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Invisible Armies: An Epic History of Guerrilla Warfare From Ancient Times to the Present

Page 84

by Max Boot

Abu Nidal, 466, 517

  Abu Sayyaf, 548

  Abyssinia, 266, 292, 296–99

  Achaemenid dynasty, 16

  Action Directe, 456

  Adams, John, 384

  Adams, Samuel, 65, 76

  Addis Ababa, 266, 297

  Aden, 70, 318, 325, 391, 392, 397, 513

  al Qaeda in, 521, 523

  Adenauer, Konrad, 379

  Adrianople, xxxii, 26–27

  Aeneas Tacticus, 54

  Aetolians, 5

  Affaires de l’Angleterre et de l’Amérique, 76

  Afghanistan, 6, xxxiii, 163–72, 125, 175, 345, 479, 514, 524, 548, 564

  al Qaeda in, 516, 521–22, 526, 530

  bin Laden in, 516, 519, 521–22, 526

  “blowback” and, 497

  British in, 42, 70, 125, 127, 163–71, 173, 184, 187, 325, 390, 487, 499

  civil action in, 493

  civilians abused in, 492–93

  as “graveyard of empires,” 169, 499

  Karzai in, 416

  Marjah meeting in (Oct. 23, 2011), 551–56

  mujahideen in, xxvi, 484, 487–91, 493, 495–500, 504, 519, 566

  Northern Alliance in, 479, 500, 522, 526

  refugees from, 492, 493, 499

  Soviet bombing campaign in, 485, 490, 491, 492

  Soviets in, xxvi, 42, 54, 84, 166, 485–500, 514, 519–20, 525, 526, 546, 562, 564

  Soviet withdrawal from, 498–99

  Taliban in, 340, 479, 493, 499–500, 516, 521, 526, 552

  U.S. war in, xxvii, xxix, 127, 166, 176, 180, 194, 345, 469, 497, 513, 526, 540, 546, 548

  Afghan War, First, xxv, 125, 127, 163–68, 173, 325

  Afghan War, Second, 125, 169–70, 187

  Afghan War, Third, 125, 170–71

  Africa, xxxii, 12, 57, 124–25, 203, 266, 318, 323, 348, 394–95, 478

  Barbary pirates from, 106

  decolonization in, 279, 324, 325, 326

  ethnic and tribal conflict in, 484

  Haitian slaves’ link to, 93, 94

  imperial wars in, 124, 127, 128–29, 139, 177, 178, 184–200

  “Scramble for,” 129

  sub-Saharan, 10, 128

  U.S. embassies bombed in, 507, 516, 523

  wars of national liberation in, xxv, 326, 363–77

  African National Congress, 374

  African troops, in Indochina, 356, 360

  Afrikaners, 189, 199

  Aga Khan, 208

  agriculture, 9, 26, 132–33

  farm burning, 191–92, 194, 196

  in Haiti, 93

  of Indians, 135, 145, 146

  Aguinaldo, Emilio, 198, 565

  Air Force, U.S., 361, 402, 421

  Air France, 369

  Air France Flight 139, 450–56

  airlines, airplanes, 229, 241, 289, 301, 344, 371, 386, 517, 528

  accidents in, 518, 520

  hijackings, 261, 447, 450–56, 458, 464, 466, 505, 525

  psychological warfare and, 386

  Akbar Khan, Muhammad, 167–69, 487

  Akerman, Amos T., 222

  Akkad, Akkadians, xxxii, 13–14, 20, 21, 41, 80, 278, 308, 555

  Alamut, 154, 207, 208

  al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade, 471, 473

  al-Asifa (the Storm), 462

  Alaska, 157

  Albania, 310

  Alegría de Pío, 428, 435, 436

  Alexander II, Tsar of Russia, 161, 162, 232, 235–40, 252, 270

  Alexander III, Tsar of Russia, 240

  Alexander the Great, xxxiii, 5–6, 53, 54, 169

  Algeria, 15, 100, 181, 183, 318, 390, 394, 448, 478, 511, 513, 514, 517, 526, 528, 540, 546

