The Beak of the Finch: A Story of Evolution in Our Time

by Jonathan Weiner

  Ehrlich, Paul, and Anne Ehrlich. 1981. Extinction. New York: Random House.

  Ehrlich, Paul R., Richard W. Holm, and Dennis R. Parnell. 1974. The Processes of Evolution. New York: McGraw-Hill.

  Emerson, Ralph Waldo. 1983. “Spiritual Laws.” In Essays and Lectures. Ed. Joel Porte, The Library of America 15. New York: Library of America. 305–23.

  Endler, John A. 1977. Geographic Variation, Speciation, and Clines. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

  _____. 1978. “A Predator’s View of Animal Color Patterns.” Evolutionary Biology 11:319–64.

  _____. 1980. “Natural Selection on Color Patterns in Poecilia reticulata.” Evolution 34:76–91.

  _____. 1982. “Convergent and Divergent Effects of Natural Selection on Color Patterns in Two Fish Faunas.” Evolution 36:178–88.

  _____. 1983. “Natural and Sexual Selection on Color Patterns in Poeciliid Fishes.” Environmental Biology of Fishes 9:173–90.

  _____. 1986. Natural Selection in the Wild. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

  _____. 1986. “The Newer Synthesis? Some Conceptual Problems in Evolutionary Biology.” Oxford Surveys in Evolutionary Biology 3:224–43.

  _____. 1988. “Sexual Selection and Predation Risk in Guppies.” Nature 332:593–94.

  _____. 1989. “Conceptual and Other Problems in Speciation.” In Speciation. See Otte and Endler, eds. 1989, 625–48.

  Endler, John A., and Tracy McLellan. 1988. “The Processes of Evolution: Toward a Newer Synthesis.” Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 19:395–421.

  Evans, L. T. 1984. “Darwin’s Use of the Analogy between Artificial and Natural Selection.” Journal of the History of Biology 17:113–40.

  Feder, Jeffrey L. 1989. “The Biochemical Genetics of Host Race Formation and Sympatric Speciation in Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae).” Dissertation, Michigan State University.

  _____. 1990. “The Ecology and Genetics of Host Race Formation in Rhagoletis pomonella.” Research proposal, Princeton University.

  Feder, Jeffrey L., and Guy L. Bush. 1989. “A Field Test of Differential Host-Plant Usage between Two Sibling Species of Rhagoletis pomonella Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Its Consequences for Sympatric Models of Speciation.” Evolution 43:1813–19.

  _____. 1989. “Gene Frequency Clines for Host Races of Rhagoletis pomonella in the Midwestern United States.” Heredity 63:245–66.

  Feder, Jeffrey L., Charles A. Chilcote, and Guy L. Bush. 1988. “Genetic Differentiation between Sympatric Host Races of the Apple Maggot Fly, Rhagoletis pomonella.” Nature 336:61–64.

  _____. 1989. “Are the Apple Maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella, and Blueberry Maggot, R. mendax, Distinct Species? Implications for Sympatric Speciation.” Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 51:113–23.

  _____. 1990. “The Geographic Pattern of Genetic Differentiation between Host Associated Populations of Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the Eastern United States and Canada.” Evolution 44:570–94.

  _____. 1990. “Regional, Local and Microgeographic Allele Frequency Variation between Apple and Hawthorn Populations of Rhagoletis pomonella in Western Michigan.” Evolution 44:595–608.

  Fiorito, Graziano, and Pietro Scotto. 1992. “Observational Learning in Octopus vulgaris.” Science 256:545–47.

  FitzRoy, Robert. 1839. Narrative of the Surveying Voyages of His Majesty’s Ships Adventure and Beagle, between the Years 1826 and 1836, Describing Their Examination of the Southern Shores of South America, and the Beagle’s Circumnavigation of the Globe. 3 vols. and app. London: Henry Colburn.

  Fleischer, Robert C, Sheila Conant, and Marie P. Morin. 1991. “Genetic Variation in Native and Translocated Populations of the Laysan Finch (Telespiza cantans).” Heredity 66:125–30.

