Known and Unknown

by Donald Rumsfeld

  8. L. E. Jacoby to Rumsfeld, “Uzbekistan: Review of Information on Unrest in Andijon, 12–13 May 2005,” July 30, 2005.

  9. L. E. Jacoby to Rumsfeld, “Uzbekistan: Review of Information on Unrest in Andijon, 12–13 May 2005,” July 30, 2005.

  10. “‘Bullets Were Falling Like Rain’: The Andijan Massacre, May 13, 2005,” Human Rights Watch, vol. 17, no. 5(D), June 2005; “Uzbekistan: Lift ing the Siege on the Truth About Andizhan,” Amnesty International, September 19, 2005; “The Andijan Massacre: One Year Later, Still No Justice,” Human Rights Watch, May 11, 2006; “Uzbekistan: Andijan Crisis Aftermath,” Human Rights Watch, background document, 2005.

  11. “Punishment Please,” The Economist, August 27, 2005.

  12. Press conference of Senators John McCain, John Sununu, and Lindsey Graham, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, May 29, 2005.

  13. McCain et al., letter to Rumsfeld, September 19, 2005.

  14. Rumsfeld, letter to McCain, undated.

  15. Rumsfeld to Feith et al., “Uzbekistan,” July 24, 2005.

  16. Rumsfeld to Jim MacDougall et al., “Congressional Amendment on Uzbekistan,” October 18, 2006.

  17. Rumsfeld to Cambone, “Uzbekistan,” July 27, 2005.

  18. R. Nicholas Burns, interviewed by Pahlavon Turghunov, BBC Uzbek Service, August 2, 2005.

  19. Vladimir Socor, “The Unfolding of the U.S.-Uzbekistan Crisis,” published as part of Anatomy of a Crisis: U.S.-Uzbekistan Relations, 2001–2005, edited by S. Frederick Starr (Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and Silk Road Studies Program, 2006), p. 50.

  20. Vladimir Socor, “The Unfolding of the U.S.-Uzbekistan Crisis,” published as part ofAnatomy of a Crisis: U.S.-Uzbekistan Relations, 2001–2005, edited by S. Frederick Starr (Central Asia–Caucasus Institute and Silk Road Studies Program, 2006), p. 61.

  21. Vladimir Socor, “The Unfolding of the U.S.-Uzbekistan Crisis,” published as part ofAnatomy of a Crisis: U.S.-Uzbekistan Relations, 2001–2005, edited by S. Frederick Starr (Central Asia–Caucasus Institute and Silk Road Studies Program, 2006), p. 62.

  22. Rumsfeld to Hadley et al., “Central Asia,” July 13, 2006.

  23. Rumsfeld to Hadley et al., “Central Asia,” July 13, 2006.

  24. Rumsfeld to Pace, “Acting on Intelligence,” November 7, 2006.

  25. Rumsfeld, “Talk to Hadley about U.S.-Iran Talks,” April 3, 2006.

  26. Rumsfeld to Bush, cc: Hadley, “Thoughts on Syria,” July 31, 2006.

  27. “Hezbollah Denies Link to Hariri Murder,” CNN, May 24, 2009; Ayaz Nanji, “Bush Says Syria Is ‘Out of Step,’” CBS News, February 17, 2005.

  28. Rumsfeld to Cheney et al., “Remaining Firm on North Korea,” December 26, 2002.

  29. Rumsfeld to Cheney et al., “Approaching China with a Political Solution on NorthKorea,” March 14, 2003.

  30. Max Hastings, The Korean War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987), p. 324.

  CHAPTER 44 The Army We Had

  1. Department of Defense news transcript, “Secretary Rumsfeld Town Hall Meeting in Kuwait,” December 8, 2004.

  2. Department of Defense news transcript, “Secretary Rumsfeld Town Hall Meeting in Kuwait,” December 8, 2004.

  3. Department of Defense news transcript, “Secretary Rumsfeld Town Hall Meeting in Kuwait,” December 8, 2004.

  4. Thomas E. Ricks, “Rumsfeld Gets Earful From Troops,” Washington Post, December 9, 2004.

  5. Rick Atkinson, “‘The IED Problem Is Getting Out of Control. We’ve Got to Stop the Bleeding,’” Washington Post, September 30, 2007.