  Abd el-Kader in, 162

  Armed Islamic Group in, 478, 523

  civic-action programs in, 368

  civil war in, 375

  Fatah and, 461

  FLN in, 322, 365, 367–76

  “reconcentration” policies in, 381, 382

  torture in, 364–66, 371–72, 375, 376, 386

  War of Independence in, xxv, 79, 318, 363–77, 392, 398, 416, 469, 560

  Algerian Federation of Mayors, 369

  Algiers, 318, 365, 369–76, 482

  Bab-el-Oued in, 375

  Casbah in, 370–71, 375

  civil insurrection in (May 1958), 373

  Algiers, Battle of (1956–57), 369–72, 376

  Algonquin, 135, 139

  Ali, 277

  Alleg, Henri, 365–66, 371, 372

  Allen, W. E. D., 291

  Allenby, Edmund, 282, 298, 312, 566

  Al Manar (The Lighthouse), 508

  al Masada (the Lions’ Den), 519

  Al Qaeda, xxiii, 162, 342, 484, 515–28, 532

  in Afghanistan, 516, 521–22, 526, 530

  assassinations and, 22, 521

  first terrorist attack of, 521

  funding for, 521, 522

  Hezbollah compared with, 503, 513

  Hezbollah’s training of, 507

  “martyrdom” operations as specialty of, 522–23, 524

  in Pakistan, 479

  regeneration of, 547–48

  Services Office as precursor to, 519

  suicide bombers and, 516

  Taliban and, 500, 516

  see also September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks

  Al Qaeda al-Askariya, 520

  Al Qaeda in Iraq (AQI), xxvi, xxviii–xxix, 22, 161, 478, 484, 529–34, 545, 547, 555, 565, 566

  fundraising of, 532

  Petraeus’s focus on, 542–43

  Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, 478, 547

  Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, 478, 547

  Al Sahab (the Clouds), 523

  Amalekite, 9

  Amara, Ali (Ali la Pointe), 369, 370, 372

  Amazonia, 10

  ambushes, 167, 419

  at Alegría de Pío, 428, 435

  Beth-horon, 1–3, 170

  in Bolivia, 446

  Indian, 132, 136–37

  in Ireland, 246, 254, 256

  in Malaya, 380–81, 385

  Marighella in, 448

  American Indians, 63, 79

  fighting style of, 10, 11, 72, 103, 135

  as French allies, 61

  nomads compared with, 157

  American Indian wars, xxv, 53, 131–53, 173, 200, 205, 399

  Boer War compared with, 186, 192, 194, 195

  demographic disadvantage in, 137–38, 146

  in East, 72, 124, 132–40, 146, 153

  fighting the KKK vs., 222, 224

  lack of unity in, 137, 138–39, 174, 199

  Malaya compared with, 381, 386

  restraint vs. massacre in, 368

  in West, 17, 124, 127, 141–53

  American Revolution, xxv, 56, 59, 62–80, 101, 123, 183, 235, 258, 309, 343, 384, 408, 489, 511, 560, 562, 563

  Boer War and, 189

  British unwillingness to compromise in, 170–71

  Dien Bien Phu compared with, 362–63

  French in, 74–78, 99, 107, 566

  lessons of, 77–79

  Marion in, 72–74, 199, 290

  Peninsular War compared with, 88, 89, 90

  public opinion and, 75–77, 338, 376–77

  American University (Beirut), 505

  Amery, Leo, 184–85, 199

  Ames, Kingsley, 321

  Ames, Lieutenant, 252

  Amherst, Jeffrey, 76

  Amin, Hafizullah, 486

  Amin Dada, Idi, 451, 454, 455, 476

  Amman, 478, 531

  Ammianus Marcellinus, 27–28

  Amorites, 14, 15

  Amritsar, 255

  Anabasis (Xenophon), 189

  anarchists, anarchism, 203, 209–10, 226–34, 243, 258, 260, 263, 272, 449, 451, 458, 475, 531, 564