  Fleischer, Robert C, and Richard F. Johnston. 1982. “Natural Selection on Body Size and Proportions in House Sparrows.” Nature 298:747–49.

  _____. 1984. “The Relationship between Winter Climate and Selection on Body Size of House Sparrows.” Canadian Journal of Zoology 62:405–10.

  Ford, E. B. 1960. “Evolution in Progress.” In Evolution after Darwin. See Tax, ed. 1980, 181–96.

  _____. 1975. Ecological Genetics. 4th ed. London: Chapman & Hall.

  Freed, Leonard A., Sheila Conant, and Robert C. Fleischer. 1987. “Evolutionary Ecology and Radiation of Hawaiian Passerine Birds.” Trends in Ecology and Evolution 2:196–203.

  Futuyma, Douglas J. 1986. Evolutionary Biology. 2nd ed. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates.

  Gao, Feng, et al. 1992. “Human Infection by Genetically Diverse SIV SM-Related HIV-2 in West Africa.” Nature 358:495–99.

  Garcia-Bustos, Jose, and Alexander Tomasz. 1990. “A Biological Price of Antibiotic Resistance: Major Changes in the Peptidoglycan Structure of Penicillin-Resistant Pneumococci.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 87:5415–19.

  Gelter, Hans P., H. Lisle Gibbs, and Peter T. Boag. “Large Deletions in the Control Region of Darwin’s Finch Mitochondrial DNA: Evolutionary and Functional Implications.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, in press.

  Georghiou, George P. 1986. “The Magnitude of the Resistance Problem.” In Pesticide Resistance. See Roush and Tabashnik, eds., 1986, 14–43.

  Gibbons, Ann. 1992. “Exploring New Strategies to Fight Drug-Resistant Microbes.” Science 257:1036–38.

  Gibbs, H. Lisle. 1988. “Heritability and Selection on Clutch Size in Darwin’s Medium Ground Finches (Geospiza fortis).” Evolution 42:750–62.

  Gibbs, H. Lisle, and Peter R. Grant. 1987. “Adult Survivorship in Darwin’s Ground Finch (Geospiza) Populations in a Variable Environment.” Journal of Animal Ecology 56:797–813.

  _____. 1987. “Ecological Consequences of an Exceptionally Strong El Niño Event on Darwin’s Finches.” Ecology 68:1735–46.

  _____. 1987. “Oscillating Selection on Darwin’s Finches.” Nature 327:511–13.

  _____. 1989. “Inbreeding in Darwin’s Medium Ground Finches (Geospiza fortis).” Evolution 43:1273–84.

  Gibbs, H. Lisle, Peter R. Grant, and Jon Weiland. 1984. “Breeding of Darwin’s Finches at an Unusually Early Age in an El Niño Year.” Auk 101:873–74.

  Gill, Frank B. 1980. “Historical Aspects of Hybridization between Blue-Winged and Golden-Winged Warblers.” Auk 97:1–18.

  _____. 1989. Ornithology. New York: W. H. Freeman.

  Gillespie, Neal C. 1979. Charles Darwin and the Problem of Creation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  Gingerich, Philip D. 1983. “Rates of Evolution: Effects of Time and Temporal Scaling.” Science 222:159–61.

  Gish, Duane T. 1979. Evolution? The Fossils Say No! San Diego: Creation-Life Publishers.

  Godard, R. 1991. “Long-Term Memory of Individual Neighbours in a Migratory Songbird.” Nature 330:228–29.

  Gorman, Owen T., et al. 1990. “Evolution of the Nucleoprotein Gene of Influenza A Virus.” Journal of Virology 64:1487–97.

  Gould, Fred. 1991. “The Evolutionary Potential of Crop Pests.” American Scientist 79:496–507.

  Gould, James L., and Carol Grant Gould. 1989. Sexual Selection. New York: Scientific American Library.

