Shakespeare: A Life
Page 53
26. Quoted in Shakespeare's Sonnets, Arden edn., ed. K. Duncan-Jones (Walton-onThames, 1997), 95-6.
27. Helen Vendler, The Art of Shakespeare's Sonnets ( Cambridge, Mass., 1997), 6.
28. Kenneth Muir, Shakespeare the Professional ( 1973), 233 n. 17.
29. King John's editors carry on a brisk dialogue not only about its composition
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date; King John has been seen on stage regularly since the Restoration -- unlike Henry VI.
11. A Servant of the Lord Chamberlain
1. William Fleetwood to Lord Burghley, 18 June 1584; Sir Robert Naunton, Fragmenta Regalia ( 1653), sigs. C6v-C7.
2. Having wed Lanier, Aemilia Lanyer so styled herself as the author of a poem on Christ's Passion, Salve Deus Rex Judϑorum ( 1611), dedicated to nine ladies of the court.
3. M. Eccles, "Elizabethan Actors", Notes and Queries, 235 ( 1991), 43.
4. See Diary, 21-30; EKC, Stage, iv0. 316. R. L. Knutson, The Repertory of Shakespeare's Company 1594-1603 ( Fayetteville, Ark., 1991), 29.
5. The Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romanes, compared together by . . . Plutarke of Chaeronea, trans. Sir Thomas North ( 1579); Pickering & Chatto, catalogue 658, item 37.
6. Shakespeare Centre Library, SR 93. 2, no. 6223.
7. Diary, 88 (modern spelling). King Henry V, ed. A. Gurr ( Cambridge, 1992), 235.
8. See E. Nungezer A Dictionary of Actors ( New York, 1929), and supplementary data on the actors' assets, inheritances, and purchases in M. Eccles, "Elizabethan Actors" (four parts), Notes and Queries, 235-8 ( 1991-3).
9. See A. H. Nelson, in Shakespeare Quarterly, 49 ( 1998), 74-83.
10. D. W. Foster first described his computer-assisted work to determine WS's acting in Shakespeare Newsletter, nos. 209-11 ( 1991); later he modified his findings; so far, no one can be sure as to the poet's roles in his own, Jonson's, or other plays. EKC, Facts, ii. cites the 17th-century reports.
11. EKC, Stage, iv. 318.
12. Steve Rappaport, Worlds within Worlds ( Cambridge, 1989), 295-8.
13. Dekker, Works, ed. F. Bowers, 4 vols. ( Cambridge, 1953-61), iii. 121-2.
14. MS SBTRO, 10 Jan. 1568-23 Jan. 1577.
15. MS Folger, W. B. 80 (J.O.H.-P. scrapbook): 'Doll Phillips soomtymes . . . callyd the Queene of Fayris . . . was condempnid at Loondon & whippid throughe Loondon for cossonnadge & so let goe' ( 1595).
16. See T. B. Stroup, in Shakespeare Quarterly, 29 ( 1978), 79-82.
17. 2 Henry IV, Epilogue, 8-9.
18. John Nichols, The Progresses, and Public Processions, of Queen Elizabeth, 4 vols. ( 1788-1821), ii. 41.
19. EKC, Facts, ii. 325. Augustine Phillips was examined, on oath, ten days after Essex's abortive coup of Sunday, 8 Feb. 1601.
20. William Empson, in Kenyon Review, 15 ( 1953), 221; James Laver, Costume in the Theatre ( 1964), 96.
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21. John Stow, A Survey of London, ed. C. L. Kingsford, 2 vols. ( Oxford, 1971), i. 211, 216.
22. Stephen Greenblatt, Shakespearean Negotiations ( Oxford, 1988), 42.
23. Henry V, ed. Gurr, 12-15, 34-7.
24. MS Folger, V. b. 34.
25. Leslie Hotson, Shakespeare versus Shallow ( 1931), 111-22; The Merry Wives of Windsor, Arden edn., ed. H. O. Oliver (Methuen, 1971) pp. xlv-xlvi.
