A Garden of Marvels
Page 31
manure and, 123
miscanthus and, 233
nickel in, 122
nitrogen in, 135
nutrients in, 125
and perennial versus annual wheat crops, 135, 137, 147
petunias and, 310
slow-release, 113–14, 343
synthetic, 108n
fire, 235
flies: as pollinators, 295
Florida
arsenic contamination in, 132
restrictions on shipment of citrus trees in, 8–10, 317
flowering plants
for Amy’s wedding, 244–45
breeding of, 285–86
color of, 273–81
first, 224
importance of insects to, 295
Ingen-Housz experiments and, 187
night-blooming, 295
as polyploids, 286
purpose of, 277, 282–89
sex among, 247–56, 257, 266–70, 271–81, 293–97, 305–14
and time of flowering, 334
See also type of flowers or specific topic
Forest Service, U.S., 131
forests, 109, 214, 217
fragrance
biochemistry of, 306–14
color and, 311
evolution of, 289
fruit and, 307
of petunias, 273, 306–14
and pollination of flowers, 295, 303, 307
purpose of, 289, 307
of roses, 307
sex and, 305–14
Frank, Albert Bernhard, 115–16, 117
Franklin, Benjamin, 177, 186
Friedman, William, 283
frogs: Spallanzani’s study of aquatic green, 264–66
frost: plants and, 15
fruit
of angiosperms, 287, 288, 295n
color of, 307
fragrance and, 307
Ingen-Housz experiments and, 187
plant sex and, 267
and purpose of flowering plants, 296
purpose of, 307
timing for, 334
fruit cocktail tree
apical dominance in, 335–36
Dorothy as name for, 324
evolution of, 336
fertilizers for, 325
Good’s care of, 318, 321–26
grafting of, 5–6, 7–8, 10–12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 31
Kassinger picks up, 323–24
Kassinger’s interest in acquiring an, 4, 5–8
nutrients for, 337
progress of, 317–18
restrictions on shipping, 8–10, 317
Spann’s recommendation for caring for, 336–38
spider mites on, 325–26
watering of, 321–23, 324–25, 337
fungi, 110, 114–18, 209
Galen, 51, 54, 55, 55n, 56, 57, 63
Galileo, 40, 48
Garden of Eden, 20
Gärtner, Karl Friedrich von, 268
Gates (Bill and Melinda) Foundation, 341
Geiger, Peter, 154
genes
and breeding petunias, 279–80, 281
of diploids, 285–86
of flowering plants, 285–86
of gymnosperms, 286–87
lateral transfers of, 208
for making leaves and branches, 212
redundancy of, 286
sequencing of, 207n
See also genetic engineering; mutations
genetic engineering, 308–11, 339–40, 342
gingko trees, 284–85, 286–87
glucose, 195, 198
gnats: as pollinators, 295
Good, Alice (mother)
and care of cocktail tree, 318, 321–26
as gifted, 318–20
sailing interests of, 320–21
Good, Joanie (sister), 320, 321
Gould, John, 292
grafting
of citrus trees, 6, 7, 10–12, 13, 14
of fruit cocktail tree, 5–6, 7–8, 10–12, 13, 14, 16, 17
Pliny the Elder’s views about, 31
Theophrastus’s views about, 24
wild, 17
grass
energy storage in, 141
evolution of wild, 148, 235–37
fire and, 235
as garden marvel, 344
photosynthesis and, 236–37
phototropism and, 333
pollination of, 277
super-, 236
See also type of grass
Great Chain of Being, 90, 92
Great Plains: plants on, 135, 136
“green matter,” 182, 187
green petunias, 277, 278, 279, 281
greenhouse effect, 213
greenhouse gas, 223
greenhouses
commercial, 275–78
technology for, 227–35
“the greening” disease, 8–10
Grew, Nehemiah, 61–66, 67, 68, 70–71, 92–93, 101, 106, 170, 171, 248–49, 270
