Coming of Age in the Milky Way
Page 48
6. Ibid., p. 22.
7. Ibid., p. 143.
8. Ibid., p. 188–189.
9. Ibid., p. 245.
10. In Spinoza, 1928, p. 80.
11. In Jones, 1981, p. 197.
12. Descartes, Geometry, p. 353.
13. William Stukeley, Memoirs of Sir Isaac Newton’s Life, in Cohen, I. Bernard, 1971, p. 301.
14. In Manuel, pp. 27–28.
15. In Westfall, p. 141.
16. Ibid., p. 405.
17. Ibid., p. 406.
18. Ibid.
19. In Parton, 1882, Vol. 2, p. 213.
20. Newton, Principia, Cajori-Motte translation, p. 13.
21. Ibid.
22. In Westfall, p. 459.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid., p. 581.
25. In Manuel, p. 216.
26. In Cohen, I. Bernard, 1958, p. 7.
27. Ibid., p. 284.
28. Newton, Principia, Cajori-Motte translation, p. 547.
29. Ibid.
30. Einstein, “Autobiographical Notes,” in Schilpp, 1969, pp. 32–33.
31. In Cohen, I. Bernard, 1958, p. 7.
32. In Dampier, 1949, p. 197.
33. In Cohen, I. Bernard, 1958, p. 284.
CHAPTER SEVEN: A PLUMB LINE TO THE SUN
1. Huygens, Systema Saturnium, 1659, in Van Helden, 1985, p. 123.
2. Richard Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, 1598, in Landes, 1983, p. 110.
3. In Howse, 1980, p. 12.
4. Edmond Halley, “A Unique Method by which the Parallax of the Sun, or its Distance from the Earth, may be Securely Determined by Means of Observing Venus Against the Sun,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, No. 348, April-June, 1716, pp. 454–455, 460, Dave Fredrick, translator.
5. In Albert Van Helden, “The Importance of the Transit of Mercury of 1631,” Journal for the History of Astronomy, Vol. 7, Part 1, No. 18, February 1976.
6. In Fernie, 1976, p. 10.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid., p. 39.
9. Ibid. p. 49.
10. Ibid. pp. 52–53.
11. Ibid. p. 29.
CHAPTER EIGHT: DEEP SPACE
1. Kant, 1900, 1969, p. 30. The translation has been altered slightly.
2. Ibid., pp. 61–62.
3. Ibid., pp. 63–64.
4. In Lambert, 1976, p. 1.
5. Ibid., pp. 1–2.
6. Ibid., p. 53.
7. Ibid., pp. 106, 120–121. The translation has been altered somewhat.
8. In Lubbock, 1933, p. 10.
9. Ibid., p. 10.
10. Ibid., p 29.
11. Ibid., p. 31.
12. Ibid., pp. 61–62.
13. In Hoskin, 1963, p. 21.
14. In Lubbock, p. 66.
15. In King, 1979, p, 126.
16. In J. A. Bennett, “The Discovery of Uranus,” Sky and Telescope, March 1981, p. 188.
17. In MacPherson, 1933, p. 101.
18. In Lubbock, p. 138.
19. Ibid., p. 16.
20. In King, p. 133.
21. In Lubbock, p. 228.
22. In Burnham, 1978, p. 1317.
23. In Lubbock, p. 355.
CHAPTER NINE: ISLAND UNIVERSES
1. In Smith, Robert, 1982, p. 4.
2. Popular Astronomy, Vol. 34, 1926, p. 379, quoting a Boston newspaper article, in Warner, 1968, p. 10.
3. In MacPherson, 1933, p. 161.
4. In Owen Gingerich, “Unlocking the Chemical Secrets of the Cosmos,” Sky and Telescope, July 1981, p. 13.
5. In Abetti, 1952, p. 192.
6. William Huggins and Lady Huggins, The Scientific Papers of Sir William Huggins (London: Wesley & Son, 1909), p. 106, in Smith, 1982, pp. 2–3.