26. See the discussion of topical allusions in Barbara Freedman, 'Shakespearean Chronology, Ideological Complicity, and Floating Texts: Something is Rotten in Windsor', Shakespeare Quarterly, 45 ( 1994), 190-210, esp. 199-203.
12. New Place and the Country
1. MS Folger, W. b. 141.
2. Peter Thomson, Shakespeare's Professional Career ( Cambridge, 1992), 122.
3. MS Oxford, A. 5. 6, 25 Feb. 1595.
4. M&A v. 17-18.
5. The joke relates less explicitly to WS's motto than to Nashe joke in Pierce Penilesse about emending a vow to give up salt cod ('not without Mustard, Good Lord, not without Mustard'); Works, ed. R. B. McKerrow, 5 vols. ( Oxford, 1966), i. 171.
6. College of Arms, Vincent MS 157, Article 24 (20 Oct. 1596).
7. C. W. Scott-Giles, Shakespeare's Heraldry ( 1950), 28-39, esp. 32.
8. EKC, Stage, i. 350; SS, DL 230; ME 84-6.
9. ME 108.
10. Bearman, 8.
11. B. Roland Lewis, The Shakespeare documents, 2 vols. (Stanford, Ca., 1941), i. 156; ME 69-70; E. A. J. Honigmann and Susan Brock, Playhouse Wills, 1558- 1642 ( Manchester, 1993), 107.
12. E. I. Fripp, Shakespeare: Man and Artist, 2 vols. ( Oxford, 1964.), ii. 496, 674, 788, 837-8; ME 69.
13. T. Kishi, R. Pringle, and S. Wells (eds.), Shakespeare and Cultural Traditions (Newark, Del., 1994), 134-5.
14. Quoted in Keith Wrightson, English Society 1580-1680 ( 1982), 95; the spelling of Ann Clifford's words has been modernized.
15. MS SBTRO, 11 Aug. 1596.
16. David Cressy, Birth, Marriage, and Death: Ritual, Religion, and the Life-Cycle in Tudor and Stuart England ( Oxford, 1997), 393.
17. PRO, SP 12/79.
18. Ibid.
19. EKC, Facts, ii. 95.
20. ME 89.
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21 . For Vertue's comments and sketches in Oct. 1737, see Frank Simpson, "New Place: The Only Representation of Shakespeare's House from an Unpublished Manuscript", Shakespeare Survey, 5 ( 1952), 55-7; Simpson's own comments on plate 1 are questionable. See also ME 89-90.
22 . Fripp, Shakespeare, ii. 466-1; S. Schoenbaum, William Shakespeare: Records and Images ( 1981), 53.
23 . ME 91, 98.
24 . MS SBTRO, Misc. Doc. i (BRU 15/1), 106 ('The noate of Corne & malte Taken the iiijth of ffebrwarij' ( 1598)).
25 MS SBTRO, BRU 15/1/135 ( 24 Jan. 1598).
26 . Ibid.
27 . Bearman, 27-8.
28 . Quoted in E. I. Fripp, Master Richard Quyny ( Oxford, 1924.), 120 ( Nov. 1597).
29 . MS SBTRO, BRU 15/1/136 ( 4 Nov. 1598).
30 . Bearman, 33.
31 . MSS SBTRO, ER 27/4 ( 25 Oct. 1598) and BRU 5/1/136 ( 4 Nov. 1598) and 5/1/131 ( Oct. 1598). Throughout, I have modernized Quiney's and Sturley's spelling.
32 . Roger Pringle on Stow's Survey, in J. F. Andrews (ed.), Shakespeare, 3 vols. ( New York, 1985), i. 275; François Laroque, Shakespeare's Festive World, trans. Janet Lloyd ( Cambridge, 1993), esp. ch. 4.
33 . MS SBTRO, BRU 15/1/136.
