van Wees, Hans. Status Warriors. Amsterdam: Gieben, 1992.
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Vandergriff, Major Donald. Path to Victory: America’s Army and the Revolution in Human Affairs. Novato, Calif.: Presidio Press, 2002.
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Verkamp, Bernard J. The Moral Treatment of Returning Warriors in Early Medieval and Modern Times. Cranbury, N.J.: Associated University Presses, 1993.
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Vistica, Gregory L. “What Happened at Thanh Phong.” The New York Times Magazine, April 29, 2001, pp. 50-57, 66-68, 133.
Waller, Willard. The Veteran Comes Back New York: Dryden, 1944.
Wilson, Donna. “Lion Kings: Heroes in the Epic Mirrors.” Colby Quarterly, 2002. In press.
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Wilson, Jeremy. Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorized Biography of T. E. Lawrence. London: Heinemann, 1989.
Wilson, William Julius. When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996.
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INDEX INDEX
Aaron, 102
“About Medications for Combat PTSD” (Shay) Web site, 262
acceptance, veteran need for, 245
Achilles (protagonist of the Iliad, most respected Greek fighter at Troy), 14, 76, 77, 83, 104
Agamemnon and, 239-40, 243, 267n
biē of, 205
character of, 235, 281n, 298n
courage of, 237-38
invulnerability of, 299n
leadership practices of, 237, 241
as man of pain, 242
meaning of name, 2
military practices of, 237-38
Odysseus contrasted with, 235, 298n
Thracian camp raided by, 232
traumas of, 243
Achilles in Vietnam: Combat Trauma and the Undoing of Character (Shay), xv, xvi, 6, 40, 54, 59, 79, 82, 125, 144, 151, 165
and arts as response to trauma, 243
major theme of, 157
and memories as sacred, 242
philia (philotēs in Homer) between comrades in, 158-59
Adams, R. M., 269n
addiction, drug and alcohol,see alcohol and substance abuse
Adin, Marc B. (VWAR), 185
aegis, 124
Aeneid, 233
Aeolus (king or steward of the winds), 52-56, 59, 256
Aeschylus, 78, 112, 124
Afghanistan, 220, 301n
Agamemnon (Greek commander in chief at Troy), 75, 102, 104, 112, 123, 140, 141
Achilles and, 239-40, 243, 267n
courage of, 299n
incompetence of, 231
military leadership of, 239-41
military practices of, 237, 239
motivational tools of, 240-41
Odysseus and, 236, 238
themis betrayed by, 206
Agamemnon (Aeschylus), 112, 124
Agent Orange, 189, 196
Ahl, Frederick, 91, 102, 276n, 277n, 278n
Ajax (son of Telemon, at Troy second only to Achilles as fighter), 76-78, 140
Alcinous (king of the Phaeacians), 274n
alcohol and substance abuse, 36, 38-40, 88, 89, 94-95, 115, 117, 271n
by Lewis B. Puller, Jr., 198
alēthea, 92
All Quiet on the Western Front (Remarque), 32
altruism, 300n
ambitions, 157
and recovery, 168, 174
Ambrose, Stephen E., 209, 292n
American Legion, 40, 155
American Psychiatric Association, 4, 144, 149
Amir, Yigal, 95
amphetamines, 38, 58
Ancharoff, M. R., 287n
anger, 39, 40, 80, 85, 158
Anticleia (mother of Odysseus), 83
Antinous (most villainous suitor of Penelope), 101, 129, 131, 145
Antisthenes, 275n
anxiolytics, 38
apathy, 88
Aphrodite (goddess of sexual attraction), 129
apocalyptic ecstasy, 161
