The Gates of Europe
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Khmelnytsky, Bohdan, 97–99, 100, 101–107, 109, 113, 120, 122, 125, 126, 129, 137, 150, 192
death/legacy of, 106–107
monument of, 168
son Tymish, 102–103
son Yurii, 109, 113–114, 115, 122
speech at council of Cossack officers, 104
Kholm, 54, 56, 240, 284–285
Khotyn, Battle of, 82, 116
Khrushchev, Nikita, 181, 182, 255–256, 261, 277, 279, 280, 282, 284, 308
and Crimea, 299
and famine, 293–294
Khrushchev thaw, 300, 303, 304
and peasants/collective farms, 302
removed from power, 303
secret speech to Twentieth Party Congress, 299
and Stalin, 278, 284, 286, 294, 297, 299
wife of, 284
Khvyliovy, Mykola, 232–233, 325
Kobzar (Shevchenko), 157, 182
Koch, Erich, 272
Kolbin, Gennadii, 309
Komsomol, 280
Konashevych-Sahaidachny, Petro, 82, 91–92
Konayev, Dinmukhamed, 309
Konotop, Battle of, 112
Kościuszko, Tadeusz, 144, 147
Kosior, Stanislav, 299
Kostomarov, Mykola, 158, 159, 168, 169
Kosynsky, Kryshtof, 78, 97
Kotliarevsky, Ivan, 149, 150, 151, 165
Koum, Jan, 329
Kovpak, Sydir, 279, 281
Kravchuk, Leonid, 316–317, 318, 319, 320, 321–322, 323, 325, 327
Kuchma, Leonid, 327, 328, 331–332, 334
kulaks, 249–250
Kursk, 177, 182, 207, 274, 278, 283
Kwaśniewski, Aleksander, 334
Kyiv, 19, 20, 25, 27, 29, 30, 32, 37, 44, 48, 75, 77, 82, 87, 90–91, 105, 120, 127, 178, 188, 205, 208, 210, 212, 216, 220, 221, 250, 253, 269, 310, 320, 322
as bastion of empire and Russianness, 155
Bolsheviks in, 219, 220
Cave Monastery Press in, 82, 83, 91, 121
famine in, 273
Golden Gate at, 35–36, 46
historical commission in, 156
Kyiv International Institute of Sociology, 343, 351
Kyiv Land, 51, 52, 59, 67
Kyiv Mohyla Academy/College, 94, 100, 112, 120, 122, 127, 137, 155
Kyiv University, 156, 160, 190
Maidan protests in, 317, 333–334, 337–338, 339, 340, 343
Mongol conquest of, 49, 51
Orthodox Church in, 89, 90–91, 94–95, 101, 328
pogrom in, 190–191
population of, 179, 182, 185
sack of in 1169, 45
Soviet recapture of, 277
under tsarist rule, 121
in World War II, 264–265
Kyivan Rus’, xxii, xxiii, 33, 48, 60, 65, 100, 104, 129, 144, 207, 320
death of, 49
legacy of, 41, 42
literacy in, 36, 37
See also Kyiv; Rus’
Kyrychenko, Oleksii, 297
labor, 180–181, 184, 265
forced labor, 177, 273–274
See also working class
landownership, 69, 98, 151, 179, 183, 206, 210, 217, 220, 224. See also peasants: land distribution for
language issues, 67, 73, 87, 129, 148, 154, 155, 157–158, 167, 171, 172, 195, 196, 197, 203
alphabet wars, 165–166
prohibition of Ukrainian-language publications, 166–167, 169–170, 193–194, 195, 202
See also Church Slavonic language; Russia: Russian language; Ruthenians: Ruthenian language; translations; Ukraine: Ukrainian language
Latvia, 262–263, 318
legal issues, 46, 48, 59–60, 83
Lenin, Vladimir, 191, 219, 220, 230, 232, 245, 247
Leninist norms, 301, 304, 313
monuments to, 342, 352
Leningrad, 263
Leo the Deacon, 28, 29
Levchin, Max, 329
Lex Grabski of 1924, 236
literature, 120, 137, 149, 150, 157–158, 165, 166, 170, 301
Lithuania, 55, 57, 59–60, 63, 65, 66, 75, 80, 88, 106, 143, 262, 286
independence of, 317, 318
See also Poland: Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Little Ice Age, 80
Little Russian College, 128, 135
living standards, 265, 302, 303, 308, 316
Livonia/Livonian War, 66, 77
“Love Ukraine” (Sosiura), 294–295
Lucaris, Cyril (Patriarch), 94, 95
Luhansk, 73, 266, 330, 341, 343, 344, 348
Lukianenko, Levko, 313, 319, 320
Lupu, Vasile, 102–103
