Mary Queen of Scots
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French histories
Only a few, relevant books on French history can be listed here: Julia Cartwright, Christina of Denmark, Duchess of Milan and Lorraine (New York: Dutton, 1913); Henry Evennett, The Cardinal of Lorraine and the Council of Trent: A Study in the Counter-Reformation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1930); N.M. Sutherland, The French Secretaries of State in the Age of Catherine de Medici (London: London University, 1962); De Lamar Jensen, Diplomacy and Dogmatism:Bernardino de Mendoza and the French Catholic League (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964); Frederic Baumgartner, Henry II, King of France, 1547–1559 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1988); Keith Cameron (ed.),From Valois to Bourbon (Exeter: Exeter University Press, 1989); Mack Holt, The French Wars of Religion, 1562–1629 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); David Potter, A History of France, 1460–1560: The Emergence of a Nation State (London: Macmillan, 1995); R.J. Knecht, French Renaissance Monarchy: Francis I and Henry II (Harlow: Longman, 1996); and Stuart Carroll, Noble Power During the French Wars of Religion: The Guise Affinity and the Catholic Cause in Normandy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
Women’s history
A knowledge of women’s history is essential to an understanding of sixteenth-century culture and the writing of women’s biography. See, for example, R.A. Houston, “Women in the Economy and Society of Scotland,” in Houston and I.D. Whyte (eds), Scottish Society, 1500–1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989); Joy Hendry, “‘Lying in the Asylum of Taciturnity:’ Women’s History in Scotland,” in Ian Donnachie and Christopher Whatley (eds), The Manufacture of Scottish History (Edinburgh: Polygon, 1991); John Parsons (ed.), Medieval Queenship (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1993); Maureen M. Meikle, “Victims, Viragoes, and Vamps: Women of the Sixteenth-Century Anglo-Scottish Frontier,” in John Appleby and Paul Dalton (eds), Government, Religion and Society in Northern England, 1000–1700 (Stroud: Sutton, 1997); Sara Mendelson and Pauline Crawford, Women in Early Modern England, 1550–1720 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1998); Megan Matchinske, Writing, Gender, and State in Early Modern England: Identity Formation and the Female Subject(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Terry Brotherstone, Deborah Simonton, and Oonagh Walsh (eds),Gendering Scottish History (Glasgow: Cruithne Press, 1999); and Laurence Normand and Gareth Roberts, Witchcraft in Early Modern Scotland: James VI’s Demonology and the North Berwick Witches (Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 2000).
Family and gender studies
Ralph Houlbrooke, The English Family, 1450–1700 (Harlow: Longman, 1984); Mervyn James, Society, Politics and Culture in Early Modern England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); M. Lindsay Kaplan, The Culture of Slander in Early Modern England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); and Elizabeth Foyster, Manhood in Early Modern England; Honor, Sex, and Marriage (Harlow: Longman, 1999) explore how definitions of honor affected familial and gender relationships. For widows, see Sue Walker (ed.), Wife and Widow in Medieval England (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, 1993); and Sandra Covallo and Lydan Warner (eds), Widowhood in Medieval and Early Modern Europe (Harlow: Longman, 1999). For reproduction see, Angus McLaren, Reproductive Rituals: The Perception of Fertility in England from the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Century (London: Methuen, 1984).
History of sexuality and rape
James Brundage, Law, Sex and Christian Society in Medieval Europe (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1987) is required reading for insights into the history of sexuality in Europe. Rosalind Mitchison and Leah Leneman, Sexuality and Social Control: Scotland 1680–1780 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989); and Laura Gowring, Domestic Dangers: Women, Words and Sex in Early Modern London(Oxford: Clarendon, 1996) are important for an understanding of the British context. Of the numerous publications on rape and abduction, the following are useful: Sylvana Tomaselli and Roy Porter (eds), Rape (Oxford: Blackwell, 1986); Beverly Brown, Michele Burman and Lynn Jamieson, Sex Crimes on Trial: The Use of Sexual Evidence in Scottish Courts(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1993); Jocelyn Catty, Writing Rape, Writing Women in Early Modern England: Unbridled Speech (London: Macmillan, 1999); Georges Vigarello, A History of Rape: Sexual Violence from the 16th to the 20th Century, ed. Jean Birrell (Cambridge: Polity, 2001).