34 . It is not clear who (or how many) hit Quiney; but he was threatened by Greville's bailiff, or steward, some days before he was struck down in a room among Greville's men. Cf. Fripp, Shakespeare, ii. 542-9, 576-8, and ME 97-8.
35 . Richard Wilson, "Enclosure Riots", Shakespeare Quarterly, 43 ( 1992), 1-19; V. H. T. Skipp, ' Forest of Arden, 1530- 1649', Agricultural History Review, 18 ( 1970), 84-111, esp. 95.
36 . Anne Barton, Shakespeare and the Idea of the Play ( 1977), 155.
13. South of Julius Caesar's Tower
1 . Mary Edmond, "Hudson and the Burbages", Notes and Queries, 239 ( 1994.), 502-3.
2 . Nicholas Rowe, "Some Account of the Life, ∧c. of Mr. William Shakespear", in Shakespeare, Works, ed. Rowe, 6 vols. ( 1709), i. pp. xii-xiii.
3 . Ben Jonson, ed. C. H. Herford and P. and E. Simpson, 11 vols. ( Oxford, 1925-52), iii. 440.
4 . MS Bodleian, Arch. F. c.37 ( John Aubrey).
5 . Ben Jonson, ed. Herford and Simpson, viii. 584, 392.
6 . Ibid. i. 133, viii. 583.
7 . I. A. Shapiro offers a good analysis of the relevant legends and evidence in "The Mermaid Club" , Modern Language Review, 45 ( 1950), 6-17.
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8 . For versions of these anecdotes (in 17th-century notes by Sir Nicholas L'Estrange, Nicholas Burgh, and Thomas Plume), see EKC, Facts, ii. 243, 246-7.
9 . See Satire VII, in The Scourge of Villainy ( 1598).
10 . Sonnets80 and 85.
11 . Ben Jonson, ed. Herford and Simpson, iii. 303.
12 . Ibid. vi. 16.
13 . See James Shapiro, Rival Playwrights. Marlowe, Jonson,
Shakespeare ( Cambridge, 1991), 133-70, esp. 154.
14 . Thus in Q1600 and F1623.
15 . Norman Jones (on the aftermath of the Usury Act of 1571) in God and the Moneylenders ( Oxford, 1989), esp. 199.
16 . Cf. SS, DL 137, 198-200.
17 . Despite his theories, Leslie Hotson in Shakespeare versus Shallow ( 1931) illuminates Langley, Gardiner, and Wayte; see esp. pp. 9-83.
18 . John Gross, Shylock: Four Hundred rears in the Life of a Legend ( 1994), 323. For aspects of Shylock, pertinent supplements to John Gross survey include the chapter, ' "Ev'ry child hates Shylock" ', in Frank Felsenstein Anti-Semitic Stereotypes . . . 1660- 1830 ( Baltimore, Md., 1995), as well as David Katz The Jews in the History of England 1485- 1850 ( Oxford, 1995), and James Shapiro Shakespeare and the Jews ( New York, 1996).
19 . Peter Hall, Making an Exhibition of Myself ( 1993), 382-3. Cf. the viewpoints in Leo Salingar , Dramatic Form in Shakespeare and the Jacobeans ( Cambridge, 1986), and in Avraham Oz, The Yoke of Love (Newark, Del., 1995).
20 . MS Folger, W. b. 180 has evidence relating to the scarcities; cf. James Bennett, History of Tewkesbury ( Tewkesbury, 1830), 307-9.
21 . Richard Hillman, Shakespearean Subversions ( 1992), 141; Philip Edwards, Shakespeare and the Confines of Art ( 1968), 63.
22 . The Diary of John Manningham of the Middle Temple 1602-1603, ed. R. P. Sorlien ( Hanover, NH, 1976), fo. 29b, pp. 75, 328, Cf. SS, DL 205.
23 . Manningham, fo. 29b. EKC, Facts. ii. 212, is useful, but over-confident about the informant's name.
