3BL-AP, 75611, CH/LS, [Oct. 1770], 75612, CH/LS, June 4, 1773; 75614, CH/LS, Nov. 14, 1778.
4BL-AP, 75619, CH/LS, Nov. 29, 1782, “almost 3.”
5Malcolm Lester, “Spencer, George John, second Earl Spencer (1758–1834)” ODNB Online (accessed Aug. 24, 2020); Andrew, “Spencer, (Margaret) Georgiana, Countess Spencer (1737–1814),” ODNB Online [accessed Aug. 24, 2020].
6Francis Harris, “Holywell House: A Gothic Villa at St Albans,” British Library Journal, vol. 12, no. 2 (1986), pp. 176–77.
7BL-AP, 75619, LS/CH, Nov. 22, 1782; Nov. 30, 1782; CH/LS, Nov. 26, 1782.
8Saul David, Prince of Pleasure: The Prince of Wales and the Making of the Regency (London, 1998), pp. 12, 18.
9Christopher Hibbert, “George IV (1762–1830),” ODNB Online [accessed Aug. 24, 2020].
10Martin J. Levy, “Armitstead [née Crane; married name Fox], Elizabeth Bridget (1750–1842],” ODNB Online [accessed Aug. 24, 2020]; Foreman, Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire, p. 78.
11David, Prince of Pleasure, pp. 27–28.
12Foreman, Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire, pp. 83–84; BL-AP, 75619, CH/LS, June 6, 1783; May 15, 1783.
13NRAS-DH/LMC: NRAS859/Vol. 492, Box 3, October 16, 1782.
14NRAS-DH/LMC: NRAS859/Vol. 493, Box 3, July 23–29, 1783, Sept. 25-29, 1783.
15Barrow, p. vii.
16BL-AP, 75627, CH/LS, Dec. 17, 1785.
17BL-AP, 75614, CH/LS, Jan. 27, 1780.
18NRAS-DH/LMC: NRAS859/Vol. 489, Box 1, Tuesday, July 13, 1779.
19BL-AP, 75618, CH/LS, Jan. 17, 1782; 75619, CH/LS, Nov. 19, 1782; Nov. 26, 1782; Nov. 28, 1782.
20Caroline Tiger, General Howe’s Dog: George Washington, the Battle of Germantown, and the Dog Who Crossed Enemy Lines (New York and London, 2005), pp. 93–97.
21BC: Public Advertiser, Jan. 19, 1778.
22BL-AP, 75620, CH/LS, “Friday evening,” Oct. 24, 1783.
23BL-AP, 75614, CH/LS, Jan. 30, 1780; 75619, CH/LS, Oct. 9, 1783; 75620, CH/LS, “Monday Morning,” Oct. 13, 1783; Richard Stuteley Cobbett, Memorials of Twickenham: Parochial and Topographical (London, 1872), pp. 356–58.
24BL-AP, 75614, CH/LS, April 1, 1782.
25William Howe, The Narrative of Lieut. Gen. Sir William Howe, in a committee of the House of Commons, on the 29th of April, 1779, relative to his conduct, during his late command of the King’s Troops in North America (London, 1780), pp. 39–40.
26Daniel Paterson, A New and Accurate Description of All the Direct and Principal Cross Roads in England and Wales (1808), pp. 57, 59.
27George Lipscomb, A Journey into Cornwall: Through the Counties of Southampton, Wilts, Dorset, Somerset & Devon: Interspersed with Remarks, Moral, Historical, Literary, and Political (Warwick, 1799), p. 88. The first mention of Avon Cottage is in BL-AP, 75619, CH/LS, May 16, 1783.
28J. P. W. Ehrman and Anthony Smith, “Pitt, William [known as Pitt the younger] (1759–1806),” ODNB Online [accessed Aug. 24, 2020].
29Syrett, pp. 110–11; cite from Knight, “Howe, Richard, Earl Howe,” ODNB Online.
30BL-AP, 75633, CH/LS, June 26, 1788; Syrett, Admiral Lord Howe, p. 113.