Lviv, 54, 58, 86, 89, 91, 99, 106, 116, 161, 162, 163, 164, 178, 202, 203, 212, 217, 221, 261, 270, 285, 297, 320
Lviv General Hospital, 184
population of, 185
Red Army recapture of, 284–285
mafia wars, 330
Makhno, Nestor, 224–225, 226
Makowski, Tomasz, 71, 77
Malaysian Airlines Boeing 777, 344
Malenkov, Georgii, 297
Manstein, Erich von (Field Marshal), 278
Mao Zedong, 297
mapmaking, xxi, 71, 84, 101
Maria Theresa (Empress), 143
marriages, 20, 27, 33, 34, 38, 55, 59, 63, 87, 102, 103, 117
massacres, 51, 99, 114, 125, 226, 261, 269–271
Mauricius, 16
Maximus (metropolitan), 56
Mazepa, Ivan (Hetman), 119, 122–128, 192, 202, 209
Mehmed IV (Sultan), 116
Mein Kampf (Hitler), 259, 260, 266
Melnyk, Andrii, 267, 283
Mennonites, 141, 274
Menshikov, Aleksandr, 125
metallurgical complexes, 175, 185, 247, 329, 330
Michalon the Lithuanian, 74, 75–77
Mickiewicz, Adam, 148, 152, 158
middle class, 332
Mikhoels, Solomon, 296
Miletus, 5–6
minorities, xxii, 162, 191, 202, 206, 233, 236, 241, 255, 285, 321, 353
Mlynář, Zdeněk, 312
Mohyla, Peter, 92–94, 95, 100, 112
Moldavia, 78, 82, 101, 102, 103, 110, 127, 139, 140, 143
Molotov, Viacheslav, 253, 296, 297
Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 260, 262, 264, 278, 284, 285, 316
Mongols, 41, 49–60, 264. See also Golden Horde
Monomakh, Volodymyr, 43–44, 46
Moroz, Oleksandr, 331
Morozov, Kostiantyn (General), 324
mortality/birth rates, 329
Moscow, 56, 80, 177, 178, 180, 253, 263
Muscovy, Tsardom of, 65–66, 80, 92, 104, 115, 118, 124, 125, 128
Muslims, 25, 33, 73, 90, 179, 267–268, 322. See also Islam
Mykhailo of Kyiv (Prince), 52
Nalyvaiko, Severyn, 79
nationalism, xxii, 148, 152, 153, 155, 162, 192, 197–198, 202, 206, 229, 239, 240, 241, 242–243, 262, 279, 282, 287, 288, 294, 295, 300, 314, 351, 352
democratic nationalism, 316
first nationalist riot in postwar USSR, 309
national communism, 229, 231–232, 233, 304
See also Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
nation building, 35, 48, 119, 129, 151–152, 171, 184, 220, 226, 230, 243, 244, 259, 345, 350
Naumovych, Ivan, 170–171
Nazarbaev, Nursultan, 318
Neanderthals, 4
Nemyrych, Yurii, 110, 111–112, 113
Nevsky, Aleksandr, 53
Nicholas I (Tsar), 156, 159, 160, 176
Nicholas II (Tsar), 187, 188, 2
04, 225
NKVD, 262, 267, 270, 279, 286, 287. See also KGB
Noghay Horde, 98
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 326–327, 354
Novgorod, 37, 45, 46, 65
Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty, 326, 354
October Revolution, 207, 208
“Ode on Slavery” (Kapnist), 137
Odesa, 177, 179, 182, 185, 189, 190, 210, 253, 271, 321, 342, 343, 344, 348
oil, 173, 175, 184–185, 237, 307, 308, 329
Olbia, 5–6, 7, 10, 18
Olha (princess), 27–28, 34
oligarchs, 330, 331, 332, 338
Orange Revolution, xix, 333–334, 337
Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 256, 257, 262, 314
factions in, 266–267, 280–281, 283
Orlyk, Pylyp, 128
Orthodox Church, 17, 42, 53, 56, 59, 64, 67, 69, 70, 83, 85–94, 99, 104, 110, 112, 120–121, 137, 138, 139, 153–154, 161, 178, 191, 197, 242, 243, 262, 275, 287, 328, 343, 345, 351
number of churches in Ukraine, 300
Orthodox Reformation, 90, 93, 94, 95
union with Roman Catholic Church, 87
Osman II (Sultan), 81
Ostarbeiter, 273–274
Ostrih (town), 70–71
Ostrozky, Janusz, 78, 79
Ostrozky, Kostiantyn, 68, 69, 70–71, 77, 78, 79, 86, 87, 88, 90
otamans, 217, 219, 223
Ottoman Empire, 73–74, 78, 80, 81–82, 87, 94–95, 101–102, 103, 110, 116, 117, 118, 133, 139, 140, 141, 176, 177, 202, 225