24 . Francis Meres, Palladis Tamia. Wits Treasury. Being the Second part of Wits Common wealth ( 1598), sigs. O01v-O02.
25 . Ibid., sig. O02.
26 . Hamlet, 11. ii. 401-2.
27 . Andrew Gurr, "Money or Audiences", Theatre Notebook, 42 ( 1988), 3-14.
28 . Everard Guilpin, Skialetheia ( 1598), Satire 5.
29 . R. L. Knutson, ' The Repertory', in J. D. Cox and D. S. Kastan (eds.), A New History of Early English Drama ( New York, 1997), 469-71.
30 . Stow, The Annales of England ( 1601), 1303; Ann Jennalie Cook, "John Stow's Storm and the Demolition of the Theatre", Shakespeare Quarterly, 40 ( 1989), 327-8.
31 . C. W. Wallace and his wife Hulda originally found but did not publish these
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references, which David Kathman assesses in "Six Biographical Records ReDiscovered: Some Neglected Contemporary References to Shakespeare", Shakespeare Newsletter, 45 (Winter 1995), 73-8.
32 . Barry Day This Wooden "O": Shakespeare's Globe Reborn ( 1997) offers a lively, nontechnical history of the modern Globe site.
33 . See A. Gurr, R. Mulryne, and M. Shewring, The Design of the Globe ( 1993).
34 . Julius Caesar, ed. Marvin Spevack ( Cambridge, 1988), 3-5. Thomas Platter's Travels in England 1599, trans. Clare Williams ( 1937); and Ernest Schanzer, ' Thomas Platter Observations on the Elizabethan Stage', Notes and Queries, 201 ( 1956), 465-7. (Some of Platter meanings are still obscure; I follow Schanzer translation, and acknowledge Helmuth Joel's advice on the dialect.)
35 . K. W., The Education of children in learning: Declared by the Dignitie, Utilitie, and Method thereof ( 1588), sig. D1.
36 . Julius Caesar, ed. A. Humphreys ( Oxford, 1984.),46.
14. Hamlet's Questions
1 . H. H. Lamb, Climate, History and the Modern World ( 1982), 201-5, and E. LeRoy Ladurie , Times of Feast, Times of Famine, trans. B. Bray ( New York, 1988), 312-13.
2 . Jack Drum's Entertainment ( 1600), v.
3 . See Hamlet, ed. G. R. Hibbard ( Oxford, 1987), 67-130, citing W. W. Greg; and R. L. Knutson on the "little eyases", in Shakespeare Quarterly, 46 ( 1995), 1-31.
4 . The Pigrimage to Parnassus, and the First and Second Parts of The Returne from Parnassus, are three anonymous plays written between 1598 and 1602, and acted at St John's College, Cambridge. Edmund Rishton matriculated there and took his BA in 1599, and MA in 1602. He probably owned the extant MS: on its first leaf is the name ' Edmund Rishton, Lancastrensis' (MS Bodleian, Rawlinson D. 398).The quoted lines, from the second Returne, are spoken by Kempe to Burbage as they discuss whether to hire Studioso and Philomusus, two recent graduates, as actors in WS's troupe. In the first Returne, Gullio, a fool, leaves the reading of Spenser and Chaucer to dunces. He would sleep with Venus and Adonis under his pillow. 'O sweet Mr Shakespeare', he rhapsodizes, 'I'll have his picture in my study at the Court'. All three plays either quote or imitate WS; see The Three Parnassus Plays ( 1598-1601) ed. J. B. Leishman ( 1949), esp. 337, 369-71.
5 . Sig. H4v.
6 . Hamlet, 111. i. 154.; cf. Hamlet, ed. Hibbard, 32.
7 . Hamlet, ed. Hibbard, 29; Barbara Everett, Young Hamlet: Essays on Shakespeare's Tragedies ( Oxford, 1989), 3-8.
8 . Hamlet, ed. Philip Edwards ( Cambridge, 1985), 5.