31George Lipscombe, The History and Antiquities of the County of Buckingham (4 vols., London, 1847), vol. 3, p. 290.
32Anne Chambers, The Great Leviathan: The Life of Howe Peter Browne, 2nd Marquess of Sligo 1788-1845 (Stillorgan, County Dublin, 2017), pp. 16–19; BNA: Caledonian Mercury, June 2, 1787.
33BL-AP, 75631, CH/LS, May 29, 1787; CH/LS, May 31, 1787.
34Chalus, “Amelia, Princess (1711–1786),” ODNB Online.
35BL-AP, 75633, CH/LS, June 20, 1788.
36BL-AP, 75631, LS/CH, July 23, 1787; CH/LS, July 27, 1787.
37Thorne, “Rigby, Richard (1722–1788),” ODNB Online [accessed Aug. 24, 2020].
38BL-AP, 75633, CH/LS, May 15, 1788; [Sunday] May 18, 1788.
39BL-AP, 75633, CH/LS, June 17, 1788.
40BL-AP, 75633, LS/CH, May 21, 1788; May 20, 1788.
41Amanda Foreman, “Ponsonby [née Spencer], Henrietta Frances [Harriet], countess of Bessborough (1761–1821),” ODNB Online [accessed Aug. 24, 2020].
42BL-AP, 75618, CH/LS, Jan. 18, 1782.
43Foreman, Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire, p. 119.
44BL-AP, 75633, CH/LS, Oct. 23, 1788.
45David, Prince of Pleasure, pp. 93–94, 95–96.
46BL-AP, 75634, CH/LS, Nov. 9, 1788.
47BL-AP, 75634, CH/LS, Dec. 8, 1788.
48John Derry, “The Opposition Whigs and the French Revolution, 1789-1815,” in H. T. Dickinson, ed., Britain and the French Revolution 1789-1815 (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire and London, 1989), pp. 40–41.
49Cite from Paul Langford, “Burke, Edmund (1729/30–1797),” ODNB Online [accessed 24/8/20].
50Richard Howe to Sir Roger Curtis, Grafton Street, 1793, April 9, HO 140, Richard Howe correspondence, The Huntington Library, San Marino, CA.
51P. J. Marshall, Remaking the British Atlantic: The United States and the British Empire after American Independence (Oxford, 2012), pp. 63–75; Flavell, When London Was Capital of America, p. 248.
52Jeremy Black, British Foreign Policy in an Age of Revolutions, 1783-1793 (Cambridge, 1994), p. 227.
53Derry, “The Opposition Whigs and the French Revolution,” p. 45.
54Richard Howe to Sir Roger Curtis, Grafton Street, 1790, July 5, HO 93; Richard Howe to Sir Roger Curtis, Grafton Street, 1790, June 14, HO 89, Richard Howe correspondence, Huntington Library, San Marino, CA.
55Richard Howe to Sir Roger Curtis, Porter’s Lodge, 1791, July 15, HO 111, Richard Howe correspondence, Huntington Library, San Marino, CA.
56L. G. Mitchell, Charles James Fox (Oxford, 1992), pp. 119, 124, cite from p. 124.
57BL-AP, 75642, CH/LS, Nov. 26, 1792; Dickinson, ed., Britain and the French Revolution 1789-1815, pp. 112–13.
58BL-AP, 75642, CH/LS, Dec. 10, 1792; Jan. 1, 1793.
59BL-AP, 75642, CH/LS, Jan. 28, 1793; Michael Duffy, The Younger Pitt (Harlow, Essex, 2000), p. 180.
60BL-AP, 75642, CH/LS, Jan. 28, 1793; April 16, 1793; April 30, 1793. On William Augustus Pitt, see his brief biography, “Sir William Augustus Pitt (c. 1728–1809),” in G. F. R. Barker, rev. by R. D. E. Eagles, “Pitt, George, first Baron Rivers (1721–1803),” ODNB Online [accessed Aug. 24, 2020].
61O’Shaughnessy, The Men Who Lost America, p. 121.
62BL-AP, 75644, LS/CH, July 26, 1794.
63Gleeson, Privilege and Scandal, p. 155.