  bombings by, 226–27, 230–31

  government and international response to, 232–33

  lack of command structure and, 231–32

  Nihilists compared with, 235

  panic caused b
y, 231

  philosophers of, 228–29

  Anatolia, 266, 278

  Anbar Province, 478, 533, 543–44, 554

  Andalusia, 84

  Anderson, David, 367

  Anderson, Terry, 505

  Androutses, Odysseus, 104

  Anglo-Egyptian army, 282

  Anglo-Pashtun Wars (1849–1945), xxv, 125, 172–76

  Angola, 326, 367, 397, 566

  Antiochus IV, Seleucid king, 6

  anti-Semitism, 271, 294, 307, 451

  antiwar movement, U.S., 417, 420, 499

  Antony, Mark, 23

  Anzio, Battle of (1944), 383

  Apache, 17, 144, 148, 149

  Apache gunships, 507

  Appian, 22

  Aqaba, 266, 274, 280–81, 284, 286

  AQI, see Al Qaeda in Iraq

  Arabian Peninsula, 45, 278, 515

  Arab League, 466

  Arab rebellion (1936–39), 266, 294–96, 318, 461

  Arab Revolt (1916–18), 266, 274–77, 286, 312, 379, 544

  Arabs, 30, 42, 53, 289, 343, 391, 458

  captured terrorists released by, 466

  Lawrence and, 116, 275, 276

  Palestinians and, 461–66

  Taliban and, 500

  Turks vs., 274–83, 286

  Arab Spring (2011), 514, 547, 548

  Arafat, Yassar, xxvi, xxix, 115, 235, 397, 459–75, 481

  background of, 460–61

  bin Laden compared with, 517, 519, 523

  Black September and, 464–66

  cartoon watching of, 460

  death of, 472, 513

  Karameh battle and, 463–64

  marriage of, 470

  near death of, 469

  peace process and, 469, 470

  political astuteness of, 462

  as survivor, 467–68

  trademarks of, 462

  turning point for, 466

  Arapaho, 142, 144

  Arawak Indians, 99, 136

  Arbenz, Jacobo, 434

  archery, mounted, 35, 41, 43

  Argentina, 110, 394, 433–34, 444, 447, 448

  Arizona, 149

  Arjam, Jayel Naji al-, 450–52

  Arkansas, 221

  Armed Islamic Group, 478, 523

  Armenia, Armenians, 261, 509

  Armenian Dashnak, 243

  Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Dashnak Party), 243, 261

  armies, 32, 38, 53, 368

  feudal, 44

  limited native resistance and, 128, 129, 130, 139

  national, spread of, 59–60

  origin of, 9–10, 13

  transition to, 42–43

  Arminius, 20, 21

  army, British, 61, 63–70, 95–96, 116, 147, 166–70, 184–87, 263, 274–75, 286, 295–96, 309, 399