Rituals and symbols in an historical setting
Victor Turner, From Ritual to Theatre: The Human Seriousness of Play (New York: Performing Arts Journal Publications, 1982), studies the drama of human relationships. Peter Burke, The Historical Anthropology of Early Modern Italy: Essays on Perception and Communication (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987); and Mary Hazard, Elizabethan Silent Language (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2000) examine the use of body language. William Coster, Baptism and Spiritual Kinship in Early Modern England (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2000) explores godparents’ roles. For questions about preparation for death and for martyrdom, see K. Jankofsy, “Public Executions in England and in the Late Middle Ages: The Indignity and Dignity of Death,” Omega: The Journal of Death and Dying, 10, 1979; and Anne Dillon, The Construction of Martyrdom in the English Catholic Community, 1535–1603 (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2002). Governmental and legal structures of early modern Europe Ernest Satow, Satow’s Guide to Diplomatic Practice, 5th edn (Harlow: Longman, 1979); J.H. Elliot, “A Europe of Composite Monarchies,” Past and Present, 137, 1992; Richard Mackenny,Sixteenth Century Europe: Expansion and Conflict (London: Macmillan 1993 ); and Hendrik Spruyt, The Sovereign State and Its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems Change (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994) reveal the complexity of early modern diplomacy and monarchical structures. Jenny Kermode and Garthine Walker (eds), Women, Crime, and the Courts in Early Modern England (London: UCL Press, 1994); and Malcolm Gaskill, Crime and Mentalities in Early Modern England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), investigate trial procedures and cases.
Medical studies
For evidence of acute intermittent porphyria, see Norman Moore, History of the Study of Medicine in the British Isles(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908); Ida Macalpine and Richard Hunter, George III and the Mad-Business (London: Lane, 1969); and Sara Jayne Steen, “‘How Subject to Interpretation:’ Lady Arbella Stuart and the Reading of Illness,” in James Daybell (ed.), Early Modern Women’s Letter Writing, 1450–1700 (New York: Palgrave, 2001). F.F. Cartwright, A SocialHistory of Medicine (Harlow: Longman, 1977) offers a good survey. See also, Georges Vigarello, Concepts of Cleanliness: Changing Attitudes in France, trans. Jean Birrell (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Retha M. Warnicke is Professor of History at Arizona State University. She has published widely on Tudor and Stuart history, women’s history and cultural history and is the author of The Marrying of Anne of Cleves: Royal Protocol in Tudor England (2000) and The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn: Family Politics at the Court of Henry VIII (1991).
ROUTLEDGE HISTORICAL BIOGRAPHIES
SERIES EDITOR: ROBERT PEARCE
Routledge Historical Biographies provide engaging, readable and academically credible biographies written from an explicitly historical perspective. These concise and accessible accounts will bring important historical figures to life for students and general readers alike.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
After deciding to write this biography of Mary Stewart, I read widely in the field of Scottish history before turning to studies of her and then to the primary sources. I discovered that I knew more Scottish history than I had originally thought, but not nearly enough to complete this book. In the last few decades, many historians have provided significant revisionist approaches to the Scottish Renaissance and Reformation by exploring new research topics, especially on gender issues but also on other social and cultural topics. Scotland’s political, religious and cultural importance on the British Isles has also received attention even from historians who have traditionally focused on England.
In completing my research I had the assistance of Dr Deborah Sim
onton and Dr Karen Miller in the United Kingdom, Katia Scio in France, and my Ph.D. student, Tara Wood. My thanks are due also to Dr Philip Soergel, University of Maryland at College Park, Dr Mack Holt, George Mason University, and Dr Robert Mueller, Utah State University, Utah Basin Campus, for their helpful suggestions. I am grateful for the financial assistance of Arizona State University’s Center for Religion and Conflict and History Department, which made possible my trips to various libraries and archives. The Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies here has also long supported my scholarly endeavors.