  6. Rick Atkinson, “‘There Was a Two-Year Learning Curve…and a Lot of People Died in Those Two Years,’” Washington Post, October 1, 2007.

  7. Rick Atkinson, “‘The IED Problem Is Getting Out of Control. We’ve Got to Stop the Bleeding,’” Washington Post, September 30, 2007.

  8. Rick Atkinson, “‘The IED Problem Is Getting Out of Control. We’ve Got to Stop the Bleeding,’” Washington Post, September 30, 2007.

  9. Rick Atkinson, “‘You Can’t Armor Your Way Out of This Problem,’” Washington Post, October 2, 2007.

  10. Rick Atkinson, “‘There Was a Two-Year Learning Curve…and a Lot of People Died in Those Two Years,’” Washington Post, October 1, 2007.

  11. Rumsfeld to Myers et al., “Armored Vehicles,” December 21, 2004.

  12. Rumsfeld to Myers et al., “Meeting AOR Needs,” December 14, 2004.

  13. Rumsfeld to Di Rita, “Armored Vehicle Issue,” December 20, 2004.

  14. Department of Defense, “Defense Transformation Update,” August 2006.

  15. “USAF Faces Further Push to Boost UAVs in Afghanistan, Iraq,” janes.com, April 24, 2008.

  16. Caspar W. Weinberger, speech, “The Uses of Military Power,” National Press Club, Washington, D.C., November 28, 1984; Colin L. Powell, “U.S. Forces: Challenges Ahead,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 71, no. 5 (Winter 1992), pp. 32-45.

  17. Department of Defense news transcript, “DoD News briefing—Secretary Rumsfeld,” May 8, 2002.

  18. Armed Forces Journal, cover page, June 2002.

  19. “Crusader Talking Points,” May 1, 2002.

  20. “Crusader Talking Points,” May 1, 2002.

  21. “DoD—Highlights of Accomplishments: The First Five Years,” March 20, 2006; General Wayne Downing to Rumsfeld and Pace, “Special Operations Forces Assessment,” November 9, 2005.

  22. Rumsfeld to Di Rita, “briefing on SOF,” December 10, 2004; Rumsfeld to General Doug Brown et al., “Marines Special Operations Command,” February 5, 2005.

  23. Francis J. Harvey to Rumsfeld, “Snowflake Response: Army Modularity—Open Issues,” February 2, 2005.

  24. Robert D. Kaplan, “What Rumsfeld Got Right,” The Atlantic, July/August 2008.

  PART FOURTEEN The Long, Hard Slog

  1. Department of Defense news transcript, “DoD News briefing with Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Pace,” March 7, 2006.

  2. Rumsfeld to Edelman, cc: Pace, “U.S. Response to Mosque Attack,” February 22, 2006.

  CHAPTER 45 Hands Off the Bicycle Seat

  1. Ambassador L. Paul Bremer III with Malcolm McConnell, My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), p. 357.

  2. Department of Defense news transcript, “Ambassador Bremer Conference Call with editorial Writers,” July 24, 2003.

  3. Department of Defense news transcript, “Ambassador Paul Bremer Interview on Meet the Press,” July 20, 2003.

  4. Bremer to Rumsfeld, “Nation-Building: Lessons Learned,” May 4, 2003; L. Paul Bremer, interviewed by Tim Russert, Meet the Press, NBC News, January 15, 2006.

  5. Ambassador L. Paul Bremer III with Malcolm McConnell, My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), p. 357; Rumsfeld to Bremer, “Force Estimate,” May 24, 2004.