Apollo (god of archery, plague, healing, prophecy), 258
Arbman, Ernst, 284n
Arete (Phaeacian queen), 75, 120, 274n
Argos (dog), Odysseus’ meeting with, 128-29
Arhaud, P., 290n
aristocratic hierarchy, 104, 279n
Aristophanes, 166
Aristotle, 166, 227
on the human being, 162, 248
and moral education of citizens, 242
on philos, 158, 159, 249
on thumos, 157, 158, 159-60
on tragedy and katharsis, 153
Armed Forces Day posters, 206-7
Army Special Forces, 220, 295n
Art of War, The (Sun Tzu), 231
arts, 273n
and healing of trauma, 243-44
assault support patrol boats (ASPBs), 27, 28, 58
atasthaliai (wanton recklessness), 46, 101
Athena (goddess of war, technology, military strategy), 3, 121-28, 134, 144, 145, 256, 257, 259, 272n
as “The Soldier’s Friend,” 231
and Trojan Horse incident, 233, 234, 298n
Athens:
tragic theater of, 152-53
tyranny of foreign policy of, 301n
war memorial practices of, 5, 287n
Athens, Lonnie H., 282n
atrocities and torture:
division of labor and, 286n
effect of, 224-25, 283n
attachments, 157, 158, 175, 176
Auftragstaktik,see positive leadership
Australian Vietnam Veterans mortality study, 290n
Autolycus (maternal grandfather of Odysseus), 142, 143, 282n
Baldwin, David, Web site, 262
Balkans conflict, 252
barbiturates, 38
Beam, T. E., 291n
benzodiazepines, 38
Bernard, Carl, 283n, 297n
Betts, Richard K., 294n, 298n
biē (violent force), 14, 46, 47, 48, 151, 161, 205, 243
mētis and, 206
bin Laden, Osama, 95, 161, 285n
bipolar affective disorder, 40, 161
“black syph,” 70, 115
Bliese, P.D., 287n
boar-tusk helmet, Odysseus’, 282n
body, 162, 247-48
Bonus Army, 155
boredom, 45
Born on the Fourth of July (movie), 73-74
Bourdieu, Pierre, 295n
bow and axe heads, contest of, 134, 258-59
Boyd, John R., 291n
brain, 162, 247-48, 300n, 301n
breakdowns:
cohesion and, 220
confidence and, 218
of veterans, 57-58
breast cancer, 188-89
Bremner, Douglas J., 276n, 282n
Brescia, Italy, 250
Bullman, T. A., 290n
Bush, George W., 236
bushido, 91
Byrd, James, Jr., 194, 290n
Calypso (minor goddess, the “hider”), 65, 113-14, 118, 256, 257
Canby, Steven, 215, 218, 294n- 95n, 296n
captiv
ity, modern battle as condition of, 160
Carey, Christopher, 287n- 88n
Cassandra (Trojan princess and seer), 234
casualties:
aversion to, 213-14
leadership and, 225
reduction of, 205
replacement system and, 209
cattle rustling, 278n
“Catwoman” (VWAR), 193
character:
damage to, 156-62, 301n
leadership and, 227
Charney, Dennis S., 282n
Charybdis,see Scylla and Charybdis
childhood trauma, 143, 144, 248
and self-mutilation, 271n
children of veterans, 68, 69, 84, 155, 175
of suicides, 196
China, Communist, leadership practices of, 226
Christian church:
love and fear in scriptures of, 212
penance in, 152
Ciconians (inhabitants of Ismarus), 269n, 270n
Circe (minor goddess, witch), 38, 66-67, 69-73, 75, 76, 83, 96-98, 236, 237, 257
civilian leaders, creation and maintenance of trust by, 206
civilians, 31
alcohol and drug dependence among, 36, 40
Odysseus’ encounter with, 12-14, 17
soldiers as viewed by, 13
veterans as viewed by, 152-56
veteran view of, 135-36, 144
civil society, 249
Civil War veterans, 155
Clarke, Howard, 278n
Clausewitz, Carl von, 251
Clay, Jenny Strauss, 268n, 280n
Cleland, Max, 150
client vs. patient, 285n- 86n
clinicians, veteran trust in, 167
