Bellevue
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“WE PROTECT THE SICK”: Sappol, A Traffic of Dead Bodies, 131.
“Thanks to the enlightened liberality”: J. C. Dalton, History of the College of Physicians and Surgeons (1888), 84.
“the field is now open to all”: Boston Medical and Surgical Journal (March 1850), 109.
“The boy was father to the man”: S. D. Gross, Memoirs of Valentine Mott (1868), 5.
“the largest [gall] stone”: “Report of Professor Mott’s Surgical Cliniques in the University of New York” (1849–1850), 149.
“He cut firmly and boldly”: James Parton, Illustrious Men and Their Achievements (1856), 530.
“Valentine Mott has performed more of the great operations”: L. H. Toledo-Payra, “Valentine Mott: American Surgeon Pioneer,” Journal of Investigative Surgery (March 2006), 76.
“had been drawn up by a gradual contraction”: Alfred Charles Post, Eulogy on the Late Valentine Mott (1866), delivered before the New York Academy of Medicine.
“over a bushel of testicles”: “Report of Professor Mott’s Surgical Cliniques,” 67.
“In Mott’s early Days”: Samuel Francis, “Valentine Mott,” in Biographical Sketches of Distinguished Living New York Surgeons (1866), 25.
“The Hercules that finally vanished the Hydra”: Diary of George Templeton Strong, vol. 1, May 8, 1839.
“The scalpel slipped”: Francis, “Valentine Mott,” 26–27.
“He daily rose at 7 o’clock”: Gross, Memoirs of Valentine Mott, 91.
“He is humorous only about the smell of vagrant Greeks”: “Valentine Mott,” Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine (August 1925), 213.
“this rotten and disgraceful concern”: Martin Kaufman, American Medical Education (1976), 88–89.
Tuition was: Medical School fees and expenses: NYU College of Medicine, “Meeting Minutes, April 12, 1852,” Ehrman Medical Archives, NYU Medical School.
“The treatment is blood-letting, sir”: Claude Heaton, A Historical Sketch of New York University College of Medicine (1941), 6.
“a Psychological and Literary Phenomenon!”: Joseph Ryan, “Doctor Gunning S. Bedford and the Search for Safe Obstetric Care,” Journal of Medical Biography (August 2008), 134–43.
“As a lecturer on anatomy”: F. L. M. Pattison, Granville Sharp Pattison: Anatomist and Antagonist (1987), 202.
“One professor felt for the femoral artery”: New York Herald, July 21, 1841.
“When he was placed on the operating table”: Ibid., September 29, 1841.
“the withdrawal of Dr. Valentine Mott”: Walsh, “New York University Medical College,” History of Medicine in New York (1919), 150.
“every disease mankind is heir to”: Dr. B. W. McCready, “Introductory Address…Bellevue Hospital Medical College,” American Medical Times (October 1861), 6.
“They galloped her out of the world”: Samuel Thomson, Narrative of the Life and Discoveries of Samuel Thomson (1832), 68.
“This causes the body to lose its heat”: Ibid., 19.
“studying patients, not books”: Ibid., 262.
“to make every man his own physician”: Michael Flannery, “The Early Botanical Medical Movement as a Reflection of Life, Liberty, and Lit eracy in Jacksonian America,” Journal of the Medical Library Association (October 2002), 442–54.
“the radicalism of the barnyard”: James Whorton, Nature Cures: The History of Alternative Medicine in America (2002), 68.
“Five of the [board members] are homeopaths”: “College Hospital and Dispensary Reports,” North American Homoeopathic Journal (1857), 275.
“between the two extremes”: John Warner, “The Nature-Trusting Heresy,” Perspectives in American History (1977–78), 317–18.
“Blood-letting, as a clinical observation”: Bellevue Medical and Surgical Reports, November 17, 1860, 170.
“a well-appointed hospital crowded with grateful patients”: “Majority Report of the Select Committee of the Board of Governors of the Alms-House Department, December 20, 1857,” New-York Historical Society.
“No one who visits can fail to be struck with the throng of students”: Ibid.
“Sir, your patient is ready”: Thomas Dormandy, The Worst of Evils: The Fight Against Pain (2006), 219.
“Gentlemen, this is no humbug”: Ira Rutkow, Seeking the Cure (2010), 55.
“ ‘Will you have your leg off?’ ”: Ira Rutkow, American Surgery: An Illustrated History (1998), 86.
“There is not an individual who does not shudder”: Steven Lehrer, Explorers of the Body (2006), 83; Stephanie Snow, Blessed Days of Anesthesia (2008), chapters 2, 3.