  6. Rumsfeld to Myers, cc: Wolfowitz, “Force Estimate for Iraq,” May 21, 2004.

  7. Myers to Rumsfeld, “Iraqi Force Estimate,” July 13, 2004.

  8. Myers to Rumsfeld, “Iraqi Force Estimate,” July 13, 2004.

  9. Myers to Rumsfeld, “Iraqi Force Estimate,” July 13, 2004.

  10. Rumsfeld, “Military Advice,” April 26, 2004; Rumsfeld, “Giving Good Military Advice,” April 26, 2004.

  11. Rumsfeld to Pace, cc: Myers, “Views from Generals,” January 3, 2005.

  12. Rumsfeld to Pace, cc: Myers, “Views from Generals,” January 4, 2005.

  13. Rumsfeld to Pace, cc: Myers, “Views from Generals,” January 4, 2005.

  14. Dave Moniz and Tom Squitieri, “Defense Memo: A Grim Outlook,” USA Today, October 22, 2003.

  15. Rumsfeld to Myers et al., “Global War on Terrorism,” October 16, 2003.

  16. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, National Military Strategic Plan for the War on Terrorism (Washington, D.C.: Department of Defense, 2006); President of the United States, The National Security Strategy of the United States of America (Washington, D.C.: The White House, 2006).r />
  17. William Safire, “Slog,” New York Times, November 9, 2003.

  CHAPTER 46 The Dead Enders

  1. Eric Schmitt, “A Low-Key Commander With 4 Stars to Tame the Iraqi Furies,” New York Times, July 5, 2004.

  2. Rumsfeld to Feith et al., “Foreign Troops,” February 20, 2004.

  3. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “Muslim Force for Iraq,” January 3, 2005.

  4. Ambassador L. Paul Bremer III with Malcolm McConnell, My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), p. 162.

  5. Jonas to Rumsfeld and Wolfowitz, “Cost for a Soldier,” February 15, 2005.

  6. Rumsfeld to Matt Latimer, “Statement on Iraq,” October 21, 2004.

  7. Rumsfeld to Franks, cc: Myers, “Codel Restrictions,” May 20, 2003.

  8. OSD Policy, “Security Update: Update on Training the ISF,” April 21, 2005.

  9. Department of Defense news transcript, “Defense Department Operational Update briefing,” April 20, 2004.

  10. Ann Scott Tyson, “Insurgents in Iraq Show Signs of Acting as a Network,” Christian Science Monitor, April 28, 2004.

  11. Department of Defense news transcript, “Secretary Rumsfeld Interview with CNN Live Today,” March 8, 2002.

  12. Ambassador L. Paul Bremer III with Malcolm McConnell, My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), p. 127.

  13. Malcolm W. Nance, The Terrorists of Iraq: Inside the Strategy and Tactics of the Iraq Insurgency (Charleston, SC: Book Surge Publishing, 2007), p. 21.

  14. Edward T. Pound, “Seeds of Chaos,” U.S. News & World Report, December 12, 2004.

  15. Department of Defense news transcript, “Secretary Rumsfeld Remarks at Greater Dallas Chamber of Commerce,” August 2, 2005.

  16. “Fact Sheet: Defining Victory in Fallujah,” November 12, 2004.

  17. “Purported Al-Zarqawi Tape Declares War on Democracy,” Associated Press, January 23, 2005.

  18. “Iraq’s Lost Election,” The Nation, January 20, 2005; Rory McCarthy, “Violence Will Not Stop Poll, Says UN Official,” The Guardian, January 21, 2005; “Bush confident About Iraq Elections Despite Violence,” Associated Press, January 7, 2005.

