23Gruber, p. 173; Anderson, p. 232.
24Letters of David Garrick and Georgiana Countess Spencer, p. 81; Bedfordshire Archives, L29/214, “Conversation with Nisbet Balfour, Jan. 13, 1777.”
25Diary and Letters of Thomas Hutchinson, vol. II, p. 184.
26Valentine, Lord George Germain, p. 15.
27BL, Fox Papers, 47579, fols. 43–44, Richard Fitzpatrick to his brother, Lord Upper Ossory, Dec. 1776.
28NRAS-DH/LMC: NRAS859/Vol. 486, Box 1, Dec. 8, 1776.
29Anderson, pp. 109–10, 112–13, 214–15; see also Flavell, “British Perceptions of New England and the Decision for a Coercive Colonial Policy, 1774-1775.”
30Anderson, pp. 118–19, 215; cite on p. 215.
31Davies, vol. 12, p. 268.
32Fortescue, The War of Independence, p. 52; O’Shaughnessy, The Men Who Lost America, p. 102.
33Davies, vol. 14, p. 33; Report on the Manuscripts of Mrs. Stopford-Sackville, vol. 2, p. 54.
34Davies, vol. 14, p. 33; Stephen Conway, A Short History of the American Revolutionary War (London and New York, 2013), p. 75.
35Cite from Willcox, Portrait of a General, p. 148.
36Fortescue, The War of Independence, p. 20; cite from Jeremy Black, War for America: The Fight for Independence 1775-1783 (Stroud, 1991; paperback ed. 2001), p. 129.
37Anderson, p. 118; Fortescue, The War of Independence, pp. 17–18, 26–27; Davies, vol. 12, p. 46. See also Flavell, “British Perceptions of New England and the Decision for a Coercive Colonial Policy, 1774-1775,” pp. 98–99.
38WCL-SP, Box 2:51, “1779. Sir William Howe’s Defence.”
39O’Shaughnessy, The Men Who Lost America, pp. 142–43, 144.
40Lunt, John Burgoyne of Saratoga, p. 125.
41Stokes, The Devonshire House Circle, pp. 87fn, 107.
42O’Shaughnessy, The Men Who Lost America, p. 135; Lunt, John Burgoyne of Saratoga, pp. 48–51, 83, 106, 109.
43Davies, vol. 14, pp. 4, 44–46.
44Lunt, John Burgoyne of Saratoga, pp. 149–50.
45WCL-SP, Box 1:7, Jane Strachey to Henry Strachey, Greenwich, Aug. 5 and 13, 1777; HWC, vol. 32, pp. 369–70; vol. 28, p. 337.
46Willcox, Portrait of a General, pp. 133–35, 137.
47Willcox, ibid, pp. 138, 141.
48Report on the Manuscripts of Mrs. Stopford-Sackville, vol. 2, p. 55, and see Davies, vol. 10, p. 429, indicating letter would have been received by Feb. 23/24.
49Bedfordshire Archives, L29/214, “Conversation with Nisbet Balfour, Jan. 13, 1777.”
50WCL-HCP 28:22 Sir H[enry] Clinton to [William] Phillips, New York, Dec. 11 [1777].
51The Last Journals of Horace Walpole During the Reign of George III, vol. 2, p. 19.
52Lunt, John Burgoyne of Saratoga, p. 129.
53Correspondence of Emily Duchess of Leinster, vol. III, p. 231.
54Willcox, Portrait of a General, pp. 25, 29, 32.
55WCL-HCP, Series VIII, vol. 290: Harriot Clinton and Elizabeth Carter diaries, 1771–1795.
56The best account of the correspondence between Sir William Howe and Lord George Germain during the months Burgoyne was in London is in Davies, vol. 14, pp. 2–7, 10. One of the important letters William wrote during this period, dated December 20, 1776, is not in Davies but is found in Report on the Manuscripts of Mrs. Stopford-Sackville, vol. 2, pp. 52–53. See also Anderson, p. 227, on the point that William’s plans reached London in time for Burgoyne to be made aware of them.
57Conway, A Short History of the American Revolutionary War, p. 155; Mackesy, The War for America, p. 65.
58Middleton, The Bells of Victory, pp. 53–57, 79–80, 99–100.
59Anderson, pp. 264–67; Smith, p. 129; Davies, vol. 14, p. 10.
