The Gates of Europe

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The Gates of Europe Page 48

by Serhii Plokhy


  Khmelnytsky, Bohdan, 97–99, 100, 101–107, 109, 113, 120, 122, 125, 126, 129, 137, 150, 192

  death/legacy of, 106–107

  monument of, 168

  son Tymish, 102–103

  son Yurii, 109, 113–114, 115, 122

  speech at council of Cossack officers, 104

  Kholm, 54, 56, 240, 284–285

  Khotyn, Battle of, 82, 116

  Khrushchev, Nikita, 181, 182, 255–256, 261, 277, 279, 280, 282, 284, 308

  and Crimea, 299

  and famine, 293–294

  Khrushchev thaw, 300, 303, 304

  and peasants/collective farms, 302

  removed from power, 303

  secret speech to Twentieth Party Congress, 299

  and Stalin, 278, 284, 286, 294, 297, 299

  wife of, 284

  Khvyliovy, Mykola, 232–233, 325

  Kobzar (Shevchenko), 157, 182

  Koch, Erich, 272

  Kolbin, Gennadii, 309

  Komsomol, 280

  Konashevych-Sahaidachny, Petro, 82, 91–92

  Konayev, Dinmukhamed, 309

  Konotop, Battle of, 112

  Kościuszko, Tadeusz, 144, 147

  Kosior, Stanislav, 299

  Kostomarov, Mykola, 158, 159, 168, 169

  Kosynsky, Kryshtof, 78, 97

  Kotliarevsky, Ivan, 149, 150, 151, 165

  Koum, Jan, 329

  Kovpak, Sydir, 279, 281

  Kravchuk, Leonid, 316–317, 318, 319, 320, 321–322, 323, 325, 327

  Kuchma, Leonid, 327, 328, 331–332, 334

  kulaks, 249–250

  Kursk, 177, 182, 207, 274, 278, 283

  Kwaśniewski, Aleksander, 334

  Kyiv, 19, 20, 25, 27, 29, 30, 32, 37, 44, 48, 75, 77, 82, 87, 90–91, 105, 120, 127, 178, 188, 205, 208, 210, 212, 216, 220, 221, 250, 253, 269, 310, 320, 322

  as bastion of empire and Russianness, 155

  Bolsheviks in, 219, 220

  Cave Monastery Press in, 82, 83, 91, 121

  famine in, 273

  Golden Gate at, 35–36, 46

  historical commission in, 156

  Kyiv International Institute of Sociology, 343, 351

  Kyiv Land, 51, 52, 59, 67

  Kyiv Mohyla Academy/College, 94, 100, 112, 120, 122, 127, 137, 155

  Kyiv University, 156, 160, 190

  Maidan protests in, 317, 333–334, 337–338, 339, 340, 343

  Mongol conquest of, 49, 51

  Orthodox Church in, 89, 90–91, 94–95, 101, 328

  pogrom in, 190–191

  population of, 179, 182, 185

  sack of in 1169, 45

  Soviet recapture of, 277

  under tsarist rule, 121

  in World War II, 264–265

  Kyivan Rus’, xxii, xxiii, 33, 48, 60, 65, 100, 104, 129, 144, 207, 320

  death of, 49

  legacy of, 41, 42

  literacy in, 36, 37

  See also Kyiv; Rus’

  Kyrychenko, Oleksii, 297

  labor, 180–181, 184, 265

  forced labor, 177, 273–274

  See also working class

  landownership, 69, 98, 151, 179, 183, 206, 210, 217, 220, 224. See also peasants: land distribution for

  language issues, 67, 73, 87, 129, 148, 154, 155, 157–158, 167, 171, 172, 195, 196, 197, 203

  alphabet wars, 165–166

  prohibition of Ukrainian-language publications, 166–167, 169–170, 193–194, 195, 202

  See also Church Slavonic language; Russia: Russian language; Ruthenians: Ruthenian language; translations; Ukraine: Ukrainian language

