11SALS-DD/SH 34, Jane Strachey to Henry Strachey, May 5, 1777.
12Cited in Alden, A History of the American Revolution, p. 304.
13Alden, ibid., pp. 304–5; Young, Revolutionary Ladies, p. 60, 69fn. Cite from Young, p. 60.
14For historians who doubt the affair, see Young, “Mrs. Loring, and Howe,” in Revolutionary Ladies, pp. 57–86; Alden, A History of the American Revolution, pp. 307, 504; Boyd, “Jamaica Plain by Way of London,” Old-Time New England (April–June 1959); Derek W. Beck, The War Before Independence, 1775-1776 (Naperville, IL, 2016), p. 432fn.
15Thacher, American Medical Biography, vol. 1, pp. 361–64; Alden, A History of the American Revolution, p. 504.
16Willcox, Portrait of a General, pp. 60, 69, 174, 199.
17Edward E. Curtis, The Organization of the British Army in the American Revolution (New Haven, 1926; this ed. Gansevoort, NY, 1998), p. 31; Lunt, John Burgoyne of Saratoga, pp. 143, 255–56.
18WCL-SP, Box 2:21, February 17, 1777. An autograph letter by Henry Strachey to an unnamed recipient. Dated from “Hanover Square” [New York?].
19Young, Revolutionary Ladies, pp. 70, 78–79, 83–84.
20James Sturgis, “Wentworth, Sir John, first baronet (1737-1820),” ODNB Online [accessed Aug. 19, 2020]; Paul W. Wilderson, Governor John Wentworth & the American Revolution (Hanover, NH, 1994), pp. 122, 136–37, 264; SCC:LAI: Sheffield Archives: Wentworth Woodhouse Muniments, Rockingham Papers, R1-1662, Frances Howe to Lady Wentworth [wife of Sir John Wentworth], dated May 3, 1776.
21Alden, A History of the American Revolution, p. 504; Young, Revolutionary Ladies, p. 84; Laughton, rev. Lambert, “Loring, Sir John Wentworth.” On Mrs. Loring’s application for a pension, see Boyd, “Jamaica Plain by Way of London.”
22Aileen Sutherland Collins, ed., Travels in Britain, 1794-1795: The Diary of John Aspinwall, Great-grandfather of Franklin Delano Roosevelt With a Brief History of His Aspinwall Forebears (Virginia Beach, VA, 1994), p. 90; Young, Revolutionary Ladies, p. 84.
23BC: Public Advertiser, Jan. 12, 1778.
24Letter dated New York, January 25, 1778, in Historical Anecdotes, Civil and Military: In a Series of Letters, Written from America, in the years 1777 and 1778, to different Persons in England; Containing Observations on the General Management of the War, and on the Conduct of our Principal Commanders, in the Revolted Colonies, During that Period (London, 1779), pp. 40, 43, 48.
25WCL-SP, Box 1:7, Jane Strachey to Henry Strachey, Sunday night August 17, 1777; Box 2:42, December 2, 1777. Henry Strachey to Jane Strachey; Box 2:49. March 18, 1778, same to same.
26Jones, History of New York During the Revolutionary War, pp. xi–xii.
27Private Papers of James Boswell from Malahide Castle, p. 229.
28Joseph Downs, “The Verplanck Room,” Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, vol. 36, no. 11 (Nov., 1941), pp. 218, 221; Marshall B. Davidson and Elizabeth Stillinger, The American Wing at the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, 1985), p. 56.
29Janice Murphy Lorenz, “The Verplancks and their Historic Mount Gulian Home, Both with Historic and Huguenot Connections,” in The Cross of Languedoc: A Publication of the National Huguenot Society, Fall 2014, pp. 2–3; Michael Diaz, “ ‘Can you on such principles think of quitting a Country?’: Family, Faith, Law, Property, and the Loyalists of the Hudson Valley During the American Revolution,” in The Hudson River Valley Review, vol. 28, no. 1, Autumn 2011, p. 16.
30Davidson and Stillinger, The American Wing at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, pp. 56–59. On Gulian Crommelin Verplanck’s memories of his grandmother, Judith Verplanck, see William Cullen Bryant, A Discourse on the Life, Character and Writings of Gulian Crommelin Verplanck (New York, 1870).
31The full media-constructed version of General Howe’s tainted career in America is neatly summarized in BC: Morning Post and Daily Advertiser, Jan. 20, 1778.
32See, for example, Ellis, Revolutionary Summer, p. 37.