growth, plant, 28–29, 68, 70–71, 191
Guericke, Otton von, 44
gymnosperms
Amborella trichopoda as link between angiosperms and, 283
as diploids, 285–86
evolution of angiosperms from, 283, 284–89
gender in, 286–87
as monoecious, 284–85
pollination/reproduction of, 221, 288
and purpose of flowers, 282
seeds of, 221
See also specific gymnosperm
Haber, Fritz, 108n
Hales, Stephen, 93–102, 106, 171, 180
Hamlin orange trees, 7, 8, 10–12, 317n, 323–24
Harrison, Joseph, 274
Harvey, William, 57, 91, 258
hawk moth, 273
Helianthus. See sunflowers
heliotropism. See phototropism
Henslow, John Stevens, 291, 292, 293
herbicides, 334–35
hermaphrodite plants, 251, 266, 267, 285, 287, 293, 294, 295–96
hickory trees, 104–11, 218
Hippocrates, 55, 56
Hooke, Robert
as Boyle employee, 43–44, 46
Busby and, 42–43
inventions of, 49–50
microscopes and, 41, 42–43, 46–48, 50, 260
at Oxford University, 43
Royal Society and, 45, 46, 47–49, 50, 59
scotoscope of, 47
at Westminster School, 42–43
horsetail (Equisetum), 214–15, 251–52
Hu, David, 86
humans
analogy of plants and, 90–91
digestion in, 90–91
photosynthesis and, 200–202
Humboldt, Alexander von, 292
“humors,” 56
Huxley, Thomas, 299
Huygens, Christiaan, 46
hybrids, 267–68, 270, 273, 274, 297, 310
hydrogen, 125, 178, 191, 197, 198, 204, 217
hyperaccumulators, 124–32
illness: cause of, 56
inbreeding, 274, 332
Indonesia: nickel farming in, 130
Ingen-Housz, Jan, 183–88
inoculations, smallpox, 184–86
insects
anatomy/dissection of, 58–60
flowers and, 247, 289
flytraps and, 330
importance of, 295
Malpighi’s studies of, 58–60
as pollinators, 288, 289, 294–95, 298, 299–300, 301, 302
and sundew plants, 328
tongues of, 300
See also type of insect
Institute of Zoology, Vienna, 303
International Nickel Company, 129
International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), 340, 341
Invention Convention (science fair), 166–67
inventions, Kassinger’s interest in, 166–68
iron, 125, 127, 203, 204, 206
irrigation: perennial versus annual plants and, 135, 147
Jardin du Roi (Paris), 252–56
John (Kassinger’s friend), marriage of, 243–45
Joule Unlimited, 342
Jussieu, Antoine de, 252, 254, 255
Kaesuk Yoon, Carol, 32n
Kassinger, Alice (daughter), 75, 165, 167, 218
Kassinger, Anna (daughter), 75, 165, 166–67, 218
Kassinger, Austen (daughter), 75, 165
Kassinger, Ruth
career choices of, 163–66
childhood and youth of, 318–19, 320–21
citrus collection of, 4–5, 246
conservatory plants of, 246–47, 343–44
dracaena plants of, 342–43
education of, 33–40
ice-carving birthday party for, 319
as interested in inventions, 166–68
kumquat trees of, 335–36, 343
as parent, 165
trees near home of, 75–78
writings of, 167
Kassinger, Ted
and anthurium plants, 247
crape myrtle of, 336
at Damariscotta pumpkin celebration, 149–50, 153–54
and flashlight for reading in bed invention, 166
and Ruth’s career choice, 165
sunflowers of, 141–42
King, Edmund, 46
Kirin Brewing Company, 275
KNOX genes, 213
Kölreuter, Josef Gottlieb, 266–68, 294, 295
Kourik, Robert, 109
kumquat trees, 335–36, 343
Laënnec, René, 167n
Land Institute (Salina, Kansas), 135, 146, 147, 148. See also Van Tassel, David