  Latvia, 262–263, 318

  legal issues, 46, 48, 59–60, 83

  Lenin, Vladimir, 191, 219, 220, 230, 232, 245, 247

  Leninist norms, 301, 304, 313

  monuments to, 342, 352

  Leningrad, 263

  Leo the Deacon, 28, 29

  Levchin, Max, 329

  Lex Grabski of 1924, 236

  literature, 120, 137, 149, 150, 157–158, 165, 166, 170, 301

  Lithuania, 55, 57, 59–60, 63, 65, 66, 75, 80, 88, 106, 143, 262, 286

  independence of, 317, 318

  See also Poland: Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

  Little Ice Age, 80

  Little Russian College, 128, 135

  living standards, 265, 302, 303, 308, 316

  Livonia/Livonian War, 66, 77

  “Love Ukraine” (Sosiura), 294–295

  Lucaris, Cyril (Patriarch), 94, 95

  Luhansk, 73, 266, 330, 341, 343, 344, 348

  Lukianenko, Levko, 313, 319, 320

  Lupu, Vasile, 102–103

  Lviv, 54, 58, 86, 89, 91, 99, 106, 116, 161, 162, 163, 164, 178, 202, 203, 212, 217, 221, 261, 270, 285, 297, 320

  Lviv General Hospital, 184

  population of, 185

  Red Army recapture of, 284–285

  mafia wars, 330

  Makhno, Nestor, 224–225, 226

  Makowski, Tomasz, 71, 77

  Malaysian Airlines Boeing 777, 344

  Malenkov, Georgii, 297

  Manstein, Erich von (Field Marshal), 278

  Mao Zedong, 297

  mapmaking, xxi, 71, 84, 101

  Maria Theresa (Empress), 143

  marriages, 20, 27, 33, 34, 38, 55, 59, 63, 87, 102, 103, 117

  massacres, 51, 99, 114, 125, 226, 261, 269–271

  Mauricius, 16

  Maximus (metropolitan), 56

  Mazepa, Ivan (Hetman), 119, 122–128, 192, 202, 209

  Mehmed IV (Sultan), 116

  Mein Kampf (Hitler), 259, 260, 266

  Melnyk, Andrii, 267, 283

  Mennonites, 141, 274

  Menshikov, Aleksandr, 125

  metallurgical complexes, 175, 185, 247, 329, 330

  Michalon the Lithuanian, 74, 75–77

  Mickiewicz, Adam, 148, 152, 158

  middle class, 332

  Mikhoels, Solomon, 296

  Miletus, 5–6

  minorities, xxii, 162, 191, 202, 206, 233, 236, 241, 255, 285, 321, 353

  Mlynář, Zdeněk, 312

  Mohyla, Peter, 92–94, 95, 100, 112

  Moldavia, 78, 82, 101, 102, 103, 110, 127, 139, 140, 143

  Molotov, Viacheslav, 253, 296, 297

  Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 260, 262, 264, 278, 284, 285, 316

  Mongols, 41, 49–60, 264. See also Golden Horde

  Monomakh, Volodymyr, 43–44, 46

  Moroz, Oleksandr, 331

  Morozov, Kostiantyn (General), 324

  mortality/birth rates, 329

  Moscow, 56, 80, 177, 178, 180, 253, 263

  Muscovy, Tsardom of, 65–66, 80, 92, 104, 115, 118, 124, 125, 128

  Muslims, 25, 33, 73, 90, 179, 267–268, 322. See also Islam

  Mykhailo of Kyiv (Prince), 52

  Nalyvaiko, Severyn, 79

  nationalism, xxii, 148, 152, 153, 155, 162, 192, 197–198, 202, 206, 229, 239, 240, 241, 242–243, 262, 279, 282, 287, 288, 294, 295, 300, 314, 351, 352

  democratic nationalism, 316

  first nationalist riot in postwar USSR, 309

  national communism, 229, 231–232, 233, 304

  See also Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists

  nation building, 35, 48, 119, 129, 151–152, 171, 184, 220, 226, 230, 243, 244, 259, 345, 350