“Better let the patient suffer a while”: Harris Coulter, Science and Ethics in American Medicine (1973), 365.
“Away with the stupid fanaticism”: “Remarks of the Importance of Anesthesia…by Valentine Mott,” October 4, 1848, New York Academy of Medicine.
“it is better to lecture before or after cutting human flesh”: Stephen Smith, “Reminiscences of Two Epochs: Anesthesia and Asepsis,” Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin (1918), 274–77.
“the first operation I witnessed”: Ibid.
“To behold the keen shining knife”: Michael Nevins, Still More Meanderings in Medical History (2013), 73.
“The day is not far distant”: “First Announcement and Circular: Bellevue Hospital Medical College,” 1861, copy on file at Harry Ransom Center, Austin, Texas.
“in each of the departments on instruction”: “Minutes of the Executive Committee of Bellevue Hospital,” 1862–63, Ehrman Medical Archives, NYU Medical School.
“the habitual neglect of punctuality”: Ibid.
“complete our medical studies elsewhere”: John Langone, Harvard Med (1995), 139–45; Henry Beecher, Medicine at Harvard (1977), 461–85.
“a hush fell upon the class”: Regina Morantz-Sanchez, Sympathy and Science (1985), 48.
“It is much to be regretted”: Boston Medical and Surgical Journal (February–August 1849), 58.
The New York Times published a story: New York Times, December 6, 11, 13, 18, 1864.
“Gentlemen, this is an old penis”: “Bellevue Hospital,” American Eclectic Medical Review (1872), 377.
“There were 500 men students”: New York Times, April 9, 1916.
Chapter 5: A Hospital in War
“[Our] city belongs almost as much”: Steven Jaffe, New York at War (2012), 145.
“we shall find negroes among us”: Edwin Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham (1999), 865.
“The crucial test of this”: Ernest McKay, The Civil War and New York City (1990), 56.
“Flags from almost every building”: Jaffe, New York at War, 141.
“assistant surgeon of artillery”: “List of internees, 1855–1864,” in Robert Carlisle, An Account of Bellevue Hospital (1894), 148–320.
“surgeon of artillery”: Ibid.
“Of medium stature”: Charles A. Leale, Eulogy of Professor Frank Hastings Hamilton (1886), copy on file at New York Academy of Medicine.
“I believed the war would not last”: Ibid.
“excited by liquor”: New York Times, April 29, 1861.
“in a snug wooden house”: Frank H. Hamilton, American Medical Times (1861), 77–79.
“Both of them, I confess”: Ibid.
“I could not tell them”: Ibid.
“A Short War Probable”: New York Times, May 31, 1861.
“learned how to prosper”: Jaffe, New York at War, 150.
“The major event in my world”: Titus Coan to My Dear Mother, July 24, 1862, Titus Coan Papers, Box 1, New-York Historical Society (NYHS).
“He spoke with each man”: Coan to My Dear Hattie, December 1, 1862, in ibid.
“I am house surgeon”: December 1, 1862, in ibid.
“I was just in blood to my elbows”: John Vance Lauderdale, November 8,
in Peter Josyph, The Wounded River: The Civil War Letters of John Vance Lauderdale, M.D. (1993), 170.
“A stroll of inspection”: New
York Times, April 27, 1862.
“this reduction may be accounted for”: Commissioners of Public Charities and Corrections, NYC, Fourth Annual Report, 1863.
“only patients who are unable to pay”: “Rules and Regulations for the Government of Bellevue Hospital, 1863,” Commissioners of Public Charities and Corrections, Fifth Annual Report, 1864; Eighth Annual Report, 1868, NYHS.
“Thomas Rigney, 36, Irish” plus all other descriptions: Titus Coan Patient Ledger, 1862–63, Titus Coan Papers, NYHS. Also, Ludwig Eichna, “Bellevue Hospital Patient Casebook: September 8, 1866–February 3, 1868,” Pharos (Fall 1991), 21–26.
“injuries accidentally received”: John Howard, Stephen Foster: America’s Troubador (1962), 342–43.
“What killed Stephen Foster?”: Ken Emerson, Doo-dah! Stephen Foster and the Rise of American Popular Culture (1997), 299.
“He introduced himself as Dr. John Vance Lauderdale”: Josyph, The Wounded River, 224–25.
“but for one or two”: Coan to My Dear Mother, July 21, 1863, Titus Coan Papers.