  Army, U.S., xviii, 63, 258, 309, 401–4, 537

  abuses of, 494–95

  counterinsurgency (COIN)and, 540–46

  Indian Wars and, 141–52, 173, 368, 386

  lack of family foe connection in, 173

  in Philippines, 402, 403

  Army Air Forces, U.S., 301

  Army Commandos, 289

  Army of Retribution, 169

  Army of the Indus, 166–68

  Army of the Vosges, 119

  Army Quarterly, 285–86

  Army Rangers, U.S., 62, 290, 415

  Army Reserves, U.S., 401

  Army Special Forces, U.S. (Green Berets), 414–15

  Arrian, 5–6

  Art of War, The (Sun Tzu), 32

  Ashurnasirpal II, King of Assyria, 19–20

  Asia, xxxiii, 38, 125, 266–67, 319, 323, 395, 479

  decolonization in, 279, 324

  imperial wars in, 125, 128, 139, 154–81

  tsarist Russia’s advance in, 157–63

  wars of national liberation in, xxv

  assassinations, assassins, 22–23, 159, 170, 205–8, 210, 258–61, 269–72

  Algerian War and, 373, 374–75

  al Qaeda and, 22, 521, 527

  by anarchists, 230, 232

  of Castro, 414

  in Cuba, 432

  of Franz Ferdinand, 261, 266, 269–71

  by IMRO, 260–61

  Irish struggles and, 246, 252–53, 258–59, 264

  by Israel, 465–66, 467

  of Kennedy, 417

  of Lumumba, 443

  in Middle East, 283

  of Trotsky, 435

  in tsarist Russia, 232, 235–44, 252, 270

  use of term, 206

  in World War II, 307

  Assassins, xxv, 154, 206–8, 260, 264, 504, 508, 516

  Associated Press, 249

  Assyrians, Assyria, 19–20, 21, 80, 139–40, 158

  Assyrian strategy, 139–40

  astrologers, 409

  Athens, 4–5, 19, 266, 395, 450

  Atlantic Ocean, 56, 106, 124, 202, 318, 394

  Atlas Mountains, 182–83

  Atlee, Clement, 324

  atomic bombs, 361

  Attila the Hun, 28–29

  Augustus, 23

  Aung San, 306, 307

  Aung San Suu Kyi, 306

  Auschwitz, 453

  Aussaresses, Paul, 368, 371

  Australia, 10, 51, 101, 290

  Austria, 81, 89, 102, 185

  anarchism in, 232

  Italy and, 109, 112–16, 118

  liberals and, 109, 123

  War of Succession in, 57, 60–61

  Austro-Hungarian Empire, 261, 269–71, 311

  Autonomie Club, 229

  Autumn Harvest uprising (Sept. 1927), 332–33, 429

  Auxiliary Division (Auxies), 253, 254, 259, 263

  Avars, 17, 30, 54

  Ayiri, Yusuf al-, 524

  Azef, Evno, 245

  Azerbaijan, 509

  Aztecs, 136

  Azzam, Abdullah, 519–20

  Baader, Andreas, 458

  Baader-Meinhof Gang (Red Army Faction), xxvi, 210, 259, 394, 450–52, 456, 457–58, 467, 476, 503, 564, 569