  Naumovych, Ivan, 170–171

  Nazarbaev, Nursultan, 318

  Neanderthals, 4

  Nemyrych, Yurii, 110, 111–112, 113

  Nevsky, Aleksandr, 53

  Nicholas I (Tsar), 156, 159, 160, 176

  Nicholas II (Tsar), 187, 188, 2
04, 225

  NKVD, 262, 267, 270, 279, 286, 287. See also KGB

  Noghay Horde, 98

  North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 326–327, 354

  Novgorod, 37, 45, 46, 65

  Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty, 326, 354

  October Revolution, 207, 208

  “Ode on Slavery” (Kapnist), 137

  Odesa, 177, 179, 182, 185, 189, 190, 210, 253, 271, 321, 342, 343, 344, 348

  oil, 173, 175, 184–185, 237, 307, 308, 329

  Olbia, 5–6, 7, 10, 18

  Olha (princess), 27–28, 34

  oligarchs, 330, 331, 332, 338

  Orange Revolution, xix, 333–334, 337

  Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 256, 257, 262, 314

  factions in, 266–267, 280–281, 283

  Orlyk, Pylyp, 128

  Orthodox Church, 17, 42, 53, 56, 59, 64, 67, 69, 70, 83, 85–94, 99, 104, 110, 112, 120–121, 137, 138, 139, 153–154, 161, 178, 191, 197, 242, 243, 262, 275, 287, 328, 343, 345, 351

  number of churches in Ukraine, 300

  Orthodox Reformation, 90, 93, 94, 95

  union with Roman Catholic Church, 87

  Osman II (Sultan), 81

  Ostarbeiter, 273–274

  Ostrih (town), 70–71

  Ostrozky, Janusz, 78, 79

  Ostrozky, Kostiantyn, 68, 69, 70–71, 77, 78, 79, 86, 87, 88, 90

  otamans, 217, 219, 223

  Ottoman Empire, 73–74, 78, 80, 81–82, 87, 94–95, 101–102, 103, 110, 116, 117, 118, 133, 139, 140, 141, 176, 177, 202, 225

  O Ukraine, Our Soviet Land (Shelest), 305

  OUN. See Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists

  Our Ukraine Party, 333

  Ovid, 10, 11

  Pacta et conditiones, 128–129

  Pale of Settlement, 145, 182, 190

  partisans, 279–280, 281

  patriotism, 136, 145, 148, 152, 153, 159, 168, 279, 304

  peasants, 47–48, 69, 77, 79, 84, 98, 101, 137, 142, 150, 152, 164, 168, 179, 188, 191, 195, 203, 206, 207, 211, 217, 220, 224, 227, 245, 252, 260, 264, 294

  emancipation of, 166

  and famine, 253, 254

  land distribution for, 236, 237, 246, 262

  loyalty of, 153

  migrations of, 175, 181, 182–183, 184, 237, 249, 250

  uprisings of, 230, 249

  as workers, 248

  Pechenegs, 29, 30, 44

  Pereiaslav, 44, 51, 103, 105, 106, 121

  Pereiaslav Council, 298

  perestroika, 313, 315, 330

  Peter I of Russia, 119, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 135, 245

  death of, 129

  Petliura, Symon, 216–217, 218, 219, 220–221, 223–224, 230, 241, 252

  Petrograd, 204, 205, 206, 207, 218

  Petrov, V. P., 142

  Philippe de Harlay of Césy (Count), 81

  Photius (Patriarch), 24, 34

  Pieracki, Bronisław, 239

  Piłsudski, Józef, 196, 220, 237, 238, 241, 251–252

  pluralism, 95, 238, 328

  Podgorny, Nikolai, 297, 303

  Podolia, 55, 58, 66, 71, 74, 79, 84, 99, 103, 113, 116, 138, 142, 144, 151, 152, 154, 155, 177, 179, 182, 205, 219, 221, 229, 271, 351