7. In Smith, 1982, p. 43.
8. In Lang and Gingerich, 1979, p. 523.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid., p. 525.
11. Shapley, letter to Russell, March 31, 1920, in Smith, 1982, p. 66.
12. Edwin Hubble, “Cepheids in Spiral Nebulae,” Publications of the American Astronomical Society, Vol. 5, 1925, pp. 261–264.
13. In Smith, 1982, p. 114.
14. Shapley to Hubble, February 27, 1924, in Smith, 1982, p. 119.
15. In Dick, 1984, p. 147.
16. Edwin Hubble, “NGC6822, A Remote Stellar System,” Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 62, p. 432.
CHAPTER TEN: EINSTEIN’S SKY
1. Newton, Principia, Cajori-Motte translation, p. 6.
2. See Hoffmann, 1983, p. 60.
3. In Livingston 1973, p. 77.
4. Ibid., p. 132.
5. Ibid.
6. Poincaré, 1899, in Hoffmann, 1983, p. 86.
7. Dirac, 1971, pp. 13, 14.
8. In Hoffmann, 1972, p. 24.
9. Ibid. pp. 20, 25.
10. In Stachel, 1987, p. 334.
11. In Dukas and Hoffmann, 1979, p. 5.
12. Einstein, “Autobiographical Notes,” in Schilpp, 1969, p 11.
13. Ibid., p. 5.
14. In French, 1979, p. 31.
15. In John Stachel, “Albert Einstein: The Man Behind the Myths,” manuscript copy.
16. Einstein, “Autobiographical Notes,” in Schilpp, 1969, p. 9.
17. Ibid., p. 35.
18. In Goldman, 1983, p. 138.
19. Ibid., p. 146.
20. Einstein, “Autobiographical Notes,” in Schilpp, 1969, p. 33.
21. Ibid., p. 53.
22. Adams, 1931, p. 380.
23. In Miller, 1981, p. 145.
24. Sigmund Freud, “Memorandum on the Electrical Treatment of War Neurotics,” in Strachey, 1955, p. 211.
25. Einstein, letter to Grossman, 1901, in Stachel, 1987, p. 290.
26. In Szilard, 1978, p. 12.
27. In Seelig, 1956, p. 71.
28. In Miller, 1981, p. 125.
29. Mach, 1960, p. 279.
30. In Pais, 1982, p. 201.
31. Einstein, “On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies,” in Miller, 1981, p. 392.
32. In Hoffmann, 1972, p. 131.
33. In Pais, 1982, p. 179.
34. Ibid., p. 152.
35. In Rucker, 1984, pp. 66, 68.
36. In Davis and Hersh, 1981, p. 221.
37. In Hoffmann, 1983, p. 129.
38. Hoskin, 1982, p. 83.
39. In Needham, Science and Civilization in China, Vol. 2, p. 388.
40. Lucretius, De Rerum Natura, Book I, lines 1012ff., Cyril Bailey translation, p. 227. The translation has been altered slightly.
41. In Cohen and Seeger, 1970, p. 181.
42. In Rosenthal-Schneider, 1980, p. 74.
43. In French, 1979, p. 31.
44. In Holton and Elkana, 1982, p. 104.
CHAPTER ELEVEN: THE EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE
1. Albert Einstein, “Cosmological Considerations on the General Theory of Relativity,” 1917, in Einstein, 1952, p. 188.
2. Einstein, 1923, p. 127.
3. In Smith, Robert, 1982, p. 173.
4. Hubble, 1985, p. 35.
5. Ibid.
6. Lemaître, quoted in The New York Times Magazine, February 19, 1933.
7. Andre Deprit, “Monsignor Georges Lemaître,” in Berger, 1985, p. 370.
8. Ibid., p. 376.
9. In Ferris, 1983, p. 119.
10. In Berger, p. 373.
11. Los Angeles Times, January 12, 1933.
12. The New York Times, January 12, 1933; Los Angeles Times, January 12, 1933.
13. Lemaître, 1950, p. 140.
14. Ralph A. Alpher and Robert C. Herman, “Evolution of the Universe,” Nature, Vol. 162, pp. 774ff., 1948, in Lang and Gingerich, 1979, p. 866.