Clopper, M., 287n
Clytemnestra (wife and murderer of Agamemnon), 65, 75
cocaine, 38, 94
cohesion, 229
COHORT program, 214-17
combat performance and, 208-10, 211
esprit de corps and, 211, 293n
ethics and, 220-21
fear reduced by, 210-11
love and, 211
psychologically protective effect of, 5-6, 212, 219
trustworthiness of leaders and, 228
unit associations and, 221-22
Cohesion, Operational Readiness, Training program,see COHORT program, U.S. Army
Cohesion: The Human Element in Combat (Henderson), 213
COHORT program, U.S. Army, 214-17, 222, 293n
collective security, and abolition of war, 252
collective skills, 218-19
combat mode:
of soldiers, 21
of veterans, 20, 22, 27, 33
combat performance:
cohesion and, 208-10, 211
replacement system and, 209, 210
“right stuff” theory of, 212, 214, 293n
combat strength multiplier effect, 205
of leadership, 225, 227
of training, 223
of trust, 291n
of unit cohesion, 210, 216, 217
combat training centers, 222-23
combat veterans:
attitude toward government, 47
Australian, 290n
boredom, intolerance of, 45
Civil War, 155
criminal activities of, 26, 27, 30-31, 33, 34, 46
danger-seeking behavior of, 44-45, 50
drug and alcohol abuse by, 38, 40, 271n
emotions suppressed by, 39, 137-38
fears for loss of sanity in, 108
forgetfulness of, 37-38
German, 59, 295n- 96n
grief of, for lost comrades, 35, 85
guilt and remorse of, 109-10, 112
Israeli, 50
Korean War, 155
Revolutionary War, 154-55
Vietnam,see Vietnam veterans
World War I,see World War I veterans
World War II,see World War II veterans
combined arms, 96-97
Commandant of the Marine Corps Trust Study, 211, 290n
command climate, 240
communalization of trauma, circle of, 243-44, 299n
community:
for combat veterans, 33, 91, 92, 109
community (cont.):
four Vs of, 291n
recovery in, 4, 5, 162, 168, 175-76, 178 see also cohesion
competence:
ethics and, 223-24
trust and, 224
complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (complex PTSD), 4, 64, 152, 246
grieving and recovery from, 174
narcissism and, 161
prevention of, 242
repetitive cycling in, 285n
social conditions and, 160
social-relational aspects of, 288n
social trust destroyed in, 151, 166
spontaneous recovery from, 178
treatment of, 178
Condon, Corky (VWAR), xiii, 181
Condon, Robert E., 181
confession, sacramental, 153-54
confidence:
of leader, and fear in troops, 211
training and, 218
Connor, W. R., 270n
Constant, Benjamin, 19
Continental Army veterans, 154, 155
Cook, Erwin, 143, 247, 268n, 269n, 270n, 271n, 27n, 273n, 278n, 279n, 282n, 299n
Cosmides, Leda, 300n- 301n
Cotton, R. C., 292n
courage:
cohesive unit and, 210, 211
Pericles’ notion of, 236
religious thought and, 212
courting gifts, contest of the, 130, 131
cowardice, deception and, 236
Crelinsten, Ronald D., 286n
criminal activities of combat veterans, 26, 27, 30-31, 33, 34, 46
Croker, L. P., 270n
crowds, fear of, 150
cultural therapy, 152, 153
culture, 162, 247-48, 300n
Cunliffe, R. J., 284n
Cushman, John H., 40-41
Cyclops, 42-50, 61, 236, 256, 271n
Damasio, Antonio R., 290n
Dane, A., 72n
danger:
veteran attraction to, 39, 44-45, 50, 160
veteran expectation of, 245
Danieli, Yael, 80, 276n, 287n
David, king of Israel, 212
Davis, Jeff, 296n
dead, Odysseus among the, 76-80, 82-84, 174, 257