“a saturnalia of pillage and violence”…“Shame! Shame on such Irishmen”: Edward Spann, “Union Green: The Irish Community and the Civil War,” in Ronald Bayor and Timothy Meagher, The New York Irish (1996), 193–209.
“the lowest Irish day laborers”: Diary of George Templeton Strong, vol. 3, July 13, 1863.
“New York’s Civil War generated its own fratricide”: Jaffe, New York at War, 166.
“Mary Williams, 24, a colored woman” and other descriptions in this paragraph: New York Times, July 15, 16, 17, 1863.
“A gong has struck again”: Josyph, The Wounded River, 162–65.
Punish the violent lawbreakers: Ibid.
“War is the Normal condition”: Frank H. Hamilton, A Treatise on Military Surgery and Hygiene (1865), 11–12, 66–80, 128.
“We operated in old-blood-stained and often pus-stained coats”: National Library of Medicine, Medicine in the Civil War (1973), 2. Also Ira Rutkow, Bleeding Blue and Gray (2005) for the most thorough account of Civil War surgery.
“In attempting to remove a ball”: Hamilton, A Treatise on Military Surgery and Hygiene, 175, 180–81.
“Civil War surgeons had to work without knowledge”: Alfred Bollet, “The Truth About Civil War Surgery,” Civil War Times (October 2004), 26–32.
“Surgeon Extraordinary”: Elliott Hague, “Frank Hastings Hamilton: Surgeon Extraordinary of the Union Army,” New York State Medical Journal (July 1961), 2330–36.
“I cannot recall learning anything”: W. G. MacCallum, William Stewart Halsted, Surgeon (1930), 19.
“I was profoundly impressed”: Charles A. Leale, Lincoln’s Last Hours (1909), 2.
“I instantly arose”: Ibid., 3–4.
“I grasped [her] outstretched hand in mine”: Ibid., 1.
“I lifted his eyelids”: Ibid., 5–6.
“the life of President Lincoln”: Ibid., 7–12.
“in a profoundly comatose position”: “Report of Dr. Charles A. Leale,” April 15, 1865, Papers of Abraham Lincoln Website, http://www.papersofabrahamlincoln.org.
“The natural structure of the brain”: Hamilton, A Treatise on Military Surgery and Hygiene, 245–47.
“Sometimes recognition and reason return”: Los Angeles Times, December 27, 1977.
“Lincoln’s death—thousands of flags”: Walter Lowenfels, Walt Whitman and the Civil War (1961), 174–75.
“I am stunned”: Diary of George Templeton Strong, April 15, 1865.
“In the whole of my surgical experience”: James Parton, Illustrious Men and Their Achievements (1881), 527–30. Also, Valentine Mott, Chairman, Narrative of Privations and Sufferings of U.S. Officers and Soldiers While Prisoners of War in the Hands of Rebel Authorities (1864).
“He regarded it as an omen”: S. D. Gross, Memoir of Valentine Mott (1869), 86–87.
“a victim”: Ibid.
Chapter 6: “Hives of Sickness and Vice”
“Is war good for medicine”: Christopher Connell, “Is War Good for Medicine?,” Stanford Medical Magazine (Summer 2007).
“vague and confused”: Bonnie Blustein, Preserve Your Love of Science: Life of William A. Hammond, American Neurologist (1991), 76–80.
“the medical middle ages”: Frank Freemon, Gangrene and Glory (2001), 19–26.
“ahead of the medical care it required”: Ira Rutkow, Seeking the Cure (2010), 62.
“mahogany stables trimmed in silver”: Edward Ellis, The Epic of New York City (1966), 328.
“Plunder of the city treasury”: James Bryce, The American Commonwealth, vol. 2 (1915), 389.
“The doors and windows were broken”: Stephen Smith, The City That Was (1911), 35–39.
“In this extremity”: Ibid.
“The country is horrified”: Gert Brieger, “Sanitary Reform in New York City,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine (1966), 419.
“As a body”: Smith, The City That Was, 40–53.
“On a piece of ground”: Sanitary Conditions of the City: Report of the Council of Hygiene and Public Health of the Citizens of New York (1865).
“The instances are many”: Ibid.
“In a dark and damp cellar”: Ibid.
“filth, overcrowding, excrement”: Ibid.
“closely packed houses”: Ibid.
“To what depth of humiliation”: A transcript of Smith’s testimony is in the New York Times, March 16, 1865.
“Practically, [we] are a city”: Ibid.
“encroachment upon our right”: John Duffy, History of Public Health in New York City (1968), 569.
“the most complete piece of health legislation”: Smith, The City That Was, 158.