33Longmore, The Invention of George Washington, pp. 168, 180–82, 214, 226.
34John F. Watson, Annals of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania, in the Olden Time (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1857), vol. 2, p. 289.
Thirteen: Survival
1NRAS-DH/LMC: NRAS859/Vol. 488, Box 1, July 2, 1778.
2Bedfordshire Archives, Lucas Manuscripts, L30/12/3/9, Major Nisbet Balfour to Lord Polwarth, March 1779.
3Davies, vol. 13, p. 254.
4Donne, ed., The Correspondence of King George the Third with Lord North, vol. 2, p. 202.
5O’Shaughnessy, The Men Who Lost America, p. 194.
6WCL-KP, 10:25 William Knox, “Curious Political Anecdotes,” 1779.
7Gruber, p. 326.
8BC: Lloyd’s Evening Post, Aug. 10–12, 1778; BNA: Bath Chronicle and Weekly Gazette, Aug. 6, 1778; Saunders’s News-Letter, July 16, 1778; Manchester Mercury, July 21, 1778.
9NLI, Thomas Conolly Papers, MS 41, 341/5, William Howe to Thomas Conolly, July 12, 1778.
10Correspondence of Emily Duchess of Leinster, vol. III, p. 307.
11BL-AP, 75613, CH/LS, Aug. 16, 1778; Aug. 18, 1778.
12BL-AP, 75613, CH/LS, Aug. 19, 1778; Aug. 23, 1778; Fanny Howe to LS, Aug. 17, 1778; Aug. 18, 1778; Aug. 20, 1778.
13Correspondence of Emily Duchess of Leinster, vol. III, p. 311; NRAS-DH/LMC: NRAS859/Vol. 488, Box 1, Sunday Sept. 6–Sept. 9, 1778.
14BNA: Hibernian Journal; or, Chronicle of Liberty, Sept. 28, 1778.
15Thomas, Lord North, pp. 109, 118; Brown, Empire or Independence, pp. 216–17, 250.
16Brown, Empire or Independence, pp. 219, 221; cites on p. 219.
17Lutnick, The American Revolution and the British Press, pp. 136–39; NRAS-DH/LMC: NRAS859/Vol. 488, Box 1, June 24, 1778.
18Brown, Empire or Independence, pp. 245, 260, 261, 263, 268.
19Davies, vol. 13, p. 276; Syrett, pp. 74–75.
20O’Shaughnessy, The Men Who Lost America, pp. 221–22; NLI, Thomas Conolly papers, MS 41, 341/5, Edmund Burke to Thomas Conolly, Beaconsfield, August 27, 1778.
21Syrett, pp. 76–77.
22Syrett, pp. 79–81.
23BL-AP, 75613, CH/LS, Sept. 14, 1778. Surviving letters of Caroline Howe to her friend Lady Susanna Leveson-Gower during this period are good examples of the dedicated and extensive letter-writing she undertook in order to convey military news to fashionable society. The letters contain naval intelligence relating to Admiral Howe and were certainly intended to be passed around by the recipient. PRO, Leveson-Gower Papers, 30/29/4/8, Caroline Howe to Lady Gower, Grafton Street, Sept. 14 [1778] [Letter 4, fols. 1149–50]; same to same, Oct. 13 [1778] [Letter 5, fols. 1151–52]; same to same, Oct. 13, 1778 [Letter 6, fols. 1153–54].
24Syrett, pp. 79, 83; Urban, Fusiliers, pp. 160–61, 163.
25Stephen Brumwell, Turncoat: Benedict Arnold and the Crisis of American Liberty (New Haven and London, 2018), pp. 133–34.
26BL-AP, 75613, CH/LS, Oct. 16, 1778.
27BL-AP, 75613, CH/LS, Oct. 26, 1778.
28Syrett, p. 87; BL-AP, 75613, CH/LS, Oct. 29, 1778.
29BL-AP, 75613, CH/LS, Oct. 29, 1778.
30Diary and Letters of Thomas Hutchinson, vol. II, p. 222; BL-AP, 75613, CH/LS, Nov. 14, 1778.
31Mackesy, The War for America, p. 209.
32Conway, The British Isles and the War of American Independence, pp. 118–20, 291.
33General Evening Post, August 11, 1778, cited in Lutnick, The American Revolution and the British Press, p. 138.
34Stanley Weintraub, Iron Tears: Rebellion in America, 1775-1783 (London, New York, Toronto, Sydney, Dublin, 2005), pp. 148–49, 169.