60Davies, vol. 12, p. 268; WCL-SP, Box 2:51, “1779. Sir William Howe’s Defence.”
61“The Narrative of Lieut. Gen. Sir William Howe, &c.,” in Partridge, Sir Billy Howe, p. 268; Davies, vol. 14, pp. 15–16.
62Davies, vol. 14, pp. 6, 31; Smith, pp. 116–17, 119; O’Shaughnessy, The Men Who Lost America, p. 106.
63The American Journal of Ambrose Serle, pp. 176–79, 186; The Journal of Nicholas Creswell, 1774-1777 (London and New York, 1924), p. 222.
64Gruber, pp. 190–91; Journal of Nicholas Creswell, pp. 216, 217, 219, 222, 223.
65Allen, Tories, p. 171.
66WCL-SP, Box 2:21, Feb. 17, 1777. An autograph letter by Henry Strachey to an unnamed recipient. Dated from “Hanover Square” [New York?].
67A View of the Evidence relative to the Conduct of the American War under Sir William Howe, Lord Viscount Howe and General Burgoyne; as given before a committee of the House of Commons Last Session of Parliament. To which is added A Collection of the Celebrated Fugitive Pieces that are said to have given rise to that Important Enquiry (London, 1779), pp. 75, 95, 101, 110.
68Conway, A Short History of the American Revolutionary War, p. 75; A View of the Evidence. . . . To which is added A Collection of the Celebrated Fugitive Pieces, p. 77; NRAS, Leven and Melville Muniments, GD26/9/513/1-24, Letter No. 9, A[lexander?] Leslie to the Earl of Leven, Brunswick, March 18, 1777.
69Davies, vol. 14, pp. 4, 5, 64, 102.
70Ian R. Christie, Wars and Revolutions: Britain 1760-1815 (London, 1982), pp. 115–16; Bicheno, Rebels and Redcoats, p. 71.
71See, for example, WCL-GSG, vol. 4: November 1775–June 1776, “Dr Shuttleworth’s Plan for the reduction of Maryland,” marked in pencil “late in 1775.” See also Jonathan Boucher to Germain, Nov. 27, 1775, which advocates cutting off New England via the Hudson River only, so as to keep supply lines intact, and outlines the advantages of operating in the relatively less militarized colonies to the south.
72Davies, vol. 14, p. 84; Valentine, Lord George Germain, p. 285.
73Davies, vol. 14, p. 7.
74Davies, vol. 15, pp. 267–68.
75BNA: Bath Chronicle and Weekly Gazette, July 10, 1777; Newcastle Courant, July 12, 1777; Manchester Mercury, July 15, 1777; Caledonian Mercury, July 12, 1777.
76“The Narrative of Lieut. Gen. Sir William Howe, &c.,” in Partridge, Sir Billy Howe, p. 273; Mackesy, The War for America, pp. 117–18.
77O’Shaughnessy, The Men Who Lost America, p. 112.
78On Balfour, see Urban, Fusiliers, p. 136. The notion that Balfour carried significant separate instructions from Germain, transmitted by word of mouth, has persisted. See Gruber, pp. 207, 211, 214–15, and Valentine, Lord George Germain, pp. 179–80.
79WCL-KP, 3:11 Lord George Germain to William Knox, June 11, 1777.
80Davies, vol. 14, pp. 31, 48, 65.
81Ibid., vol 14, p. 5.
82The Last Journals of Horace Walpole During the Reign of George III, vol. 2, pp. 9, 15–16, 28–29.
83NRAS-DH/LMC: NRAS859/Vol. 487, Box 1, May 30, 1777.
84Black, Pitt the Elder, p. 256; HWC, vol. 24, p. 282.
85BC: Morning Post and Daily Advertiser, June 11 and June 16, 1777, cite from June 16; HWC, vol. 24, p. 309.
86Ibid., vol. 32, p. 354; Gruber, pp. 212–13.
87SALS-DD/SH 34, Jane Strachey to Henry Strachey, June 9, 1777.
88BL-AP, 75613, CH/LS, June 13, 1777.
89The Last Journals of Horace Walpole During the Reign of George III, vol. 2, p. 39; Fortescue, The War of Independence, p. 63.
90Bedfordshire Archives, Lucas Manuscripts, L30/12/3/2, Major Nisbet Balfour to Lord Polwarth, July 13, 1777.