  Babur, 169

  Babylonians, 20

  Bactria, 6

  Baddeley, John F., 158, 162

  Baghdad, xvii–xx, 13, 266, 283, 375, 478, 532, 538–39, 544, 545, 552

  bombings in, 529

  Green Zone in, xix

  Petraeus’s arrival in, 542

  Bagram airbase, 485, 490, 494

  Bailén, 84

  Bakunin, Mikhail, 228–29, 231

  Bali bombing (2002), 527

  Balkans, 17, 51, 61, 102, 260–61, 310–12, 478, 562

  Baltic states, 308

  bandits, xxii, xxiii, 25, 60, 90

  Chinese, 179, 180, 333

  FLN fellaghas, 367–68, 372

  Greek (klephts), 103–4

  “social,” 51, 242–43

  Bangalore torpedoes, 360

  Bangkok, 466

  banks, 242, 261, 447

  Banna, Hassan al-, 481

  Bannockburn, Battle of, 49–50

  Bao Dai, Emperor, 356, 407, 410, 412

  Baqubah, 478, 532, 545

  Barak, Ehud, 453, 465, 470, 510

  barbarian invasions (370–476), xxxii, 26–30

  Barbary pirates, 106

  barbed wire, 194, 360, 366, 371

  Barbour, John, 46, 48–49

  Bariatinsky, Prince Alexander, 161, 200

  Bar Kokhba revolt, xxxii, 7

  Barrientos, René, 444, 445

  Barron, Julia, 221

  Barrow, Geoffrey, 48

  Basayev, Shamil, 160

  Basij, 505

  Basque ETA, 210, 397, 456, 459

  Basra, 478, 544

  Bass, Gary, 107

  Bataillon Bigeard, 348–49

  Batista, Fulgencio, 30, 428–33, 435–41, 448, 449, 456

  amnesty of, 432–33

  flight of, 439

  Battalion Landing Team, 502

  “Battle Hymn of the Republic, The” (song), 217

  Battle of Algiers (film), 370


  Battle Update and Assessment, 543

  Bavaria, in War of Austrian Succession, 60–61

  Bay of Pigs, 414

  Bazargan, Mehdi, 482

  Baz Gul, Hajji, 553

  BBC, 523

  Bedouin, 42, 45, 274, 275, 277–78, 279, 544

  Begin, Menachim, 474

  Beirut, xxix, 452, 462, 467, 478

  airport in, 502, 510

  Hezbollah in, 501–6, 510

  Iraqi embassy in, 504

  Marines in, 484, 501–4, 506

  Operation Springtime of Youth in, 465

  U.S. embassy in, 502, 504

  Beit Horon, 3

  Bekaa Valley, xxix, 478, 503, 506, 508

  Belgium, 122, 256, 325, 394, 456, 464

  in World War II, 288, 290, 307

  Belgrade, 312

  Bell, Madison Smartt, 96

  Ben Bella, Ahmed, 373

  Bengal, 260

  Bengazi, 266

  Bennett, Lieutenant, 252

  Benson, George Elliot, 196

  Bentham, Jeremy, 106

  Berg, Nicholas, 531

  Bergen, Peter, 522, 531

  Berkman, Alexander, 232

  Berlin Wall, fall of, 273, 458

  Bernstein, Leonard, 398

  Beslan school siege, 160, 528

  Beth-horon, ambush at, 1–3, 170

  Biafra, 397

  Bible, 6, 293

  Bigeard, Marcel, 537

  Algerian War and, 370, 376

  Indochina War and, 348–49, 359–61, 363

  Bill of Rights, U.S., 408

  bin Abd al-Wahhabi, Muhammad, 481

  Binh Xuyen, 353, 407, 410–12

  bin Laden, Muhammad, 517–18, 519

  bin Laden, Osama, 496, 504, 508, 515–26, 530, 534

  in Afghanistan, 516, 519, 521–22, 526

  background of, 517–18

  death of, 547–49

  Mao compared with, 332–33

  media and propaganda and, 115, 122, 515–16, 519, 523

  in Pakistan, 333, 496, 519, 526, 547

  Saudi Arabia and, 483, 516

  suicide bombers and, 500, 516

  bin Laden, Salem, 518, 520

  Birth of a Nation (film), 225

  Bismarck, Otto von, 115, 119–20

  Black and Tans, 253, 255, 256, 258, 263, 390

  Black Banner group, 243

  “Black Flags,” 179

  Black Hand, 261, 270

  “Black Hawk Down” battle, 65

  Black Hundreds vigilantes, 242

  Black International, 232

  Black Jack, Battle of (1861), 214

  Black Kettle, Chief, 143

  Black Panthers, 397, 398, 456

  blacks, 457

  in Haiti, 92–99

  KKK and, 218–25

  in South Africa, 188, 191, 192, 194, 195, 197

  Black Sea, 158, 266, 318, 478

  Black September, 464–66

  Blackshirts, 271

  “Black Tulip,” 494

  Black Watch, 185–86

  “Black Week” (1899), 184–85, 187

  Blanch, Lesley, 158

  Bleda, 28

  Bloch, Dora, 455

  Bloemfontein, 187, 188–89

  Blood, Bindon, 174

  Blood Brotherhood, 272

  Bloody Sunday (Jan. 30, 1972), 391

 

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