deadly fjord, in Odyssey, 60-64, 236, 256
Dean, Eric, 285n
death, fascination with, 91-92
dedication, in workplace, 57
Defense Department, U.S.:
Armed Forces Day posters distributed by, 206-7
Institute for Defense Analyses, 215
Defense and the National Interest Web site, 297
deference, honor and, 250
democracy, 161, 249-50
giant thumos in, 243
healing and prevention of trauma in, 243
leadership practices and, 226-27
peace and, 301n
and reforms in military culture, 229-30
veteran participation in, 177
Demodocus (Phaeacian bard), 233
demoralization, 160
dēmos, 104
depression, 118, 161
Detienne, Marcel, 92, 297n
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), 149, 164
Dien Bien Phu, 234-35
Dienikes (Dionikes), 210, 293n
Dimock, George E., Jr., 268n, 282n
Diomedes (Greek warrior), 140, 231-32, 233
dishonor, 95, 156
divorce, 69
“Dodger Song” (Guthrie), 108
Dolchstoss von hinten (“stab in the back”), 95, 277n
dolos, 132
downers, 38, 39
drug dependence and abuse,see alcohol and substance abuse
“Druid” (VWAR), 181
DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders), 149, 164
Dumézil, Georges, 153, 283n
Dunbar, Robin, 300n
du Picq, Ardant, 208, 212, 292n
Dupuy, Trevor N., 292n, 295n
eating, forbidden or demeaning, 270n
Ebert, Friedrich, 277n
economic success of veterans, 136, 154-55
Edmonds, W. T., Jr. (VWAR), 182, 191
educational activities, by veterans, 175
Edwards, Mark W., 280n
11th Armored Cavalry Regiment (“Blackhorse”), 215, 223
Elpenor (crewman of Odysseus), 79-80
e-mail groups,see Internet discussion groups
emotions, suppression of, 39, 108-9, 137-38, 158
by Odysseus, 132, 137
employment and career opportunities of veterans, 20-22, 25, 26, 30, 56-59, 84, 94
and disvaluing of skills, 136
and hiring preferences, 51-52
enslavement and torture, modern battle as condition of, 160
entitlement, 160
Epios, 298n
Erasmus, Desiderius (Erasmus of Rotterdam), 46
erratic behavior, 30
esprit de corps, cohesion and, 211, 293n
ethics, 248
cohesion and, 220-21
competence and, 223-24
leadership and, 227-30
power and, 242
training and, 223-25
ethnic conflict, 252
Eumaeus (swineherd, servant of Odysseus), 124, 126-29, 257, 259, 274n
Eupithes (father of suitor Antinous), 145
Euripides, 78, 236
Eurybates (Odysseus’ herald at Troy), 133, 280n
Eurycleia (Odysseus’ wet nurse), 65
recognition of Odysseus by, 133, 134, 142, 258
Eurylochus (crewman, kinsman of Odysseus), 66, 101
Eurymachus (most respectable suitor of Penelope), 130
Eustathius, 122
Exodus, 102
expiation, 153
Fagles, Robert, 267n, 268n
Fallon Naval Air Station, 223
fame (kleos), as motive, 48
families, 84
attachments to, 175
information resources for, 261-62
of suicides, 196
support of, as source of courage, 212
family support programs, on military bases, 221
fear:
cohesive unit and, 210-11
deception and, 236
religious thought and, 212
Feifs, Helmuts (VWAR), 190
Felson-Rubin, Nancy, 143, 281n, 282n
financial success of veterans,see economic success of veterans
First Friday Defense Lunch, 294n
First Marine Division Association, 41
Fish, Lydia (VWAR), 180, 200, 201, 288n
Fisher, L. M., 287n
Fitzgerald, Robert, 267n, 270n
flashbacks, 29, 38, 93-94
Flores, Henry (VWAR), 186
Flower, H. I., 273n
Fontana, Biancamaria, 269n
Odysseus in America Page 41
