The Return of George Washington
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Rhode Island, 112, 136; and Constitutional Convention, 95, 168, 173, 225; paper money in, 77–79; ratification by, 197, 202–3, 215, 232, 249, 278, 300
Richmond (Virginia), 54–55, 219–20, 228
Rochambeau, Comte de, 246, 264
Rome, 20, 104, 141, 144
Royal Navy, 25, 279, 301
Rumsey, James, 41
Rush, Benjamin, 195
Rutledge, John, 119–20, 132, 217, 289, 298
St. Lawrence River, 48
St. Mary’s Chapel, 118
St. Paul’s Chapel, 288, 294
Saratoga, Battle of, 12
Savanah (Georgia), 12, 102
School for Scandal, 162
Schuylkill River, 56, 107, 147, 177, 284
Scotch-Irish, 43
Scottish, 111
seceders: in Pennsylvania politics, 189–90; religious sect of, 43–46
Sedgwick, Theodore, 254
Senate, U.S., 140–41, 155–56, 160–65, 170, 322n83; first federal, 247, 257–61, 278–82, 287–88, 291–93
“Sentiments on a Peace Establishment,” 20–21
separation of powers, 89–91, 93–95, 115, 127–28, 140–41, 162–65, 222, 247. See also balanced government
Shays, Daniel, 81, 83
Shays’s Rebellion, 78–84, 88, 124, 206, 212–13, 238, 298
Shenandoah Valley, 54
Sherman, Roger, 35, 126–31, 142, 167, 171
Simpson, George, 42–44
slavery: as issue at Constitutional Convention, 103, 156–60, 203, 248, 321n76; Washington’s view of, 37, 103, 160, 294, 321n79
slaves, 67, 103; at Mount Vernon, 33–34, 36–37, 39, 103, 160, 269, 302, 309n13, 354n3; use of, 60, 97, 101, 211, 281–82; Washington’s treatment of, 60, 92, 269
Smilie, John, 194
South, American, 22, 48, 103, 197, 289. See also specific states
South Carolina, 103, 292; delegates to Constitutional Convention from, 112, 158; first federal election in, 250, 260–61, 273–74; positions at Constitutional Convention of, 159–60; ratification of Constitution by, 180, 185, 215–17
sovereignty: national, 89–90, 94, 105, 112, 125–28; state, 89–90, 222
Spaight, Richard Dobbs, 122
Spain, 48, 68, 73, 293; treaty with, 49, 63–64, 68–69, 189, 223, 301
Sparks, Jared, 151
specie, 73
speculation, in land, 45, 48
Springfield (Massachusetts), 82
Springsbury Manor, 144, 151
Spurrier’s Tavern, 283
states, 49, 243–50; under Articles of Confederation, 8–11, 61, 127; large versus small, 112–13, 119, 121, 149–52, 155–56, 171, 245; north versus south, 156–60, 248
States’ rights, 26, 90, 128, 238–39; limiting, 89–94, 105–6, 112–15, 127–28
State Gazette of South Carolina, 217
Strong, Caleb, 212
Stuart, David, 191, 219, 273
Sullivan, John, 215–16
supremacy clause, 130, 202–3
Susquehanna River, 56, 58, 101
Swiss cantons, 20–21, 114
Taunton (Massachusetts), 79
tax power, 19, 73–78, 137, 165, 169, 202–3, 213, 222, 231, 299, 300, 317n8, 323n98
Thomson, Charles, 282–83
Tilghman, Tench, 3
Travels (Bartram), 148
Trenton (New Jersey), 162, 266
Trenton, Battle of, 11, 28, 285
Trumbull, John, 6–7, 30
Trumbull, Jonathan, 36, 38
Trumbull, Jonathan, Jr., 206, 245, 257
Twelfth Amendment, 247
unicameral legislature, 74
union: of states, 21–22, 55, 58, 303; threats to, 64, 83–84, 174, 221–23, 228, 301
United States, 47–50, 64; as nation, 149, 167, 283–96, 300–1. See also states; Confederation Congress; Congress, U.S.