The Hayden Library Inter-library Loan Department at Arizona State University has diligently obtained numerous books from around the world for me. The cooperation of the staffs of several other libraries and archives was important to the completion of this book: the British Library, the Institute of Historical Research, the Public Record Office, the National Library of Scotland, the Folger Shakespeare Library, the Huntington Library, and the Bibliothèque Nationale.
I have presented some of my findings on Mary, Queen of Scots, at sessions of the Renaissance Society of Southern California Conference and at the Pacific Coast Conference on British Studies. At a conference on Tudor history sponsored by the Huntington Library, I also gave a paper on the marriage of women rulers, which contained a few excerpts from this book and which appeared in Studies in Medieval and Renaissance History, co-edited by Philip Soergel and Andrew Barnes.
I am grateful for the willingness of Robert Pearce, the editor of this biographical series, to read and reread the manuscript, offering many insightful criticisms. The staff at Routledge, Liz Gooster, the acting commissioning editor, and Philippa Grand, her editorial assistant, led me through the publication process expertly, choosing anonymous readers who helped clarify some misstatements and inaccuracies. My family, as always, has been extremely supportive: my husband, Ronald, my daughter Margaretha, my son Robert, and his wife Cynthia, who gave birth to my granddaughter Winter in January 2005. Members of Ronald’s law firm, especially John Dionne, provided copying services and other assistance, and Margaretha read the book’s original introduction, offering a few key suggestions that I gladly incorporated.
I discovered in reading about this first Scottish queen regnant that modern writers have often been more critical of some of her decisions, especially the one to seek aid in England, than was Sir Francis Knollys, her first, reluctant English guardian. He was of the opinion in 1568 that she fled to his realm because she had no safe refuge in Scotland and no secure means of going to France. Historical analysis has seldom been so generous.
During her seven years in Scotland from 1561 to 1568, she faced four armed rebellions, two unrelated abduction scares, had an intruder secrete himself in her bedchamber twice, witnessed a murderous assault on her French secretary, lost her husband to foul play, underwent abduction, rape, and a forced marriage that led her to threaten suicide, faced a public attack on her honor in which she was called a whore, was imprisoned at Lochleven, and was compelled to abdicate. In the midst of these adversities, she managed to give birth to her son, who succeeded her. She also suffered from a chronic illness that left her crippled by the time she was 40 years old.
It seems appropriate that while I was writing this book about the first queen regnant on the British Isles that my first grandchild was born female. I hope that when it is time for Winter to seek employment that she will find no path left untrod by earlier females and that the opportunities and pitfalls of becoming the first woman in a field will no longer exist. It is true that unlike this first Scottish queen regnant, most modern first women do not have to encounter life-threatening assaults or abduction threats, but they have faced professional challenges that have and can be very troubling. I, therefore, dedicate this book to these pioneering women, from the early modern queens regnant to modern faculty members, astronauts, prime ministers, and others in less prominent employments. Understanding Mary Stewart’s life reminds us of how difficult the first woman’s journey for professional acceptance and respect has been and can still be.
COPYRIGHT
First published 2006 by Routledge
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Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge, 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
Copyright © 2006 Retha M. Warnicke
All rights reserved.
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2006.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication DataWarnicke, Retha M.
Mary, Queen of Scots / Retha M. Warnicke.
p. cm. — (Routledge historical biographies)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Mary, Queen of Scots, 1542-1587. 2. Scotland—History—Mary Stuart, 1542-1567. 3. Great Britain—History—Elizabeth, 1558-1603. 4. Queens—Scotland—
Biography. I. Title. II. Series.
DA787.A1W37 2006
941.105’092—dc22
2005024109
ISBN-10: 0415291828
ISBN-13: 978-0415291828 (hbk)
ISBN-10: 0415291836
ISBN-13: 978-0415291835 (pbk)