64Foreman, Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire, pp. 267–75.
65For example, see BL-AP, 75644, CH/LS, May 3, 1794; LS/CH, April 12, 1794.
66Kent Archives Service, Knatchbull Manuscripts, Letters and Papers of Admiral Earl Howe, U951/C267/28, Admiral Howe to Lord Altamont, Porter’s Lodge, July 13, 1794.
67John K. Severn, “Wesley [Wellesley], Garrett, first earl of Mornington (1735–1781),” ODNB Online [accessed Aug. 24, 2020]; BNA: Bury and Norwich Post, May 28, 1794; Watkin Tench, Letters written in France, to a friend in London, between the month of November 1794, and the month of May 1795 (London, 1796), pp. 157–59.
68Willis, The Glorious First of June, pp. 50, 51; Syrett, pp. 115–17, 128.
69Syrett, pp. 128–29, 131–33.
70Willis, The Glorious First of June, pp. 198, 229; Syrett, pp. 133–35.
71Willis, The Glorious First of June, pp. 233–35, 243.
72Willis, ibid., pp. 213, 230–31.
73BL-AP, 75644, CH/LS, June 13, 1794. The letter of George III to Caroline on the occasion of her brother’s victory, together with her reply, is reprinted in Barrow, pp. 263–64.
74BNA: Kentish Gazette, June 13, 1794.
75Cite from Willis, The Glorious First of June, p. 232.
76Dorothy Margaret Stuart, Dearest Bess: The Life and Times of Lady Elizabeth Foster, Afterwards Duchess of Devonshire, from Her Unpublished Journals and Correspondence (London, 1955), p. 72.
77Willis, pp. 237–38.
78French, ed
., The Earl and Countess Howe by Gainsborough, p. 14.
79Barrow, pp. 280–81.
80BNA: Kentish Weekly Post or Canterbury Journal, June 13, 1794.
81Syrett, p. 139; Barrow, p. 285. The sword is still in the possession of the present Earl Howe, Frederick Curzon, 7th Earl Howe, who has explained that the diamonds were removed in the nineteenth century “at the behest of the wife of the third Earl Howe who instructed that they be incorporated into two newly made bracelets for her personal use.”
82Willis, pp. 237–39; Barrow, pp. 282–84.
83Barrow, p. 263; BL-AP, 75644, Lady Camelford to CH, Aug. 4, 1794.
84BL-AP, 75644, CH/LS, July 5, 1794.
85BNA: Stamford Mercury, July 11, 1794.
86BL-AP, 75644, CH/LS, July 15, 1794.
Epilogue: Legacy
1Syrett, pp. 142–43, 145–49. After 1789, Lord and Lady Howe stayed at 71 Great Pulteney Street when in Bath. French, ed., The Earl and Countess Howe by Gainsborough, p. 15.
2Ruth Hayward, Phippy: A Biography of Jonathan Wathen Phipps/Waller, Eye-surgeon to King George III (Studley, Warwickshire, 2014), p. 36; French, ed., The Earl and Countess Howe by Gainsborough, p. 14; Richard Howe to Sir Roger Curtis, 1791, May 12, HO 108, Richard Howe correspondence, The Huntington Library, San Marino, CA.
3BL-AP, 75644, LS/CH, Sept. 8, 1794.
4Cites from Chambers, The Great Leviathan, p. 16.
5WCL-HC, [April 10, 1797]. Mary Juliana Howe to Louisa Catherine Howe Browne, countess of Altamont and marchioness of Sligo; Grafton Street.
6Syrett, pp. 149, 150–51; Christie, Wars and Revolutions, pp. 233–35, 239.
7Syrett, p. 151; Barrow, p. 342.
8Barrow, pp. 338–39, 342, 344, cite on p. 344.
9BNA: Dublin Evening Post, May 20, 1797.
10BNA: Gloucester Journal, May 22, 1797.
11Van Der Kiste, George III’s Children, pp. 69–71; BNA: Reading Mercury, May 29, 1797.
12BNA: Reading Mercury, May 29, 1797.