Valley Forge, 12, 153, 162
Vaughan, Samuel, 240
Venice, Doge of, 141
Vermont, 80, 82–83, 168, 300, 324n6
veto: executive, 146, 163, 319n32; of state laws, 94, 113, 124, 130
vice presidency, 249–56, 272–77, 287–88, 292, 298, 302, 326n26, 352n78
Virginia, 12, 47, 62–63, 112; delegates to Constitutional Convention from, 85–86, 110–16; first federal election in, 239, 249–51, 256–59, 262–65, 272–73; politics in, 30, 71, 80, 203–4, 208, 220, 245; and Potomac River navigation, 51–65; ratification of Constitution by, 187, 197–98, 202–4, 209, 215–25, 228–29, 236; slavery in, 103, 203; votes at Constitutional Convention by, 130–33, 137, 145, 147, 152, 159–60, 173–75, 247–48; western regions of, 21, 36–55. See also Kentucky
Virginia Plan, 111–16, 119, 124–35, 141–42, 146, 149, 169, 247, 264
Virginians, 45, 51, 102, 109, 273, 283, 298–99, 336n66
voting, property qualification for, 74, 81
war powers, 142–43, 146, 163, 193, 319n33, 322n89
Washington, Bushrod, 39, 53, 55, 111, 191
Washington, D.C., 237, 281, 299, 303, 339n6
Washington, George: as actor, 15, 120, 148, 247, 290; administration of, 297–301; on antifederalists, 203–4, 243–44, 262–64, 270, 330n86; on Articles of Confederation, 35, 70–71, 91–95, 181, 271; as consensus builder, 151–52, 156–59, 210, 321n72, 326n30; on attending Constitutional Convention, 84–97, 172; at Constitutional Convention, 109–77, 248; as Constitutional Convention president, 119–22, 133–34, 136–37, 151, 158, 170–77, 241; and constitutional amendments, 238–39, 256, 263, 271, 294, 299; death of, 302–3; diary of, 39, 43, 60, 109, 177; election as president of, 243, 249, 271–80; Farewell Address of, 301; as farmer, 33–38, 116, 147–49, 162, 178, 218–19, 235, 241, 261–62, 279–80, 302; finances of, 34, 36, 47, 279–80, 302, 350nn46–47; and first federal election, 135–47, 252–63; fishing by, 28, 161–62; health of, 84–85, 92, 97, 101, 302–3, 313n56; on human nature, 58, 70–71, 83, 91, 114, 232, 289–90, 311n65, 333n2; inaugural address of, 265, 269–71, 289, 291, 293–94, 353n97; inauguration of, 275–76, 283–95, 287–95; as indispensable, xii–xiv, 244, 303; to job seekers, 241–43, 341n31; as model for presidency, 141, 145, 163, 288; and his mother, 96, 279; as nationalist, 16, 19–24, 30, 55, 62, 70–71, 78, 93, 104, 120, 124–33, 152, 210, 233, 270–71, 283–301; and Newburgh Conspiracy, 9, 12–17; and Potomac Company, 50–62; as first president, 181, 184, 192–93, 195, 198, 202, 205, 224, 232, 239–46, 250–51, 265, 288–95, 303; portraits of, 2, 134, 154–55, 172, 261, 264, 295–96; and ratification, 177–79, 193, 205, 207–9, 215, 217–25, 231–32, 235, 285, 332n109; and religion, 44, 102, 116–18, 120, 198, 232, 246, 268–69, 288, 293–94, 315n36, 342n57, 347n5; resignation as Commander in Chief of, 3–9, 23, 28–31; reputation of, 11, 16, 29, 69, 104–5, 179–81, 192, 230, 244, 283–90, 295, 297, 301–3, 330n89; retirement of, 33–38, 55, 70, 84, 104, 244, 262, 301; in Revolutionary War, 8, 10–12, 22–28, 297, 303; on Rhode Island, 78, 197, 232, 339n121; on Shays’s Rebellion, 78–84; as slaveholder, 33–39, 103, 160, 269, 279. See also slaves; and Society of Cincinnatus, 25, 85–88, 96, 119, 153, 183, 196; travels by, 28–31, 38–47, 53–55, 101–7, 177–78, 280–89; on vice presidency, 255; vision for America of, 233, 246–47, 270–71, 293–95; western holdings of, 39–47, 189, 279–80