O Ukraine, Our Soviet Land (Shelest), 305
OUN. See Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
Our Ukraine Party, 333
Ovid, 10, 11
Pacta et conditiones, 128–129
Pale of Settlement, 145, 182, 190
partisans, 279–280, 281
patriotism, 136, 145, 148, 152, 153, 159, 168, 279, 304
peasants, 47–48, 69, 77, 79, 84, 98, 101, 137, 142, 150, 152, 164, 168, 179, 188, 191, 195, 203, 206, 207, 211, 217, 220, 224, 227, 245, 252, 260, 264, 294
emancipation of, 166
and famine, 253, 254
land distribution for, 236, 237, 246, 262
loyalty of, 153
migrations of, 175, 181, 182–183, 184, 237, 249, 250
uprisings of, 230, 249
as workers, 248
Pechenegs, 29, 30, 44
Pereiaslav, 44, 51, 103, 105, 106, 121
Pereiaslav Council, 298
perestroika, 313, 315, 330
Peter I of Russia, 119, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 135, 245
death of, 129
Petliura, Symon, 216–217, 218, 219, 220–221, 223–224, 230, 241, 252
Petrograd, 204, 205, 206, 207, 218
Petrov, V. P., 142
Philippe de Harlay of Césy (Count), 81
Photius (Patriarch), 24, 34
Pieracki, Bronisław, 239
Piłsudski, Józef, 196, 220, 237, 238, 241, 251–252
pluralism, 95, 238, 328
Podgorny, Nikolai, 297, 303
Podolia, 55, 58, 66, 71, 74, 79, 84, 99, 103, 113, 116, 138, 142, 144, 151, 152, 154, 155, 177, 179, 182, 205, 219, 221, 229, 271, 351
pogroms, 190–191, 222–224, 270
Poland, 55, 57, 58, 60, 63, 66, 68, 71, 80, 83, 89, 103, 111, 113, 115, 118, 162, 230, 236, 238, 255, 286, 288, 304, 327, 353
constitutions, 143–144, 152
Deluge era in, 106
Eastern Little Poland, 236
government-in-exile, 284
Jewish question in, 237
Miracle on the Vistula, 221
national anthem of, 147
partitions of, 134, 143–145, 147, 163, 260, 352
peace treaty with Soviet Ukraine, 226
Polish army, 76, 79, 81, 82, 98, 99, 102, 217, 219, 220, 221, 251, 261
Polish Committee of National Liberation, 284
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 63, 64, 67, 78, 81, 82, 84, 86, 89, 92, 101, 105, 112, 130, 133, 138, 145, 146, 162, 195
Polish nationalism, 148, 163
Russo-Polish border, 142, 279, 285, 286
Ukrainian-Polish War, 212, 217–218, 235, 281
uprisings in, 144, 152–153, 154, 155, 162–163, 166–167
political parties, 191–192, 195, 197, 198, 242, 255
Polotsky, Simeon, 120
Polovtsians, 44, 45, 50
Poltava, Battle of, 119, 126–127, 130, 133
Polubotok, Pavlo (Colonel), 128
Popovych, Pavlo, 302
Popular Movement for Perestroika, 315
population figures, 179, 181–182, 185, 230, 234, 236, 247, 255, 291, 329
Poroshenko, Petro, 343
Potemkin, Grigorii, 141
Potemkin battleship, 188–189
Potii, Ipatii, 88
Potsdam Conference, 285
Prague Spring, 312
Pravda, 245–246, 294
Primary Chronicle, 17, 25, 27, 28, 32, 33, 36, 43, 46, 47
Princip, Gavrilo, 201, 203
prisoners of war, 265, 267, 268, 269, 272, 278
privatization, 330, 331, 332
Procopius, 14, 15–16, 16–17
Prokopovych, Teofan, 127
Protestants, 88, 89, 90, 106, 110, 126
Prussia, 141, 143, 144–145, 148, 202
purges, 253–254, 255, 264, 296, 299, 301, 305, 314
Pushkin, Alexander, 149, 151, 152–153, 351
Putin, Vladimir, 323, 333, 339–340, 341, 347, 350
railroads, 176, 177–178, 178, 179, 189, 208, 224, 250
Redvilas family, 70
referenda, xix, 318, 320, 321, 321, 341
Reformation/Counterreformation, 86, 87, 90, 93, 94, 104
restorations of churches, 123–124
Revolution of Dignity, 339, 341, 342, 352, 353
Revolution of 1905, 188–198, 206, 216
Revolution of 1917, 80, 181, 217, 287–288, 350
rights, 187, 189, 193, 313, 347, 349. See also human rights.