91Bickham, “Sympathizing with Sedition?” pp. 105–7.
92Margaret Stead, “Contemporary Responses in Print to the American Campaigns of the Howe Brothers,” in Flavell and Conway, eds., Britain and America Go to War, pp. 118–19.
93BNA: Stamford Mercury, July 31, 1777; BC: London Evening Post, Aug. 7–9, 1777, Aug. 9–12, 1777.
94BC: London Evening Post, July 8–10, 1777, Aug. 9–12, 1777.
95John Sainsbury, John Wilkes: The Lives of a Libertine (Farnham, 2006), pp. 51–52; Wilson, The Sense of the People, pp. 188–89; Sarah Kinkel, “Comment: ‘Byng’
s execution played a key role in turning the war around,’ ” BBC History Magazine, March 2018, p. 9; Daniel A. Baugh, “Byng, John (bap. 1704, d. 1757),” ODNB Online [accessed March 24, 2020].
96M. John Cardwell, Arts and Arms: Literature, Politics and Patriotism during the Seven Years War (Manchester, 2004), pp. 210–11, 213; Marie Peters, Pitt and Popularity: The Patriot Minister and London Opinion during the Seven Years’ War (Oxford, 1980), pp. 94–98; R. D. Spector, English Literary Periodicals and the Climate of Opinion during the Seven Years’ War (The Hague, Paris, 1966), p. 50; Middleton, The Bells of Victory, pp. 41–42.
97Bickham, “Sympathizing with Sedition?” pp. 103–4, 113, 121, cite from p. 113; Ellis, His Excellency George Washington, p. 74.
98NRAS-DH/LMC: NRAS859/Vol. 492, Box 3, Dec. 21–23, 1782.
99Bickham, “Sympathizing with Sedition?” pp. 102, 109, 117, cite from p. 102; Paul K. Longmore, The Invention of George Washington (Charlottesville and London, 1999), pp. 176, 177.
100Stead, “Contemporary Responses in Print to the American Campaigns of the Howe Brothers,” p. 129.
101BC: Morning Post and Daily Advertiser, July 30, 1777.
102Letter from John Adams to Abigail Adams, March 7, 1777, and same to same, April 13, 1777 [electronic ed.]. Adams Family Papers, http://www.masshist.org/digitaladams/ [accessed March 21, 2018].
103McNairn, Behold the Hero, pp. 215–16, 218–22.
104Brumwell, George Washington: Gentleman Warrior, p. 226.
105Thomas Paine, “The American Crisis,” No. 2, Jan. 13, 1777.
106Paine, “The American Crisis,” No. 5, March 21, 1778.
107NRAS-DH/LMC: NRAS859/Vol. 487, Box 1, July 17–23, 1777.
108NRAS-DH/LMC: NRAS859/Vol. 487, Box 1, July 30–Aug. 4, 1777.
109WCL-KP, 3:35 Henry Ellis to William Knox, Spa, Sept. 4, 1777.
110NRAS-DH/LMC: NRAS859/Vol. 487, Box 1, Aug. 24, 1777.
111PRO, Leveson-Gower Papers, 30/29/4/8 Caroline Howe to Lady Gower, Battlesden, Aug. 13 [1777] [Letter 2, fols. 1144–1145].
112BL-AP, 75613, CH/LS, Aug. 6, 1777; Aug. 19, 1777.
113NRAS-DH/LMC: NRAS859/Vol. 487, Box 1, Aug. 16–18, 18–22, 1777.
114BL-AP, 75613, LS/CH, Aug. 29, 1777.
115Syrett, pp. 62–65; Solomon Lutnick, The American Revolution and the British Press, 1775-1783 (Columbia, MO, 1967), p. 150.
116BL-AP, 75675, Lord Jersey to Lady Spencer, Tunbridge Wells, July 31, 1777; Aug. 27, 1777.
117NRAS-DH/LMC: NRAS859/Vol. 487, Box 1, Dec. 17–21, 1777.
118Diary and Letters of Thomas Hutchinson, vol. II, p. 336.
119BL-AP, 75613, CH/LS, Sept. 29, 1777.
120BC: London Evening Post, July 29–31, 1777; Jan. 8–10, 1778.