35Conway, The British Isles and the War of American Independence, pp. 290–91, 294.
36BL-AP, 75613, CH/LS, Sept. 14, 1778; Oct. 16, 1778.
37Amanda Foreman, “A politician’s politician: Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire and the Whig party,” in Barker and Chalus, eds., Gender in Eighteenth-Century England, pp. 182–83; Foreman, Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire, pp. 62–66, 75; Martyn J. Powell, “R
ockingham Whigs (act. 1765-1782),” ODNB Online [accessed Aug. 31, 2020].
38BL-AP, 75644, LS/CH, June 13, 1794.
39Keith Perry, British Politics and the American Revolution (Basingstoke and London, 1990), p. 104; Weintraub, Iron Tears, pp. 149–50.
40Marie Peters, “Pitt, William, first earl of Chatham [known as Pitt the Elder],” ODNB Online [accessed Aug. 30, 2020].
41HWC, vol. 24, pp. 418–19.
42Robin F. A. Fabel, “Johnstone, George (1730-1787),” ODNB Online [accessed Aug. 30, 2020].
43BL, Fox Papers, 47579, fols. 57–58, Richard Fitzpatrick to Lord Ossory, Nov. 1778; Gruber, p. 329; Weintraub, Iron Tears, pp. 172–73.
44O’Shaughnessy, The Men Who Lost America, pp. 34–35, 187–88; Norton, The British-Americans, pp. 159–68.
45Cobbett’s Parliamentary History of England, vol. 20, pp. 31, 78–79, 89.
46For example, see BL-AP, 75614, CH/LS, June 28, 1779; 75615, April 14, 1780; Sunday Morning, April 17, 1780.
47John Cannon, “Petty [formerly Fitzmaurice], William, second earl of Shelburne and first marquess of Landsdowne,” ODNB Online [accessed Aug. 30, 2020], cite from this article; Lunt, John Burgoyne of Saratoga, p. 277.
48Cobbett’s Parliamentary History, vol. 20, pp. 77, 79–80.
49WCL-KP, 4:23 Henry White to William Knox, New York, Aug. 17, 1778; 4:39 William Knox to Lord Germain, Oct. 31, 1778; 4:57 Lord George Germain to William Knox, Pall Mall, March 14, 1779.
50WCL-GSG, Series I, Vol. 8: Aug.–Dec. 1778, Sir J. Dalrymple to Germain, Dec. 25, 1778.
51BL-AP, 75614, CH/LS, Nov. 4, 1778.
52Richard Howe to Sir Roger Curtis, Dec. 24, 1778, Porter’s Lodge, HO 7, Richard Howe Correspondence, Huntington Library, San Marino, CA .
53Bedfordshire Archives, Lucas Manuscripts, L30/12/3/5, Major Nisbet Balfour to Lord Polwarth, December 31, 1778; L30/12/3/6, same to same, January 6, 1779 [cite from Balfour]; Urban, Fusiliers, pp. 168–69, 180.
54See, for example, Fortescue, ed., The Correspondence of King George the Third, vol. 4, pp. 266–67, 268–69, 334; and Willcox, Portrait of a General, p. 472.
55University of Virginia, Small Special Collections, Hamond Naval Papers, Item 53, “Heads of the Life of Sir Andrew Snape Hamond, Bart.”
56Fortescue, ed., The Correspondence of King George the Third, vol. 4, pp. 264, 266–67, 344–46.
57Fortescue, ibid., vol. 4, pp. 262–63, 267–68, 268–69, 276.
58Gruber, pp. 332–34.
59Weintraub, Iron Tears, pp. 167–68; Fortescue, ed., The Correspondence of King George the Third, vol. 4, p. 293; BL-AP, 75614, CH/LS, Feb. 14, 1779.
60Cobbett’s Parliamentary History, vol. 20, pp. 217–18.
61Fortescue, ed., The Correspondence of King George the Third, vol. 4, p. 302.
62BL-AP, 75614, CH/LS, June 28, 1779.
63Ford, “Parliament and the Howes,” p. 130fn; Gerald Saxon Brown, ed., Reflections on a Pamphlet Intitled “a Letter to the Right Honble. Lord Vict. H—e” by Admiral Lord Howe. (Ann Arbor, 1959), pp. 9, 11.
64Bedfordshire Archives, Lucas Manuscripts, L30/12/3/9, Major Nisbet Balfour to Lord Polwarth, March 1779. The contents of the letter date it as the end of March.
65WCL-SP, Box 2, “1779. Sir William Howe’s Defence.”