  pogroms, 190–191, 222–224, 270

  Poland, 55, 57, 58, 60, 63, 66, 68, 71, 80, 83, 89, 103, 111, 113, 115, 118, 162, 230, 236, 238, 255, 286, 288, 304, 327, 353

  constitutions, 143–144, 152

  Deluge era in, 106

  Eastern Little Poland, 236

  government-in-exile, 284

  Jewish question in, 237

  Miracle on the Vistula, 221

  national anthem of, 147

  partitions of, 134, 143–145, 147, 163, 260, 352

  peace treaty with Soviet Ukraine, 226

  Polish army, 76, 79, 81, 82, 98, 99, 102, 217, 219, 220, 221, 251, 261

  Polish Committee of National Liberation, 284

  Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 63, 64, 67, 78, 81, 82, 84, 86, 89, 92, 101, 105, 112, 130, 133, 138, 145, 146, 162, 195

  Polish nationalism, 148, 163

  Russo-Polish border, 142, 279, 285, 286

  Ukrainian-Polish War, 212, 217–218, 235, 281

  uprisings in, 144, 152–153, 154, 155, 162–163, 166–167

  political parties, 191–192, 195, 197, 198, 242, 255

  Polotsky, Simeon, 120

  Polovtsians, 44, 45, 50

  Poltava, Battle of, 119, 126–127, 130, 133

  Polubotok, Pavlo (Colonel), 128

  Popovych, Pavlo, 302

  Popular Movement for Perestroika, 315

  population figures, 179, 181–182, 185, 230, 234, 236, 247, 255, 291, 329

  Poroshenko, Petro, 343

  Potemkin, Grigorii, 141

  Potemkin battleship, 188–189

  Potii, Ipatii, 88

  Potsdam Conference, 285

  Prague Spring, 312

  Pravda, 245–246, 294

  Primary Chronicle, 17, 25, 27, 28, 32, 33, 36, 43, 46, 47

  Princip, Gavrilo, 201, 203

  prisoners of war, 265, 267, 268, 269, 272, 278

  privatization, 330, 331, 332

  Procopius, 14, 15–16, 16–17

  Prokopovych, Teofan, 127

  Protestants, 88, 89, 90, 106, 110, 126

  Prussia, 141, 143, 144–145, 148, 202

  purges, 253–254, 255, 264, 296, 299, 301, 305, 314

  Pushkin, Alexander, 149, 151, 152–153, 351

  Putin, Vladimir, 323, 333, 339–340, 341, 347, 350

  railroads, 176, 177–178, 178, 179, 189, 208, 224, 250

  Redvilas family, 70

  referenda, xix, 318, 320, 321, 321, 341

  Reformation/Counterreformation, 86, 87, 90, 93, 94, 104

  restorations of churches, 123–124

  Revolution of Dignity, 339, 341, 342, 352, 353

  Revolution of 1905, 188–198, 206, 216

  Revolution of 1917, 80, 181, 217, 287–288, 350

  rights, 187, 189, 193, 313, 347, 349. See also human rights.