  Gould, Stephen Jay. 1983. Hen’s Teeth and Horses’ Toes. New York: W. W. Norton.

  _____. 1989. Wonderful Life. New York: W. W. Norton.

  Grant, B. Rosemary. 1985. “Selection on Bill Characters in a Population of Darwin’s Finches: Geospiza conirostris on Isla Genovesa, Galápagos.” Evolution 39:523–32.

  Grant, B. Rosemary, and Peter R. Grant. 1979. “The Feeding Ecology of Darwin’s Ground Finches.” Noticias de Galápagos 14–18.

  _____. 1981. “Exploitation of Opuntia Cactus by Birds on the Galápagos.” Oecologia 49:179–87.

  _____. 1982. “Niche Shifts and Competition in Darwin’s Finches: Geospiza conirostris and Congeners.” Evolution 36:637–57.

  _____. 1983. “Fission and Fusion in a Population of Darwin’s Finches: An Example of the Value of St
udying Individuals in Ecology.” Oikos 41:530–47.

  _____. 1989. Evolutionary Dynamics of a Natural Population. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

  _____. 1989. “Natural Selection in a Population of Darwin’s Finches.” American Naturalist 133:377–93.

  _____. 1993. “Evolution of Darwin’s Finches Caused by a Rare Climatic Event.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (B) 251:111–17.

  Grant, Bruce, and Rory J. Howlett. 1988. “Background Selection by the Peppered Moth (Biston betularia Linn.): Individual Differences.” Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 33:217–32.

  Grant, Peter R. 1966. “Ecological Compatibility of Bird Species on Islands.” American Naturalist 100:451–62.

  _____. 1966. “Late Breeding on the Tres Marías Islands.” Condor 68:249–52.

  _____. 1970. “Variation and Niche Width Reexamined.” American Naturalist 104:589–90.

  _____. 1972. “Centripetal Selection and the House Sparrow.” Systematic Zoology 21:23–30.

  _____. 1972. “Convergent and Divergent Character Displacement.” Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 4:39–68.

  _____. 1972. “Interspecific Competition among Rodents.” Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 3:79–106.

  _____. 1975. “The Classical Case of Character Displacement.” Evolutionary Biology 8:237–337.

  _____. 1977. “Review of D. Lack, 1976, Island Biology.” Bird-Banding 48:296–300.

  _____. 1981. “The Feeding of Darwin’s Finches on Tribulus cistoides (L.) Seeds.” Animal Behaviour 29:785–93.

  _____. 1981. “Speciation and the Adaptive Radiation of Darwin’s Finches.” American Scientist 69:653–63.

  _____. 1986. Ecology and Evolution of Darwin’s Finches. Princeton: Princeton University Press. (The best-thumbed book in this bibliography.)

  _____. 1986. “Interspecific Competition in Fluctuating Environments.” In Community Ecology. See Diamond and Case, eds. 1986, 173–91.

  _____. 1993. “Hybridization of Darwin’s Finches on Isla Daphne Major, Galápagos.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (B) 340:127–39.

  Grant, Peter R., and Peter T. Boag. 1980. “Rainfall on the Galápagos and the Demography of Darwin’s Finches.” Auk 97:227–44.

  Grant, Peter R., and B. Rosemary Grant. 1985. “Responses of Darwin’s Finches to Unusual Rainfall.” In El Niño. See Robinson and del Pino, eds. 1985, 417–47.

  _____. 1989. “The Slow Recovery of Opuntia megasperma on Española.” Noticias de Galápagos 48:13–15.

  _____. 1989. “Sympatric Speciation and Darwin’s Finches.” In Speciation. See Otte and Endler, eds. 1989, 433–57.

  _____. 1992. “Demography and the Genetically Effective Sizes of Two Populations of Darwin’s Finches.” Ecology 73:766–84.

  _____. 1992. “Global Warming and the Galápagos.” Noticias de Galápagos 51:14–16.

  _____. 1992. “Hybridization of Bird Species.” Science 256:193–97.

  Grant, Peter, K. Thalia Grant, and B. Rosemary Grant. 1991. “Erythrina velutina and the Colonization of Remote Islands.” Noticias de Galápagos 3–5.