66BC: Public Advertiser, April 23, 1779; General Advertiser and Morning Intelligencer, April 24, 1779.
67LEC, vol. 3, p. 102.
68Brown, ed., Reflections on a Pamphlet, p. 12.
69Bedfordshire Archives, Lucas Manuscripts, L30/12/3/10, Major Nisbet Balfour to Lord Polwarth, May 2, 1779.
70Brown, ed., Reflections on a Pamphlet, pp. 12–13.
71Fortescue, ed., The Correspondence of King George the Third, vol. 4, pp. 334–35.
72Lunt, John Burgoyne of Saratoga, pp. 292–94, 297, 298, 301.
73University of Virginia, Small Special Collections, Hamond Naval Papers, Item 53, “Heads of the Life of Sir Andrew Snape Hamond, Bart.”
74Brown, ed., Reflections on a Pamphlet, pp. 14–15; Cobbett’s Parliamentary History, vol. 20, p. 817, cite from Cobbett.
75BL-AP, 75614, CH/LS, June 28, 1779.
76Fortescue, ed., The Correspondence of King George the Third, vol. 4, p. xxi.
77For a summary of the attitudes of loyalists in London toward the Howes, see Norton, The British-Americans, pp. 158–65. Galloway’s chief pamphlets against the brothers are listed in Oliver C. Kuntzleman, Joseph Galloway, Loyalist (Philadelphia, 1941), pp. 184–91. Anderson, pp. 355–57, gives an overview of pamphlet material directed against the Howes. See also Ford, “Parliament and the Howes.”
78The Narrative of Lieut. Gen. Sir William Howe in a committee of the House of Commons, on the 29th of April, 1779 (London, 1780).
79Brown, ed., Reflections on a Pamphlet, pp. 2, 36–37.
80Diary and Letters of Thomas Hutchinson, vol. II, 237. Galloway’s inside knowledge was no doubt what had triggered the rumors circulating among angry loyalists in New York that Franklin had manipulated Lord Howe in London, supposedly instilling in the brothers a false expectation that they could patch up the war. See A View of the Evidence relative to the Conduct of the American War under Sir William Howe. . . . To which is added A Collection of the Celebrated Fugitive Pieces, p. 94.
81Cobbett’s Parliamentary History, vol. 20, p. 808; vol. 21, pp. 1125–26.
82The editors of the Franklin papers have asserted that no evidence can be found proving that Lord North was involved in the secret talks in Grafton Street. Papers of Benjamin Franklin, vol. 21, p. 409fn.
83BL-AP, 75614, CH/LS, Jan. 4, 1780.
84BL-AP, 75614, CH/LS, July 22, 1779; Aug. 1, 1779.
85Correspondence of John, Fourth Duke of Bedford, vol. 2, p. 103.
86Roland Thorne, “Rigby, Richard (1722–1788),” ODNB Online [accessed Aug. 30, 2020]; https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/rigby-richard-1722-88, cite from History of Parliament; Ivan Garwood, Mistley in the Days of the Rigbys (Lucas Books, 2003), pp. 57–58.
87Thorne, “Rigby, Richard (1722–1788),” ODNB Online.
88Garwood, Mistley in the Days of the Rigbys, pp. 52–54, 59, 74–75.
89BL-AP, 75610, CH/LS, July 16, 1763; 75611, CH/LS, March 12, 1767; 75613, CH/LS, Aug. 6, 1775; Sept. 6, 1776; Aug. 10, 1777.
90Fortescue, ed., The Correspondence of King George the Third, vol. 4, p. 334.
91Garwood, Mistley in the Days of the Rigbys, p. 47.
92BL-AP, 75614, CH/LS, July 18, 1779.
93BL-AP, 75614, CH/LS, Nov. 23, 1779; 75689, Richard Rigby to LS, “Saturday evening past nine,” May 18, 1782.
94BL-AP, 75614, CH/LS, Jan. 18, 1780; 75616, CH/LS, May 20, 1780; 75618, CH/LS, Jan. 19, 1782; 75619, CH/LS, Oct. 9, 1783.
95NRAS-DH/LMC: NRAS859/Vol. 489, Box 1, Dec. 16, 1779.
96BL-AP, 75614, LS/CH, Jan. 6, 1780; 75616, LS/CH, May 7, 1780; May 18, 1780; CH/LS, May 20, 1780.
97BL-AP, 75614, CH/LS, Dec. 21, 1779; Dec. 22, 1779.