121Wilson, The Sense of the People, p. 241. See Lutnick, The American Revolution and the British Press, pp. 15–21, and pp. 58–73 on the press and the establishment of war guilt during the American War of Independence.
122Karl Wolfgang Schweizer, “Mauduit, Israel (1708–1787),” ODNB Online [accessed Aug. 17, 2020]; Valentine, Lord George Germain, p. 345; Anderson, p. 322; Worthington C. Ford, “Parliament and the Howes,” Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 3rd. Ser., 44 (1910), pp. 129–30, 135.
123Stead, “Contemporary Responses in Print to the American Campaigns of the Howe Brothers,” pp. 124, 137.
124Urban, Fusiliers, p. 112.
125Anderson, pp. 259–60, 267; O’Shaughnessy, The Men Who Lost America, p. 113.
126BL-AP, 75613, CH/LS, Aug. 19, 1777; Urban, Fusiliers, p. 112.
127O’Shaughnessy, The Men Who Lost America, pp. 107, 113; Cobbett’s Parliamentary History of England, vol. 20, p. 745; W. H. Moomaw, “The Denouement of General Howe’s Campaign of 1777,” English Historical Review, vol. 79 (1964), p. 503; Anderson, p. 258.
128Urban, Fusiliers, p. 115.
129Brumwell, George Washington, pp. 299–300; Urban, Fusiliers, p. 117, cite from Urban.
130Brumwell, George Washington, pp. 300–302.
131Allen, Tories, pp. 240–41.
132The Correspondence of King George the Third, vol. 4, p. 10.
133O’Shaughnessy, The Men Who Lost America, p. 110; WCL-SP, Box 2:47, Jan. 28, 1778. Postscript to a letter to his wife from Strachey.
134John W. Jackson, With the British Army in Philadelphia 1777-1778 (San Rafael and London, 1979), pp. 209, 211, 213, 232–33, cites from pp. 232–33.
135Conway, A Short History of the American Revolutionary War, p. 78; O’Shaughnessy, The Men Who Lost America, p. 110, cite from O’Shaughnessy.
136O’Shaughnessy, pp. 150–52; Conway, A Short History of the American Revolutionary War, pp. 80–81.
137Christie, Wars and Revolutions, p. 117; Conway, A Short History of the American Revolutionary War, p. 84; Mackesy, The War for America, p. 113.
138WCL-SP, Box 2:8, Aug. 14, 1776. Extract of a letter in the handwriting of Henry Strachey in which he inquires whether he would be permitted to resign his post without the king’s consent.
139O’Shaughnessy, The Men Who Lost America, pp. 146–47.
140James H. Merrell, “Indians and the New Republic,” in Greene and Pole, eds., The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution, pp. 392–93.
141O’Shaughnessy, The Men Who Lost America, pp. 155–57.
142Ibid., pp. 153–54, 158.
143Bickham, Making Headlines, p. 105.
144NRAS-DH/LMC: NRAS859/Vol. 487, Box 1, Dec. 3–4, 1777.
145Bickham, Making Headlines, pp. 105–6; NRAS-DH/LMC: NRAS859/Vol. 487, Box 1, Dec. 5–11, 1777.
146Bickham, Making Headlines, pp. 106–7; Lutnick, The American Revolution and the British Press, pp. 107, 109.
147University of Virginia, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections, Hamond Naval Papers, Box 4390.a: twenty-three letters between Hans Stanley and Andrew Snape Hamond, dated between 1766 and 1778. Jan. 12, 1778, Hans Stanley to A. S. Hamond.
148Diary and Letters of Thomas Hutchinson, vol. II, p. 69; WCL-SP, Box 2:16, Dec. 28, 1776: Autograph Letter from Strachey [to his wife] from New York.
149NRAS-DH/LMC: NRAS859/Vol. 488, Box 1, Jan. 7, 1778.
150HWC, vol. 12, p. 90.
151BL-AP, 75613, CH/LS, Jan. 8, 1778.
152BL-AP, 75613, CH/LS, Jan. 2, 1778; Jan. 8, 1778; Jan. 15, 1778.
153BC: London Evening Post, Jan. 8–10, 1778. Caroline had thought Lady Germain was recovering when she and Lady Howe visited a few days before January 8. See her letter to Lady Spencer of that date, above.