13WCL-HC, [1798?] Mary Juliana Howe to Louisa Catherine Howe Browne, countess of Altamont and marchioness of Sligo; Grafton Street. The manuscript is incorrectly dated. The contents of the letter make clear that it was written on Wednesday, May 24, 1797. On Hook’s song, “The Glorious First of June; or, Lord Howe’s Victory,” see Paul F. Rice, British Music and the French Revolution (Newcastle upon Tyne, 2010), pp. 361–62, 394.
14Syrett, p. 152.
15Royal Archives, Additional Papers relating to George III and Queen Charlotte, GEO/ADD/2/51, Louisa Countess of Altamont to the 3rd Earl of Altamont, Aug. 18, 1799.
16GEO/ADD/2/51, Louisa Countess of Altamont to the 3rd Earl of Altamont, Aug. 18, 1799.
17Cites from Barrow, pp. 387, 394.
18Barrow, p. 391.
19Chambers, The Great Leviathan, pp. 41–42; Barrow, pp. 392–95, cite from pp. 393–94.
20BL-AP, 75644, CH/LS, Sept. 22, 1794.
21PRO, Leveson-Gower Papers, 30/29/4/8 Caroline Howe to Lady Gower, Nov. 21 [1781] [Letter 15, fols. 1177–1181]; Melville, ed., The Berry Papers, pp. 268, 273.
22BL-AP, 75642, CH/LS, April 16, 1793.
23BL-AP, 75642, CH/LS, Feb. 13, 1793; Greig, ed., The Farington Diary, vol. 6, p. 271. Caroline’s image as a conspicuously lively old lady held up to the end. At the time of her death, a literary magazine published a notice of the Hon. Caroline Howe, “. . . still living in Grafton-Street, who, though deaf, still talks, reads, writes, and plays at cards, at 93, with all the spirit and life of a girl, dresses in powdered hair, triple ruffles, furbelowed gowns, and is a fine model of the costume of the old Court. She died while this sheet was preparing for press.” John Nichols, Samuel Bentley, Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Century: Comprizing Biographical Memoirs of William Bowyer, Printer, F.S.A. and many of his Learned Friends (Volume IX, London, 1815), vol. 9, p. 527.
24The portrait is entitled “The Honourable Mrs Caroline Howe, aged 90,” but the edition of The Times is dated August 28, 1813, which would make her ninety-one.
25BL-AP, 75619, CH/LS, “Monday 8 o’clock in the afternoon,” May 19, 1783.
26BL-AP, 75620, CH/LS, “Monday Morning,” Oct. 13, 1783; BL-AP, 75633, CH/LS, May 24, 1788.
27https://shenleymiscellany.wordpress.com/monumental-inscriptions/. I am grateful to Martin Price for identifying for me Caroline’s burial place.
28BNA: Caledonian Mercury, July 4, 1814; London Courier and Evening Gazette, July 14, 1814; Cobbett, Memorials of Twickenham, p. 76.
29Hayward, Phippy, pp. 36–37, 56–57.
30Ibid., p. 57.
31BNA: The Western Daily Press, June 1, 1894.
32BL-AP, 75614, LS/CH, Dec. 27, 1779.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Archival Sources
Bedfordshire Archives and Records Service, Bedford
Wrest Park (Lucas) Manuscripts
Bodleian Library, University of Oxford
Correspondence and papers of Thomas Villiers, 1st Earl of Clarendon of the second creation, 1738–86
MS. Eng. Misc. e. 452, 45865, “Volume containing accounts of personal expenditure of Scrope, 1st Viscount Howe, and memoranda and accounts of his wife Juliana, 1736–40”
British Library, London
Althorp Papers, especially:
Add. Mss. 75610-75667: Correspondence of Lady Spencer with Caroline Howe, 1759–1814
Add. Mss. 75669-82: Letters to Lady Spencer from George Bussy Villiers, 4th Earl of Jersey
Add. Mss. 75689: Letters to Lady Spencer concerning politics, from Richard Rigby, MP, and others, 1777–88
Add. Mss. 75694-95: Rachel Lloyd, Housekeeper of Kensington Palace: Letters to Lady Spencer, 1773–1803
Add. Mss. 75743, List of the original members of the Ladies’ Club, with notes of those who have attended, [1770?]