98Matthew Kilburn, “William Henry, Prince, first duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh (1743–1805),” ODNB Online [accessed Aug. 30, 2020]; Tillyard, A Royal Affair, pp. 299, 300, 308.
99BL-AP, 75614, CH/LS, Dec. 30, 1779; Friday Morning, Dec. 31, 1779; Jan. 6, 1780; Jan. 27, 1780.
100BL-AP, 75614, CH/LS, Jan. 8, 1780.
101BL-AP, 75614, LS/CH, Dec. 24, 1779; Jan. 3, 1780.
102BL-AP, 75614, CH/LS, Jan. 5, 1780; LS/CH, Jan. 6, 1780.
103Foreman, Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire, pp. 54, 56.
104BL-AP, 75614, LS/CH, Jan. 3, 1780.
105Mackesy, The War for America, p. 291; Conway, A Short History of the American Revolutionary War, pp. 100–101.
106Brumwell, Turncoat, pp. 298–300.
107BL-AP, 75617, CH/LS, June 2, 1780.
108BL-AP, 75617, CH/LS, June 7, 1780; June 8, 1780.
109BNA: Northampton Mercury, July 10, 1780.
110BL-AP, 75616, CH/LS, May 9, 1780; 75617, CH/LS, July 3, 1780.
&
nbsp; 111University of Nottingham, Manuscripts and Special Collections, Portland (Welbeck) Collection, Pw F 6904, F. Montagu to [W. H. C. Cavendish-Bentinck] 3rd Duke of Portland, n.d. [Aug. 22, 1780].
112Kilburn, “Howe, (Mary Sophia) Charlotte, Viscountess Howe,” ODNB Online; BL-AP, 75611, CH/LS, Oct. 22, 1770; Sept. 16 [1771?]; 75615, CH/LS, April 6, 1780.
113Jonathan R. Dull, A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution (New Haven and London, 1985), pp. 120, 123–24, 153.
114Thomas, Lord North, pp. 111, 128, 130, 132.
115BL-AP, 75615, LS/CH, April 12, 1780.
116BC: Parker’s General Advertiser and Morning Intelligencer, June 10, 1782; cite from NRAS-DH/LMC: NRAS859/Vol. 492, Box 3, June 13–[15?], 1782.
117Syrett, pp. 100–101.
118Conway, A Short History of the American Revolutionary War, p. 166; Willis, The Glorious First of June, p. 48, citation from Willis.
119Syrett, p. 105.
120BL-AP, 75618, CH/LS, Oct. 22, 1782; Sunday Morning, Nov. 3, 1782; LS/CH, Nov. 1, 1782.
121BL-AP, 75618, CH/LS, Nov. 7, 1782; Nov. 8, 1782.
122Richard B. Morris, The Forging of the Union, 1781-1789 (New York, 1987), pp. 137–39.
123John J. McCusker and Russell R. Menard, The Economy of British America, 1607-1789 (Chapel Hill and London, 1985), pp. 367, 373, 371, 374.
124Cited in McGuire, Stop the Revolution, p. 200, endnote 18.
125Conway, The American War of Independence 1775-1783, pp. 230, 232; Dull, A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution, pp. 161, 162, cite on p. 161.
126BL-AP, 75619, LS/CH, May 15, 1783 (1); CH/LS, May 8, 1783; “Monday 8 o’clock in the afternoon,” May 19, 1783; BNA: Derby Mercury, May 22, 1783.
127Adrian N. Harvey, “Meynell, Hugo (1735–1808),” ODNB Online [accessed Aug. 30, 2020].
128BL-AP, 75619, CH/LS, Nov. 22, 1782; June 3, 1783.
129BL-AP, 75620, CH/LS, Oct. 11, 1783; LS/CH, Oct. 13, 1783; BNA: Kentish Gazette, Oct. 15, 1783.
Fourteen: The Glorious Return
1For the announcement of the death of Mr. Hall, the steward of Lord Howe at Langar, see BNA: Derby Mercury, March 1, 1798.
2Edward Kimber and Richard Johnson, The Baronetage of England: Containing a Genealogical and Historical Account of all the English Baronets now Existing (London, 3 vols., 1771), vol. 3, pp. 149–50; BL-AP, 75615, CH/LS, Sunday Morning, April 17, 1780. Sir George Smith took on the name of Bromley in 1778 (Leonard Jacks, The Great Houses of Nottinghamshire and the County Families [Nottingham, 1881], p. 132).
The Howe Dynasty Page 55