CHAPTER TWELVE: SERMONS IN STONES
1. In Lyell, 1877, p. 29. The punctuation of the translation has been edited slightly.
2. S. Sambursky, “The Stoic Doctrine of Eternal Recurrence,” in Capek, 1976, p. 170.
3. Aristotle, Meteorology, 352b, E.W. Webster translation, in Aristotle, 1984, p. 574.
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4. J.D. North, “Chronology and the Age of the World,” in Yourgrau and Breck, 1977, pp. 307ff.
5. In Toulmin and Goodfield, The Discovery of Time, 1982, p. 144.
6. In Ogburn, 1968, p. 32.
7. In Lovejoy, 1953, p. 184.
8. In Eiseley, 1970, p. 39.
9. In Lovejoy, p. 243.
10. In Loren Eiseley, “Charles Lyell,” Scientific American, Vol. 201, pp. 1959, 98–106.
11. In Toulmin and Goodfield, The Discovery of Time, 1982, p. 157.
12. Burnet, Book II, p. 173.
13. Lyell, 1863, Vol. II, p. 101.
14. In Knedler, p. 10.
15. Ibid., p. 16.
16. Ibid., p. 41.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid., p. 51.
19. Ibid., p. 55.
20. Ibid., p. 56.
CHAPTER THIRTEEN: THE AGE OF THE EARTH
1. In Keynes, 1979, p. 18.
2. In Loren Eiseley, “Charles Lyell,” Scientific American, Vol. 201, August 1959, pp. 98, 106.
3. In W. W. Bartley III, “What Was Wrong With Darwin?” The New York Review of Books, September 15, 1977, p. 37.
4. In Keynes, p. 295.
5. Darwin, 1962, pp. 402–403.
6. Ibid., p. 480.
7. Ibid., p. 469.
8. In Keynes, p. 19.
9. In Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed., Vol. 5, p. 492.
10. In Keynes, p. 19.
11. In Darwin, Francis, 1950, p. 57.
12. Darwin, Erasmus, 1818, Vol. 1, pp. 397, 400. Emphasis is Darwin’s.
13. Darwin, in Gardeners’ Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette, Vol. 45, November 8, 1862, p. 1052.
14. Darwin, in Journal of Horticulture and Cottage Gardener, Vol. 3, December 2, 1862, p. 696.
15. Darwin, “Notebooks on Transmutation of Species,” series D, in Ruse, 1979, p. 173.
16. Darwin, 1872, p. 99.
17. Ibid., pp. 99–100.
18. Ibid., p. 371.
19. Ibid., p. 374.
20. In DeBeer, 1964, p. 253.
21. In W. W. Bartley III, “What Was Wrong with Darwin?” The New York Review of Books, September 15, 1977, p. 34.
22. In Patterson, 1978, p. 14.
23. Darwin, letter to Lyell, June 3, 1858, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed., Vol. 19, p. 530.
24. In Marchant, Vol. 1, 1916, pp. 29–30.
25. Ibid., p. 110.
26. In DeBeer, p. 149.
27. In Darwin, Francis, 1888, Vol 2, pp. 179–204.
28. Darwin, 1872, p. 38.
29. In Price, 1956, p. 28.
30. In Darwin, Francis, 1950, p. 68.
31. Ibid., p. 67.
32. In Huxley, Julian, 1903, Vol. 1, pp. 265–266.
33. Ibid., p. 268. Accounts of the debate differ somewhat in the exact wording of the quotations, as Huxley fils describes in the work cited. This quotation was cited by the elder Huxley as the most nearly accurate of the several accounts proffered by witnesses to the debate.
34. In DeBeer, p. 167.
35. Darwin, 1872, p. 236.
36. Kant, 1969, p. 159.
37. In Eiseley, 1958, pp. 234, 240.
38. In Toulmin and Goodfield, The Discovery of Time, 1982, p. 222.
39. Thompson, William, Baron Kelvin, 1891, Vol. 1, p. 16.
40. Rutherford, 1904, p. 657.
41. In Eve, 1939, p. 107.
42. Ibid.
43. In Segrè, 1980, p. 42.
44. Arthur Stanley Eddington, “The Internal Constitution of the Stars,” Nature, 1920, Vol. 106, pp. 14–20, in Lang and Gingerich, 1979, p. 281.