Blenheim Papers
Fox Papers
Hardwicke Papers
Newcastle Papers, Correspondence: 32686-32992
City of Westminster Archives Centre, London
St. Martin-in-the-Fields Baptisms
Derbyshire Record Office, Matlock
Okeover Family of Okeover: title deeds, estate and family papers
The Huntington Library, San Marino, California
Hastings Family Papers, ca 1100–1892
Howe Collection
Correspondence of John Collett, 1776–1779
Kent Archives Service, Maidstone
Knatchbull Manuscripts, Letters and Papers of Admiral Earl Howe
National Archives, Kew
Prerogative Court of Canterbury and related Probate Jurisdictions: Will Registers
William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham Papers
Leveson-Gower. 1st Earl Granville and Predecessors and Successors Papers: Letters of Caroline Howe to Lady Gower
National Library of Ireland, Dublin
Westport Estate Papers
Thomas Conolly Papers
Nottinghamshire Archives, Nottingham
Register of baptisms for St. Andrew’s Church, Langar, PR/6822, 6823
Register of burials for St. Andrew’s Church, Langar, PR/6828
Royal Archives, Windsor Castle
Additional Papers relating to King George III and Queen Charlotte
Sheffield City Council, Libraries Archives and Information: Sheffield Archives
Wentworth Woodhouse Muniments, Rockingham Papers
Somerset Archives and Local Studies, South West Heritage Trust
Strachey Collection
Staffordshire Record Office, Stafford
Dartmouth Papers
Suffolk Record Office, Bury St. Edmunds
FitzRoy Papers
University of Nottingham, Manuscripts and Special Collections
Newcastle (Clumber) Collection
Papers of the Smith-Bromley Family of East Stoke Nottinghamshire, 1305–1876
Portland (Welbeck) Collection
University of Southampton, Special Collections, Broadlands Archives
Papers
of Henry Temple, second Viscount Palmerston
West Yorkshire Archive Service, Calderdale
Armytage Family of Kirklees Hall, Clifton-cum-Hartshead, Records
National Records of Scotland, Edinburgh
Letters of Sophia Howe et al.
Leven and Melville Muniments
Papers of the Douglas-Home Family, diary of Lady Mary Coke. Extracts are reproduced in this work by kind permission of the Douglas-Home family, Earls of Home
Papers of Major William Howe 1705–1733
University of Virginia, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library
Hamond Naval Papers
William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan
George Sackville Germain Papers 1683–1785
Henry Strachey Papers, 1768–1802
Richard and Francis Browne Papers 1756–1765
Richard and William Howe Collection, 1758–1812
Sir Henry Clinton Papers; Harriot Clinton and Elizabeth Carter Diaries, 1771–1795
Thomas Gage Papers, 1754–1807
William Knox Papers, 1757–1811
Pamphlets
A View of the Evidence relative to the Conduct of the American War under Sir William Howe, Lord Viscount Howe and General Burgoyne; as given before a committee of the House of Commons Last Session of Parliament. To which is added A Collection of the Celebrated Fugitive Pieces that are said to have given rise to that Important Enquiry (London, 1779).
Historical Anecdotes, Civil and Military: In a Series of Letters, Written from America, in the years 1777 and 1778, to different Persons in England; Containing Observations on the General Management of the War, and on the Conduct of our Principal Commanders, in the Revolted Colonies, During that Period (London, 1779).
[Howe, Admiral Lord (Richard)], Reflections on a Pamphlet Intitled “a Letter to the Right Honble. Lord Vict. H—E,” ed. Gerald Saxon Brown (Ann Arbor, 1959).
Howe, William, The Narrative of Lieut. Gen. Sir William Howe, in a committee of the House of Commons, on the 29th of April, 1779, relative to his conduct, during his late command of the King’s Troops in North America: To which are added, Some Observations upon a Pamphlet, entitled, Letters to a Nobleman (London, 1780).
The Howe Dynasty Page 56