  Grant, P. R., and Nicola Grant. 1979. “Breeding and Feeding of Galápagos Mockingbirds, Nesomimus parvulus.” Auk 96:723–35.

  Grant, Peter R., and Henry S. Horn, eds. 1992. Molds, Molecules, and Metazoa. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

  Grant, P. R., and T. D. Price. 1981. “Population Variation in Continuously Varying Traits as an Ecological Genetics Problem.” American Zoologist 21:795–811.

  Grant, P. R., et al. 1975. “Finch Numbers, Owl Predation and Plant Dispersal on Isla Daphne Major, Galápagos.” Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 19:239–57.

  _____. 1976. “Darwin’s Finches: Population Variation and Natural Selection.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 73:257–61.

  _____. 1985. “Variation in the Size and Shape of Darwin’s Finches.” Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 25:1–39.

  Greene, John C. 1959. The Death of Adam. Ames: Iowa State University Press.

  Greenwood, Jeremy J. D. 1990. “Changing Migration Behaviour.” Nature 345:209–10.

  _____. 1993. “Theory Fits the Bill in the Galápagos Islands.” Nature 362:699.

  Gruson, Lindsey. 1992. “Throwing Back Undersize Fish Is Said to Encourage Smaller Fry.” New York Times, January 7: C4.

  Gustafsson, Lars, and Tomas Pärt. 1990. “Acceleration of Senescence in the Collared Flycatcher Ficedula albicollis by Reproductive Costs.” Nature 347:279–81.

  Gustafsson, Lars, and William J. Sutherland. 1988. “The Costs of Reproduction in the Collared Flycatcher Ficedula albicollis.” Nature 335:813–15.

  Hahn, Beatrice H., et al. 1986. “Genetic Variation in HTLV–III/LAV over Time in Patients with AIDS or at Risk for AIDS.” Science 232:1548–53.

  Haldane, J. B. S. 1949. “Human Evolution: Past and Future.” In Genetics. See Jepson, Simpson, and Mayr, eds. 1949, 405–18.

  _____. 1949. “Suggestions as to the Quantitative Measurement of Rates of Evolution.” Evolution 3:51–56.

  Hall, G. A., et al. 1986. “Effects of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on Terrestrial Birds.” International Ornithological Congress (19th): 1759–69.

  Hall, Linda M., and Durgadas P. Kasbekar. 1989. “Drosophila Sodium Channel Mutations Affect Pyrethroid Sensitivity.” In Narahashi, Toshio, and Janice E. Chambers, eds. 1989. Insecticide Action. New York: Plenum, 99–114.

  Harris, J. Arthur. 1911. “A Neglected Paper on Natural Selection in the English Sparrow.” American Naturalist 45:314–18.

  Harris, Lester E., Jr. 1976. Galápagos. Nashville: Southern Publishing Association.

  Harris, Michael P. 1974. A Field Guide to the Birds of Galápagos. London: Collins.

  Harrison, R. G. 1978. “Ecological Parameters and Speciation in Field Crickets.” In Ecological Genetics. See Brussard, ed. 1978, 145–58.

  Hillis, David M., et al. 1992. “Experimental Phylogenetics: Generation of a Known Phylogeny.” Science 255:589–92.

  Hochberg, Michael E., and John H. Lawton. 1990. “Competition Between Kingdoms.” Trends in Ecology and Evolution 5:367–71.

  Holt, Robert. 1990. “Birds under Selection. Review of Evolutionary Dynamics of a Natural Population, by B. Rosemary Grant and Peter R. Grant.” Science 249:306–7.

  _____. 1990. “The Microevolutionary Consequences of Climate Change.” Trends in Ecology and Evolution 5:311–15.

  Houde, Anne E., and John A. Endler. 1990. “Correlated Evolution of Female Mating Preferences and Male Color Patterns in the Guppy, Poecilia reticulata.” Nature 248:1405–8.