Rivne, 272–273
Roman Catholic Church, 55, 59, 64, 69, 85, 133, 139, 154, 162, 240, 287
Jesuits, 86, 94
union with Orthodox Church, 87
Roman Empire, xxi, xxii, 9–10, 13, 14, 34, 35
Romania, 226, 229, 242, 262, 263, 271, 272, 280, 288, 304
Romanov, Aleksei (Tsar), 103, 105, 106, 162, 225
Romanov, Mikhail (Tsar), 80
romanticism, 150, 165
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 285
Rosenberg, Alfred, 265–266
Rothschild, James Mayer de, 177
Roxolana, 75
Rozumovsky, Kyrylo and Aleksei, 135
Rumiantsev, Petr (General), 136, 138, 139
Rurikid dynasty, 43, 47, 48, 59, 80
Rus’, 17, 23, 31, 35, 56, 64, 100, 112, 115
end of Viking Age in, 32
Little Rus’, 56–57
reunification of, 298
Rus’ (term), 25, 32, 130
Rus’ Land, 43–44, 48, 95, 116
Rus’ Orthodox Church, 86
See also Kyivan Rus’; Vikings: Rus’ Vikings
Rus’ Justice, 37, 60
Russia, 42, 56, 57, 144–145, 201, 319
census of 1897, 181
Duma in, 189, 194, 197–198, 204–205, 240
as great European power, 127, 133
Great Russia, 126, 136, 162
Kyivan origins of, 121, 350
Little Russia, xxiii, 57, 119, 122, 126, 128, 129, 130, 145, 198, 224, 350
New
Russia, 141, 142, 341–342, 344, 348, 350
Russian Empire, 128, 133, 139, 140, 148, 153, 176, 177, 202, 348, 349, 350, 352
Russian Federation, 230, 299
Russian Imperial Academy of Science, 135, 193
Russian language, 171, 196, 232, 234–235, 342, 349
Russian navy, 139, 176, 177, 178, 188–189
Russian Orthodox Church, 53, 154, 197, 287, 328, 351
Russophiles, 165, 170, 171, 172, 196–197, 203, 204, 243
Russo-Turkish war, 138, 143
White Army, 218, 219, 222, 225–226
See also Rus’; Soviet Union; under Ukraine
Ruthenians, 95, 96, 170, 171, 172, 203, 243
Old Ruthenians, 164
Ruthenian language, 67, 70, 90, 163
Supreme Ruthenian Council, 161, 163–164, 165, 203
Rutskoi, Aleksandr (General), 320
Ryleev, Kondratii, 79
Rylsky, Maksym, 294, 301
sabotage, 270
St. George Circle, 164
St. Petersburg, 125, 137, 157, 180, 187. See also Petrograd
St. Sophia Cathedral, 36, 51, 93, 124, 215
Sakovych, Kasiian, 82–83
Samoilovych, Ivan (Hetman), 123
sanctions, 339, 344
Sarkel, 25, 29
Sarmatians, 9, 11–12, 13
Scythians, 4, 6–7, 8, 9, 13
Semesenko, Ivan, 223
Serbia, 141, 158, 201
serfdom, 136, 137, 152, 159, 164, 181, 185. See also peasants
“Sermon on Law and Grace” (Metropolitan Ilarion), 36
Sevastopol, 176, 177, 178, 189, 321, 325, 340, 341, 347, 348
sexuality, 20–21, 353
Shcherbak, Yurii, 312
Shcherbytsky, Volodymyr, 305, 308–309, 310, 315
Shelepin, Aleksandr, 305
Shelest, Petro, 304, 309, 313, 314
Shem Tov, Israel Baal (Rabbi), 139
Sheptytsky, Andrei (Metropolitan), 238, 271–272
Shevchenko, Taras, 156, 157–158, 159–160, 172, 182, 193, 350–351
Shukhevych, Roman, 281, 295
Shushkevich, Stanilaŭ, 322
Siberia, 123, 177, 247, 250, 262, 286, 301, 307
Silesia, 143
silver, 28, 68
Siniavsky, Andrei, 303
Sir Thaddeus (Mickiewicz), 148
Skarga, Piotr, 90
Skoropadsky, Ivan (hetman), 128, 135
Skoropadsky, Pavlo (hetman), 210–211, 213, 216, 217, 225, 265, 298
Skrypnyk, Mykola, 299, 304
slavery, 8, 16, 23, 25, 48, 74–75, 81, 117, 142
Slavs, 8, 13–21, 26, 29, 32, 46–47, 67, 142, 158, 165, 243, 284, 298, 353
Sclaveni/Antes groups of, 14, 15–16, 17, 19–20