Washington, George Augustine, 116, 165, 279–80
Washington, John, 24
Washington, Martha: grandchildren of, 38, 101–2; and inauguration, 276, 281, 295; at Mount Vernon, 6, 102, 241, 279; slaves of, 37, 103, 309n13; travels by, 5, 22–23
Washington, Mary Ball, 95–97, 279
Washington’s Bottom (Pennsylvania), 42–43, 47, 51
weather: at Mount Vernon, 33, 178, 218–19, 261, 267–69, 279, 302; in Philadelphia, 137, 148, 161; during Washington’s travels, 53–54, 97, 101–4, 107
Wereat, John, 196
West, Benjamin, 6
West Indies, 18, 102, 301
West Virginia, 46
western frontier, 21, 39–55. See also frontier
> whiskey, 299, 300, 302
White, William, 268–69, 347n5
Will (slave), 281
Willing, Thomas, 139
Wilmington (Delaware), 29, 107, 196, 284
Wilson, John, 209, 298; as Constitutional Convention delegate, 87, 111–12, 122, 174; positions at Constitutional Convention of, 131–32, 144–47, 150–52, 156–58, 162, 247–48; on ratification, 190–9, 207
Wise’s Tavern, 225
Witherspoon, John, 35
Woodbridge (New Jersey), 286
Wythe, George, 35, 85, 120, 122, 178
Yates, Robert, 90, 125, 129, 135, 173, 186
York and Albany, Duke of, 136
Yorktown, Battle of, 8–9, 12, 28, 31, 107
About the Author
EDWARD J. LARSON is University Professor of history and holds the Hugh & Hazel Darling Chair in Law at Pepperdine University. He received the Pulitzer Prize in History for Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America’s Continuing Debate over Science and Religion. His other books include A Magnificent Catastrophe: The Tumultuous Election of 1800, America’s First Presidential Campaign. From 2013 to 2014, Larson was an inaugural Library Fellow at the Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington located on the grounds of Mount Vernon. He lives in Georgia and California.
Discover great authors, exclusive offers, and more at hc.com.
Also by Edward J. Larson
An Empire of Ice: Scott, Shackleton, and the Heroic Age of Antarctic Science
A Magnificent Catastrophe: The Tumultuous Election of 1800, America’s First Presidential Campaign
The Constitutional Convention: A Narrative History from the Notes of James Madison (with Michael P. Winship)
Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America’s Continuing Debate over Science and Religion
Evolution: The Remarkable History of a Scientific Theory
Trial and Error: The American Controversy over Creation and Evolution
Evolution’s Workshop: God and Science on the Galapagos Islands
Sex, Race, and Science: Eugenics in the Deep South
Credits
Cover design by Adam Johnson
Cover illustrations: Portrait of George Washington, 1853 by Rembrandt Peale © collection of the New-York Historical Society/Bridgeman Images; The East Front of Mount Vernon, c. 1787–1792 by Edward Savage, courtesy of Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association
Author photograph by Ron Hall
Title page illustration: Reception of President Washington at New York, by John Rogers, 1857, courtesy of Library of Congress
Copyright
THE RETURN OF GEORGE WASHINGTON. Copyright © 2014 by Edward Larson. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the nonexclusive, nontransferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded, decompiled, reverse-engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins e-books.
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