  “A Howling Blizzard.” 1898. Providence Journal, February 1:1.

  Hughes, Walter T. 1988. “A Tribute to Toilet Paper” Reviews of Infectious Diseases 10:218–22.

  Huxley, Thomas Henry. 1893. Darwiniana. New York: D. Appleton.

  _____. 1968 (1863). On the Origin of Species, or, The Causes of the Phenomena of Organic Nature. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

  _____. 1989 (1894). Evolution and Ethics. Eds. James Paradis and George C. Williams. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

  Jackson, Michael H. 1985. Galápagos. Calgary, Alberta.: University of Calgary Press.

  Jepson, Glenn L., George Gaylord Simpson, and Ernst Mayr, eds. 1949. Genetics, Paleontology, and Evolution. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

  Johnson, Phillip Ε. 1991. Darwin on Trial. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Gateway.

  Jones, J. S. 1981. “Models of Speciation—The Evidence from Drosophila.” Nature 289:743–44.

  _____. 1982. “St. Patrick and the Bacteria.” Nature 296:113–14.

  Kaneshiro, Kenneth Y. 1988. “Speciation in the Hawaiian Drosophila.” BioScience 38:258–63.

  Keeton, William T., and James L. Gould. 1986. Biological Science. 4th ed. New York: W. W. Norton.

  Kendrick, Amrit Work. 1988. “Santa Cruz Fact Sheet.” Noticias de Galápagos 46:5–7.

/>   Kettlewell, H. B. D. 1958. “A Survey of the Frequencies of Biston betularia (L.) (Lep.) and Its Melanic Forms in Great Britain.” Heredity 12:51–72.

  Kettlewell, Bernard. 1973. The Evolution of Melanism. Oxford, U.K.: Clarendon Press.

  Kingsland, Sharon. 1970. “David Lambert Lack.” Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 521–23.

  _____. 1985. Modeling Nature: Episodes in the History of Population Ecology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  Kofahl, Robert E. 1977. Handy-Dandy Evolution Refuter. San Diego: Beta Books.

  Kohn, David, ed. 1985. The Darwinian Heritage: A Centennial Retrospect. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

  _____. 1985. “Darwin’s Principle of Divergence as Internal Dialogue.” In Darwinian Heritage. See Kohn, ed. 1985, 245–57.

  Koshland, Daniel E., Jr. 1992. “The Microbial Wars.” Science 257:1021.

  Köster, Friedemann, and Heide Köster. 1983. “Twelve Days among the ‘Vampire Finches’ of Wolf Island.” Noticias de Galápagos 38:4–10.

  Kramer, P. 1984. “Man and Other Introduced Organisms.” Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 21:253–58.

  Krause, Richard M. 1992. “The Origin of Plagues: Old and New.” Science 257:1073–78.

  Krebs, John R. 1991. “The Case of the Curious Bill.” Nature 349:465.

  Krieber, Michel, and Michael R. Rose. 1986. “Molecular Aspects of the Species Barrier.” Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 17:465–85.

  Lacey, R. W. 1984. “Evolution of Microorganisms and Antibiotic Resistance.” The Lancet: 1022–25.

  Lack, David. 1940. “Evolution of the Galápagos Finches.” Nature 146:324–27.

  _____. 1945. The Galápagos Finches (Geospizinae): A Study in Variation. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences 21:1–159.

  _____. 1964. “Darwin’s Finches.” In A New Dictionary of Birds. Ed. Sir A. Landsborough Thomson. London: Thomas Nelson & Sons. 178–79.

  _____. 1968. Ecological Adaptations for Breeding in Birds. London: Methuen.

  _____. 1973. “My Life as an Amateur Ornithologist.” Ibis 115:421–31.

  _____. 1983 (1947). Darwin’s Finches. Eds. Laurene M. Ratcliffe and Peter T. Boag. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.