Langevin, Don, 83, 84–85, 157
Lavoisier, Antoine, 188–89, 189n, 268
leaves
anthocyanin pigments in, 314
apical dominance in, 335–36
Aristotle’s views about, 169
and circulation in plants, 92, 100–101
climbing plants and, 328
dwarfed, 111
environmental benefits of, 238
and evolution of earth, 203–17
evolution of, 203–17, 286
of flowering plants, 224, 286
of fruit cocktail tree, 325, 326, 335–36, 337
function/purpose of, 85, 169–71
as garden marvel, 344
genes for, 212, 213
Grew’s views about, 171
Hales’s views about, 171
Ingen-Housz’s experiments with, 187–88
Malpighi’s views about, 170–71
mutations of, 213
nectar and, 289
nickel in, 124, 128, 130–31
nutrients for, 111, 125
phytohormones and, 334
plant sex and, 250, 267
RuBisCO gene and, 236
Senebier’s experiments with, 188, 189
senescence of, 187
Theophrastus’s views about, 25, 28
time of dropping, 334
See also photosynthesis; specific plant or tree
Leclerc, Georges-Louis, 262
Leeuwenhoek, Antonie von, 259–60
leguminous plants, 108
Leyland, Christopher, 225, 226
Leyland cypress trees, 218, 219–26, 239
light
energy and, 239
and evolution of earth, 204
flowering plants and, 224
importance to air of, 182
Ingen-Housz’s experiments with, 187–88
intensity and duration of, 187, 188
Lavoisier’s experiments with, 189
and symbiosis of eukaryotes and cyanobacteria, 208
tracheophytes and, 210
See also photosynthesis; phototropism; sun
“liners,” 6–7
Linnaeus, Carl, 256, 267
liverwort, 117, 170, 209
Logee’s Greenhouses (Danielson, Connecticut), 4, 5
Long, Stephen, 233, 237
Lower, Richard, 46
Ma, Lena Q., 132
maggots, 262
magnesium, 125, 129–30, 212–13
Maine Maritime Museum, 151
maize, 251, 341
Malpighi, Bartolommeo, 58, 68
Malpighi, Marcello, 51–60, 61, 65, 67, 70, 71, 91–92, 93, 97, 101, 106, 170–71, 249
mammals: evolution of large, 235
manganese, 125, 206
manure, 87, 123, 287
Maria Theresa (empress of Holy Roman Empire), 184–85
“Mary Garden,” 248
medicine
influence of Catholicism on, 55, 55n
treatments for, 63
unlicensed practitioners of, 63–64
See also anatomy/dissection; specific person
meiosis, 207n
Mendel, Gregor, 268, 270, 278–80
meristem tissue, 88, 333–34, 335, 336, 342
metals, 21-22, 123
methane, 204, 223
MIC gene, 280
microburst storms, 75–77
microorganisms, 212, 260, 262–64
microscopes
criticisms of, 49n, 57
Hooke and, 41, 42–43, 46–48, 49n, 50, 260
Kassinger’s education and, 38–40
of Leeuwenhoek, 259–60
limitations of, 71
Malpighi’s work with, 53–54, 56–57, 71
optics improvement in, 42
of Priestley, 175
Shadwell’s comments about, 49n
and studies of reproduction, 268–69
University of Notre Dame collection of, 39–40
uses for, 41
minerals, 87, 110, 191, 212, 343. See also specific mineral
Mini, Paolo, 54, 57
mint plan, 180–81
Mirkov, Erik, 317n
miscanthus, 232–35, 236, 237, 238–39
“Mitchell Diploid” petunias, 306, 307, 308
mitosis, 206, 207n
mixotrophs, 23n
monoecious plants, 251, 284–85
Moray, Robert, 45
Morgan, Elroy, 154
Morland, Samuel, 261
Morton, A. G., 251
moss, 22, 209, 215, 251–52
moths, 300, 301
mucigel, 106, 107
mulberry trees: Camerer experiments with, 251
mutations, 213, 274, 278, 281, 285–86, 289, 293
mycelia, 116
mycorrhizae, 114–15, 116–17, 118, 133, 137, 158, 212, 289, 343