154Anderson, pp. 294–95, and see Davies, vol. 14, pp. 237–38, for a letter from General Howe to Lord George Germain, dated October 21, 1777, updating the American secretary on the campaign in Pennsylvania and rumors regarding Burgoyne.
155Davies inserted “not found” in brackets beside General Howe’s reference to Germain’s letter of August 4 in his letter dated October 22. See Davies, vol. 14, p. 241. Howe’s full letter of October 22 is on pp. 241–43.
156On the rumors about Burgoyne, see Howe’s letters to Germain of October 21 and October 22, cited above, ibid, vol. 14, pp. 238, 242.
157WCL-GSG, vol. 6: April–December 1777, Lord George Germain to Sir William Howe, Kew Lane, August 4, 1777. This letter is not reproduced in Davies, Documents of the American Revolution, or in Report on the Manuscripts of Mrs. Stopford-Sackville, vol. 2.
158Stead, “Contemporary Responses in Print to the American Campaigns of the Howe Brothers,” p. 118; Bickham, Making Headlines, p. 195, and see Richard’s remarks in the House of Commons, Cobbett’s Parliamentary History of England, vol. 20, p. 719.
159Winthrop Sargent, The Life and Career of Major John André (Boston, 1861), pp. 160, 164–65, 167, 177fn, 177–81; O’Shaughnessy, The Men Who Lost America, p. 208.
160Eliza Tamarkin, Anglophilia: Deference, Devotion, and Antebellum America (Chicago and London, 2008), pp. 127–33; Christopher Mulvey, Transatlantic Manners: Social Patterns in Nineteenth-Century Anglo-American Travel Literature (Cambri
dge and New York, 1990), pp. 123–31.
161Captain Andrew Snape Hamond organized a ball and supper for General Howe on board the Roebuck, attended by 200 “Ladies & Officers” before the Mischianza. University of Virginia, Small Special Collections, Hamond Naval Papers, item 53, “Heads of the Life of Sir Andrew Snape Hamond, bart., written merely for the Private Information of his own Family; as the Narrative will shew; being of little Interest to the world at large.”
162Sargent, The Life and Career of Major John André, pp. 177–80.
163For example, see BNA: The Scots Magazine, July 5, 1779, vol. 40, p. 369.
164BNA: The Scots Magazine, Dec. 7, 1779, vol. 41, p. 722.
165NRAS-DH/LMC: NRAS859/Vol. 488, Box 1, June 1, 1778; June 15, 1778.
Twelve: About Mrs. Loring
1Kenneth Roberts, Oliver Wiswell (New York, 1940; this ed. Camden, ME, 1999), p. 134; Philip Young, Revolutionary Ladies (New York, 1977), p. 80.
2Roberts, Oliver Wiswell, p. 86; Thomas Jones, History of New York During the Revolutionary War, ed. Edward Floyd De Lancey (New York, 1879), p. 351.
3Young, Revolutionary Ladies, pp. 75–77; Jennifer Schuessler, “Confronting Slavery at Long Island’s Oldest Estates,” New York Times, August 12, 2015. See also Papers of the Lloyd Family of the Manor of Queens Village, Lloyd’s Neck, Long Island, New York, 1754-1826 (2 vols., New York, 1828), vol. 2, quote on p. 591.
4John Alden, A History of the American Revolution: Britain and the Loss of the Thirteen Colonies (London, 1969), pp. 503–4; Young, Revolutionary Ladies, pp. 68–69, 76–77, 86; Eva Phillips Boyd, “Jamaica Plain by Way of London,” Old-Time New England, vol. 49 (April–June 1959).
5J. K. Laughton, rev. by Andrew Lambert, “Loring, Sir John Wentworth (1775-1852), naval officer,” ODNB Online [accessed April 14, 2020].
6Young, Revolutionary Ladies, pp. 68, 69, 74; Alden, A History of the American Revolution, pp. 503–4.
7Laughton, rev. Lambert, “Loring, Sir John Wentworth.”
8Young, Revolutionary Ladies, pp. 69, 78, 84–86; Laughton, rev. Lambert, “Loring, Sir John Wentworth.”
9“Letter from New York,” March 9, 1777, in A View of the Evidence. . . . To which is added A Collection of the Celebrated Fugitive Pieces, p. 77.
10Pennsylvania Evening Post, May 22, 1777 [Readex, Early American Newspapers: Series 1, 1690–1876].
The Howe Dynasty Page 54