“eminently successful and always thronged”: John Duffy, A History of Public Health in New York City, 1866–1966 (1974), 44.
“Don’t eat too much meat”: New York Times, November 16, 1921.
Chapter 7: The Bellevue Ambulance
“the appearance of extreme delicacy”: Memorial of Edward Dalton (1872), 1–12.
“the unwholesome exhalations”: Ibid.
“in the history of war”: William Howell Reed, Hospital Life in the Army of the Potomac (1866), 93.
“the frightful state of disorder”: National Library of Medicine, Medicine in the Civil War (1973), 3–5.
“the best man in the United States”: Ryan Bell, The Ambulance (2009), 54.
“He was taken to the nearest house”: Page Cooper, The Bellevue Story (1948), 81.
“the Victorian equivalent”: Bell, The Ambulance, 61.
“As we swept around the corners”: W. H. Rideing, “Hospital Life in New York,” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine (June 1878), 173.
“with special reference”: Francis Nichols, “The New York Ambulance Service,” The Junior Munsey (1901), 729–32.
The early Bellevue ambulance cases: “Admitting Record Book: Third Surgical Division, Bellevue Hospital, 1872,” Ehrman Medical Archives, NYU Medical School.
“a grim, black, demonic-looking craft”: New York Times, April 7, 1872.
“Three Killed, Six Mortally Wounded”: Ibid., July 13, 1870.
It took several pages of single-spaced entries: A list of the dead and wounded in the Orange Riot is found in Michael Gordon, The Orange Riots (1993), Appendix.
“That saving grace was gone”: Edwin Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham: A History of New York City (1999), 1008.
“by law, private hospitals”: New York Herald Tribune, February 25, 1906.
“Patrick Carey, a horseshoer”: New York Times, October 13, 1888.
“THE PATIENT DIED”: Ibid., June 29, 1896.
“Open your books”: Emily Abel, “Patient Dumping in New York City, 1877–1917,” American Journal of Public Health (May 2011), 789–95.
“sending the poor, dying patient”: Ibid.
“helpless in the drifts”: Bell, The Ambulance, 149.
“The horses, Joe and Jim”: New York Times, March 13, 1924
.
“nothing could exceed the fortitude”: Memorial of Edward Dalton, 1–12.
“Probably no inventor”: Nichols, “The New York Ambulance Service,” 729.
Chapter 8: Bellevue Venus
“In all the large Military Hospitals”: “Proposal for a Photographic Department,” Eighth Annual Report of the Commissioners of Public Charities and Corrections, 1867.
“all specimens of morbid anatomy”: Stanley Burns, “Civil War Medical Photography,” New York State Journal of Medicine (August 1980), 1444–69.
“A stream of cold water”: John McCabe, Lights and Shadows of New York Life (1881), 839–42.
“unmistakable records of this gallery”: O. G. Mason, “Photographic Report, Bellevue Hospital,” 1881.
“quietly hidden from sight”: Ibid., 1879.
“moribund patient”: Paul Schmidt, “Transfusion in America in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries,” New England Journal of Medicine (December 12, 1968), 1319–20.
“There are one or two patches”: “Skin Graft: Elephantiasis,” in George Henry Fox, Photographic Illustrations of Skin Diseases (1881).
“a very private and select coterie”: New York News–Weekly Sunday Ledger, December 19, 1879.
“several months of negotiation”: Ibid.
“When some eight years ago”: Mason, “Photographic Report, Bellevue Hospital,” 1875.
“was finally cured”: Dr. Waldron Vanderpool, “Bellevue Hospital, New York, Plastic Operation for Restoration of Nose,” Medical Gazette (July–December 1881), 269–70.
“Patient suffers pain”: Ibid.
“The nose has become firmly united”: Ibid.
“The nose was not a great success”: “Remarks by Dr. Randolph Winslow,” Transactions of the Meeting of the American Surgical Association (1922), 668.
“fatty substances”: Austin Flint, A Practical Treatise on the Diagnosis, Pathology and Treatment of Diseases of the Heart (1859).
“unable to walk without assistance”: Jay Zampini, “Lewis A. Sayre, the First Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery in America,” Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research (June 2008), 226–67.
“Oh, doctor, be very careful”: Ibid.
“This is almost a miracle”: Lewis A. Sayre, “Lecture: Paralysis from Peripheral Irritation,” Medical and Surgical Reporter (October 14, 1876), 305–9; Sayre, “Spinal Anemia with Partial Paralysis…of the Genital Organs,” Transactions of the American Medical Association (1875), 255–74.