NADPH, 197, 198
natural selection theory, 293, 300, 304
Nature Conservancy, 131
Naylor, John, 225–26
nectar, 288–89, 295, 296, 300, 302, 329–30
Needham, John Turberville, 262–63
New York Botanical Gardens: pumpkin at, 82–83
Newton, Isaac, 94, 95, 173
nickel, 122–25, 126–32
Nicolaus of Damascus, 29
night-blooming plants, 295
nitrate, 137
nitrogen, 107–8, 108n, 123, 125, 135, 137, 327–28, 330, 344
nitrogen-fixing bacteria, 107, 108, 108n
nonwoody plants
anatomy of, 66–67
circulation in, 92
Nootka cypress trees, 225–26
Norfolk Island pine, 221, 222
nutrients
as essential for all plants, 125
eukaryotes and, 209
evolution of earth and, 217
for flowering plants, 125, 224
for fruit cocktail tree, 337
fungi and, 117
for leaves, 111, 238
macro-, 125
micro-, 125
miscanthus and, 233, 239
and perennial versus annual wheat crops, 137
for roots, 109, 110, 111, 125, 126–27, 343
selection of, 126–27
in soil, 114, 125–27
tomatoes and, 228
in water, 125–26
water-soluble, 125–26
See also specific
nutrient
oak trees, 344
oats, 332–33
oil
from algae, 341–42
photosynthesis and, 344
oilseeds, 141, 198, 341
Oldenburg, Henry, 45, 58, 59, 61, 64
On the Origin of Species (Darwin), 270, 290, 297–98, 330–31
orchids, 295, 298–300, 301, 302–4, 305
Oregon: nickel farming in, 130–31
Oregon Department of Agriculture (ODA), 131
osmosis, 110, 126
ovaries
Camerer’s studies and, 249
Grew’s studies and, 66
and how of reproduction, 257, 258, 273
in plants, 287–88, 295n, 296
See also “ovist” theory
“ovist” theory, 259, 260, 261, 265, 269–70
oxidation, 189, 189n, 198, 206
oxygen
cyanobacteria and, 205–6, 207, 208
as essential for all plants, 125, 191–92, 215
evolution of earth and, 204, 206, 215, 217
as important to animals, 215
Ingen-Housz’s studies and, 188
Lavoisier’s experiments with, 188–89
phlogiston principle and, 181, 182, 187, 188
Priestley’s studies and, 181, 187
roots and, 110
RuBisCO gene and, 236, 237
Saussure’s experiments and, 191
Senebier’s experiments with, 189
and symbiosis of eukaryotes and cyanobacteria, 207, 208
in water, 191–92
See also oxidation; photosynthesis
ozone, 205, 206
Paltroni, Giovanni Carlo Lanzi, 54, 57–58, 60
Paracelsus, 170
parenchyma tissue, 66–67, 70, 92, 93, 107, 126, 198
Parkinson, John, 20
parthenogenetical reproduction, 261, 266
Pasteur, Louis, 263n
Pavord, Anna, 32n
pea plants, 249–50, 278–79, 295n, 302, 328
peanuts, 198, 295n
pecan trees, 128
Pecquet, Jean, 91
Pepys, Samuel, 41, 42, 49
perennial plants
annual plants compared with, 135–48
See also type of plant
Perrault, Claude, 92
pesticides/insecticides, 127, 132
petals
in Amborella trichopoda, 285
Darwin’s studies and, 293, 299
evolution of, 286, 289
of flowering plants, 285, 286, 289, 299
on petunias, 271–72, 274, 278, 280
plant sex and, 256, 277
Petunia axillaris, 273–74, 279
Petunia hybrida, 273
Petunia integrifolia, 273–74, 279
petunias
at Ball Horticultural Company, 271–72, 275–78
black, 272, 277, 280–81, 311, 344
breeding of, 273–81, 305, 306–14
Clark’s work with, 305, 306–14
fragrance of, 273, 306–14
garden, 273, 274, 306
green, 277, 278, 279, 281
hybrids of, 273, 274
petals on, 271–72, 274, 278, 280
photosynthesis and, 278