45. In Moss, 1968, p. 59.
46. P.M.S. Blackett, New Statesman, December 5, 1959.
47. In Dukas and Hoffmann, 1979, p. 81.
CHAPTER FOURTEEN: THE EVOLUTION OF ATOMS AND STARS
1. Chamberlin, Science, Vol. 9, July 7, 1899, p. 12, in Albritton, 1980, p. 198.
2. Planck, Nobel Prize address, in Heathcote, 1954, p. 415.
3. Annie Jump Cannon, “Pioneering in the Classification of Stellar Spectra,” from “The Henry Draper Memorial,” Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, Vol. 9, 1915, in Shapley, 1960, p. 158.
4. In Lang and Gingerich, 1979, pp. 14–20.
5. Ibid., p. 288.
6. Hans Bethe, Nobel Prize address, in Heathcote, 1954, p. 216.
7. In Bernstein, 1980, p. 53.
8. In Lang and Gingerich, p. 288.
9. Gamow, 1951, p. 73.
10. Hoyle, 1965, p. 102.
11. In Berger, 1985, p. 387.
12. Gamow, 1951, p. 49.
13. E. Margaret Burbidge, Geoffrey R. Burbidge, William A. Fowler, and Fred Hoyle, “Synthesis of the Elements in Stars,” Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 29, 1957, pp. 547–650, in Lang and Gingerich, p. 383.
14. Ibid., p. 377.
15. Ibid., p. 386.
16. Shu, 1982, p. 157.
CHAPTER FIFTEEN: THE QUANTUM AND ITS DISCONTENTS
1. Planck, Nobel Prize address, 1918, in Weaver, 1987, Vol II., p. 292.
2. In Moore, 1985, p. 127.
3. In Born, Max, 1971, p. 82. Einstein’s italics.
4. Ibid., p. 91.
5. Ibid., p. 158.
6. In Clark, 1971, p. 34.
7. In Segrè, 1970, p. 69.
8. Veltman, unpublished talk at Caltech, April 29, 1982.
9. Leon Lederman, interview with TF, Fermilab, February 24, 1985.
CHAPTER SIXTEEN: RUMORS OF PERFECTION
1. Poincaré, 1958, p. 19; Poincaré, 1908, p. 59. For a discussion of these remarks see Wechsler, 1978, p. 5.
2. Heisenberg, 1971, p. 68.
3. Dirac, “The Evolution of the Physicist’s Picture of Nature,” Scientific American, May 1963, p. 47, in Wechsler, 1978, p. 5.
4. Yang, 1983, p. 82.
5. In Judson, 1980, p. 198.
6. Wigner, 1967, p. 29.
7. Ibid., p. 5.
8. Behram Kursunoglu, in Mehra, 1973, p. 818.
9. Ibid.
10. Yang, 1961, p. 53.
11. Weinberg, “The Forces of Nature,” American Scientist, Vol. 65, No. 2, March-April 1977, pp. 171–176.
12. Ibid.
13. Glashow, Nobel Prize address, Review of Modern Physics, Vol. 52, No. 3, July 1980, p. 543.
14. Schwinger, 1958, pp. xvii.
15. Glashow, Nobel Prize address, Review of Modern Physics, Vol. 52, No. 3, July 1980, p. 540.
16. In Crease and Mann, 1986, p. 224.
17. Ibid., p. 225.
18. Glashow, “Partial Symmetries of Weak Interactions,” Nuclear Physics, Vol. 22, No. 4, February 1961, p. 579.
19. In Hassan and Lai, 1984, p. 17.
20. Weinberg, Review of Modern Physics, op. cit., p. 515.
21. Weinberg, interview with TF, Austin, Texas, February 28, 1985.