9 . Hamlet, Arden edn., ed. Harold Jenkins ( Methuen, 1982), 123, 129; Hamlet, additional passages, F. 8-11.
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10 . Hamlet, 111. ii. 1-5, 17-25, 36-8.
11 . Keeling men acted Hamlet at sea in 1607. Sir Thomas Smith cited the play in relation to Godunov's Moscow court in a pamphlet, Sir T. Smithes voiage and entertainment in Russia ( 1605), sig. K1. Poulett wrote from Paris on 10 Oct. 1605: Hilton Kelliher, "A Shakespeare Allusion", British Library Journal, 3 ( 1977), 7-12.
12 . EKC, Facts, ii. 197.
13 . Troilus and Cressida, ed. K. Muir ( Oxford, 1984.), 193.
14 . George Chapman, Seaven Bookes of the Iliades of Homere ( 1598), sig. A4.
15 . G. Wilson Knight, "The Philosophy of Troilus and Cressida", in his The Wheel of Fire: Interpretations of Shakespearian Tragedy ( 1961), 47-72, esp. 48.
16 . For some of the bearings of religious rite upon the poem, H. Neville Davies, "The Phoenix and Turtle: Requiem and Rite", Review of English Studies, 46 ( 1995), 525-30.
17 . ME 92; SS, DL 246; Bearman, 37-8.
18 . Màiri Macdonald, "A New Discovery about Shakespeare's Estate . . .", Shakespeare Quarterly, 45 ( 1994), 87-9; Bearman, 41.
19 . MS SBTRO BRU 2/1, 17 Dec. 1602 and 7 Feb. 1612. E. I. Fripp, Shakespeare: Man and Artist, 2 vols. ( Oxford, 1964.), ii. 845-6.
20 . EKC, Facts, ii. 119-27.
21 . Jeanne E. Jones, "Lewis Hiccox and Shakespeare's Birthplace", Notes and Queries, 239 ( 1994), 497-502.
22 . ME 101.
15. The King's Servants
1 . Douglas Bruster, Drama and Market in the Age of Shakespeare ( Cambridge, 1992), 101-2.
2 . Memoirs of Robert Carey, ed. F. H. Mares ( Oxford, 1972), 58-60. Cf. H. Neville Davies , "Jacobean Antony and Cleopatra", Shakespeare Studies, 17 ( 1985), 146.
3 . Englandes Mourning Garment ( 1603), sigs. D2v-D3.
4 . EKC, Stage, ii. 208. On the Stuart court itself, I have found especially useful Jenny Wormald , "James VI and I: Two Kings or One?", History, 68 ( 1983), 187-209; Derek Hirst , Authority and Conflict. England 1603-1658 ( 1986); and Graham Parry, The Golden Age Restor'd: The Culture of the Stuart Court, 1603-42 ( Manchester, 1981).
5 . EKC, Stage, ii. 208-9.
6 . Ibid. iv. 168.
7 . MS Folger, W. b. 182. Calendar of State Papers, Domestic, Jac. I, vi. 21.
8 . E. Nungezer, A Dictionary of Actors ( New York, 1929), 141-2.
9 . A. Gurr, The Shakespearean Stage 1574-1642 ( Cambridge, 1985), 46.
10 . MS Folger, W. b. 181 (translated from Latin).
11 . EKC, Stage, iv. 168.
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12. M. G. Brennan, "We Have the Man Shakespeare With Us: Wilton House and As You Like It", Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine, 80 ( 1986), 225-7.
13. The First Quarto of King Richard III, ed. Peter Davison ( Cambridge, 1996), 47. Wilton's burgesses show in their accounts for 1603, 'Paid to mr Sharppe for his layinges out vppon giftes and fees vnto the kinges seruantes £6 = 5 = 0' (Trowbridge Record Office, G25/1/90.
14. David M. Bergeron offers a good overall survey of this topic in English Civic Pageantry 1558-164
2 ( Columbia, SC, 1971).