chou — Stalin: 3, 19 Sept., CWB nos. 6–7, pp. 16–19.

  1 °Conspiratorial operations in USSR: Drozdov, p. 60. Stalin and Peng: probably on 12 Sept. 1952, Zhou 1997, vol. 1, pp. 238–9; interview with an insider, 11 & 16 Apr. 1999; cf. CWB nos. 14–15, pp. 378–81 (minutes of 4 Sept. 1952 meeting). “Stalin even mentioned”: Shi Zhe 1991, p. 529 (E: Shi 1993, p. 88). Chou comment: DDWX, 1996, no. 2,p. 53.

  11 Liu wrote Malenkov: RGASPI, 17/137/944, p. 181; Liu 1996, vol. 2, p. 304; Indonesians: Istoricheskii Arkhiv, no. 1, 1997, p. 34, (Stalin’s appointment diary); interview with Russian insider, 1997; interview with Adjitorop (PKI Politburo), 5 Oct. 1994. “Please could the Soviet”: Torkunov, pp. 264–9.

  12 ZDJC vol. 19, p. 416; Tang Chunliang 1999, pp. 263–71.

  13 –368 Jan. 1953, Mao: to “Semyonov” (Stalin), 7 Jan. 1953, Shifrtelegramma 17203. Stalin reaction: 27 Jan. 1953, Shifrtelegramma 372 to Mao. Eisenhower: Public Papers 1953, pp. 16–17. “really anxious: Chen Xiaodong, p. 32. Nuclear scientist to Stalin: Zhou 1997, vol. 1, p. 290; Hinton, pp. 222ff; Friedman, p. 82. Volkogonov: id., 1991, p. 570; id.,1998, pp. 172–3.

  14 Staffer claims: Rakhmanin, p. 80.

  15 Kim death: interview with a Russian insider, 21 June 1995.

  16 –370 Stalin’s successors: Zhou 1997, vol. 1, pp. 288–90; Torkunov, pp. 272ff; AVPRF, 06/12a/59/395, pp. 4ff; Zazerskaya 1997, p. 173. Goal of Chou’s trip: Zhou 1997, vol. 1, p. 290; Lewis & Xue 1988, p. 43; Hinton, p. 227; Gobarev, pp. 16–20. Beria to Malenkov: CWB no. 11, p. 182; interview with Colonel Karpov (FSB), confirming authenticity, Moscow, June 1999.

  17 Peking claim: Military Science Academy, p. 150. Russian generals: interviews with Sozinov (29 Apr. 1992) and Selivanov (24 Apr. 1992).

  18 Molotov wrote: CWB no. 11, p. 182. Harsh message: ibid., p. 183. Ambassador Razuvayev: Sozinov interview. Kuznetsov report: CWB no. 11, p. 183; cf. AVPRF 06/12a/59/395, p. 11 (Kuznetsov to Moscow, 11 May 1953). End the war: 12 May 1953, Zhou 1997, vol. 1, p. 299; follow-up activities: pp. 301–4.

  19 60,000 South: Volokhova, pp. 86, 89.

  20 CWB no. 11, p. 184.

  21 1 million: Beria 1994, p. 402. An-ying fainted: interview with a household member, 23 Oct. 1995. Secretary observed: Ye Zilong, in ZQZS vol. 2, pp. 233–4.

  22 Brownell: conversation, 17 Nov. 1988. 400,000 deaths: Kojima, pp. 78–9 (Liu and Deng to Japanese, 3 Mar. 1966); AQSh, f. 14, 1966, d. 31, p. 14 (Kang Sheng to Hoxha, 28 Oct. 1966).

  23 As though he were alive: interview with a family member, 14 & 15 Apr. 1999.

  CHAPTER 36 Launching the Secret Superpower Program


  1 15 June: Zhou 1997, vol. 1, p. 309. “the essence”: ZDJC vol. 22, pp. 457–8. “We will make it”: 14 May 1955, in Wang Dongxing 1997, p. 21. “we can overtake”: 17 Nov. 1957, Mao CCRM, vol.11A, p. 212.

  2 –374 “future generations”: Mao 1990, pp. 204–6. To his entourage: Li & Yang, pp. 123–4. Indifferent about heir: interview with a family member, 23 Oct. 1995. Stalin: “unbalanced”: CWB, nos. 6–7, pp. 15–16. Official statistics: Finance Ministry, vol. 2, p. 436.

  3 –375 “boils down”: 17 Feb. 1955, Zhou 1997, vol. 1, pp. 449–50. “the main exports”: China Today 1992, vol. 2, pp. 8–9. “Frankly speaking”: 30 Sept. 1956, Mao 1994, p. 273. Oct. 1953 instruction: China Today 1992, vol. 1, pp. 15–16.

  4 CWB nos. 6–7, pp. 15, 16.

  5 July 1954 order: ibid., p. 16.

  6 Chou told German: interview with a former East German official, Nov. 1999. “Nothing to”: Mao CCRM, vol. 1, p. 229. “one bottom”: Reminiscences about Deng Zihui, p. 337. Mao as head of camp: Kapitsa 1996, p. 58; Kapitsa interview; Tálas, p. 45; Pravda, 15 Feb. 1955 (Molotov). Romania: Pei Jianzhang, p. 51. Hungary: ibid., p. 54. East Germany: ibid., p. 70; Mao letter, 16 Oct. 1953, Mao 1987–98, vol. 4, p. 362.

  7 –377 Lift food rationing: Wang Taiping 1998, p. 292; interview with Horst Brie, 22 Nov. 1999. Responded grandly: Pei Jianzhang, p. 69. Great Wall: Meissner, pp. 85, 87 (Mao — Ulbricht, 16 Oct. 1956). 6.92 percent: China Today 1989, p. 68. “About 10 percent”: Mao 1987–98, vol. 4, pp. 197–8. “So be it”: 12 Aug. 1953, Mao 1977, p. 97.

  8 Liu quotes: Liu 1993, pp. 169, 181–2, 204–5.

  9 –379 Secretary recalled: Liu Zhende, pp. 23–4. “never thought so”: 4 Nov. 1953, Mao 1977, p. 122. Liu in the hospital: his widow Wang Guangmei’s reply to written questions (via secretary by phone), 16 Apr. 1999; AVPRF, 06/12–a/59/395, p. 2 (Mao — Panyushkin, 4 Mar. 1953). No public appearances: RR, 5–10 Mar. 1953. Menacing letter: Mao 1987–98, vol. 4, pp. 229–30 (E: Kau & Leung, p. 346).