  Rivne, 272–273

  Roman Catholic Church, 55, 59, 64, 69, 85, 133, 139, 154, 162, 240, 287

  Jesuits, 86, 94

  union with Orthodox Church, 87

  Roman Empire, xxi, xxii, 9–10, 13, 14, 34, 35

  Romania, 226, 229, 242, 262, 263, 271, 272, 280, 288, 304

  Romanov, Aleksei (Tsar), 103, 105, 106, 162, 225

  Romanov, Mikhail (Tsar), 80

  romanticism, 150, 165

  Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 285

  Rosenberg, Alfred, 265–266

  Rothschild, James Mayer de, 177

  Roxolana, 75

  Rozumovsky, Kyrylo and Aleksei, 135

  Rumiantsev, Petr (General), 136, 138, 139

  Rurikid dynasty, 43, 47, 48, 59, 80

  Rus’, 17, 23, 31, 35, 56, 64, 100, 112, 115

  end of Viking Age in, 32

  Little Rus’, 56–57

  reunification of, 298

  Rus’ (term), 25, 32, 130

  Rus’ Land, 43–44, 48, 95, 116

  Rus’ Orthodox Church, 86

  See also Kyivan Rus’; Vikings: Rus’ Vikings

  Rus’ Justice, 37, 60

  Russia, 42, 56, 57, 144–145, 201, 319

  census of 1897, 181

  Duma in, 189, 194, 197–198, 204–205, 240

  as great European power, 127, 133

  Great Russia, 126, 136, 162

  Kyivan origins of, 121, 350

  Little Russia, xxiii, 57, 119, 122, 126, 128, 129, 130, 145, 198, 224, 350

  New
Russia, 141, 142, 341–342, 344, 348, 350

  Russian Empire, 128, 133, 139, 140, 148, 153, 176, 177, 202, 348, 349, 350, 352

  Russian Federation, 230, 299

  Russian Imperial Academy of Science, 135, 193

  Russian language, 171, 196, 232, 234–235, 342, 349

  Russian navy, 139, 176, 177, 178, 188–189

  Russian Orthodox Church, 53, 154, 197, 287, 328, 351

  Russophiles, 165, 170, 171, 172, 196–197, 203, 204, 243

  Russo-Turkish war, 138, 143

  White Army, 218, 219, 222, 225–226

  See also Rus’; Soviet Union; under Ukraine

  Ruthenians, 95, 96, 170, 171, 172, 203, 243

  Old Ruthenians, 164

  Ruthenian language, 67, 70, 90, 163

  Supreme Ruthenian Council, 161, 163–164, 165, 203

  Rutskoi, Aleksandr (General), 320

  Ryleev, Kondratii, 79

  Rylsky, Maksym, 294, 301

  sabotage, 270

  St. George Circle, 164

  St. Petersburg, 125, 137, 157, 180, 187. See also Petrograd

  St. Sophia Cathedral, 36, 51, 93, 124, 215

  Sakovych, Kasiian, 82–83

  Samoilovych, Ivan (Hetman), 123

  sanctions, 339, 344

  Sarkel, 25, 29

  Sarmatians, 9, 11–12, 13

  Scythians, 4, 6–7, 8, 9, 13

  Semesenko, Ivan, 223

  Serbia, 141, 158, 201

  serfdom, 136, 137, 152, 159, 164, 181, 185. See also peasants

  “Sermon on Law and Grace” (Metropolitan Ilarion), 36

  Sevastopol, 176, 177, 178, 189, 321, 325, 340, 341, 347, 348

  sexuality, 20–21, 353

  Shcherbak, Yurii, 312

  Shcherbytsky, Volodymyr, 305, 308–309, 310, 315

  Shelepin, Aleksandr, 305

  Shelest, Petro, 304, 309, 313, 314

  Shem Tov, Israel Baal (Rabbi), 139

  Sheptytsky, Andrei (Metropolitan), 238, 271–272

  Shevchenko, Taras, 156, 157–158, 159–160, 172, 182, 193, 350–351

  Shukhevych, Roman, 281, 295

  Shushkevich, Stanilaŭ, 322

  Siberia, 123, 177, 247, 250, 262, 286, 301, 307

  Silesia, 143

  silver, 28, 68

  Siniavsky, Andrei, 303

  Sir Thaddeus (Mickiewicz), 148

  Skarga, Piotr, 90

  Skoropadsky, Ivan (hetman), 128, 135

  Skoropadsky, Pavlo (hetman), 210–211, 213, 216, 217, 225, 265, 298

  Skrypnyk, Mykola, 299, 304

  slavery, 8, 16, 23, 25, 48, 74–75, 81, 117, 142

  Slavs, 8, 13–21, 26, 29, 32, 46–47, 67, 142, 158, 165, 243, 284, 298, 353

  Sclaveni/Antes groups of, 14, 15–16, 17, 19–20

 

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