  19. Anas Shallal, “Postpone Iraq’s Elections,” Foreign Policy in Focus, January 13, 2005.

  20. Anas Shallal, “Postpone Iraq’s Elections,” Foreign Policy in Focus, January 13, 2005.

  21. Anthony Shadid, “Iraqis Defy Threats as Millions Vote,” Washington Post, January 31, 2005.

  22. Anthony Shadid, “Iraqis Defy Threats as Millions Vote,” Washington Post, January 31, 2005.

  23. Joseph R. Biden, Jr., and Leslie H. Gelb, “Unity Through Autonomy in Iraq,” New York Times, May 1, 2006.

  24. Department of Defense notes of NSC meeting, November 2, 2005.

  25. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “Progress in Iraq,” November 29, 2005.

  26. Ellen Knickmeyer and K.I. Ibrahim, “Bombing Shatters Mosque in Iraq,” Washington Post, February 23, 2006.

  CHAPTER 47 Eyes on Afghanistan

  1. Joint Chiefs of Staff, “Forces in Afghanistan September 2001–May 2007 (Boots on the Ground),” undated.

  2. Rumsfeld to Abizaid et al., “Karzai’s Strategy on Warlordism,” September 15, 2003.

  3. Rumsfeld to Franks et al., “Afghan National Army,” January 28, 2002; Rumsfeld to Feith et al., “Afghanistan,” May 2, 2003.

  4. OSD Policy, “Principles for Afghanistan—Policy Guidelines,” July 7, 2003.

  5. David Rohde and David E. Sanger, “How a ‘Good War’ in Afghanistan Went Bad,” New York Times, August 12, 2007; “Will Afghanistan Be Obama’s Iraq?” The Week, December 8, 2008; Don Gonyea, “Is Obama in an ‘Afghan Box’?” NPR, September 29, 2009.

  6. Jason H. Campbell and Jeremy Shapiro, “Afghanistan Index: Tracking Variables of Reconstruction & Security in Post-9/11 Afghanistan,” Brookings Institution, October 28, 2008.

  7. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “Afghanistan,” August 20, 2002.

  8. Rice to Cheney et al., “‘Accelerating Success in Afghanistan’ in 2004: An Assessment,” January 18, 2005.

  9. Powell, letter to Rumsfeld, April 16, 2002; Rumsfeld to Wolfowitz et al., “Afghanistan Funding,” September 15, 2004; Rumsfeld to Feith, cc: Wolfowitz, “Afghan Army,” October 22, 2003; Rumsfeld to Abizaid et al., “Afghan Security Forces,” December 19, 2003.

  10. Rumsfeld to Rice, “Afghan National Police,” February 23, 2005.

  11. David Rohde, “Overhaul of Afghan Police Is New Priority,” New York Times, October 18, 2007.

  12. Rumsfeld to Rice, “Afghan National Police,” February 23, 2005.

  13. Rumsfeld to Myers et al., “Afghan Security Responsibility,” April 7, 2004; Rumsfeld to Powell, “Afghanistan briefing Papers,” September 21, 2004.

  14. Rep. Robert Andrews and Rep. Mark Kirk, cochairs, Integrating 21st Century Development and Security Assistance: Final Report of the Task Force on Nontraditional Security Assistance, Center for Strategic & International Studies (January 2008), p. 7.

  15. Rumsfeld to Abizaid et al., “Training and Equipping of Police in Afghanistan and Iraq,” August 2, 2006.

  16. Rumsfeld to Hadley, “Afghan National Police,” March 4, 2005.

  17. David Rohde, “Overhaul of Afghan Police Is New Priority,” New York Times, October 18, 2007.

  18. “Foreign Assistance Reform,” draft working paper, May 19, 2005.

  19. National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2006 (Public Law 109-163), January 6, 2006.

  20. Combined Forces Command—Afghanistan, “What Has Changed?” December 6, 2004.

  21. Rumsfeld to Hadley, cc: Edelman, “Staffing PRTs in Afghanistan,” August 18, 2006, with attachment, “Staffing of PRTs in Afghanistan as of August 1, 2006” “Status of Civilianizing PRTs in Afghanistan,” April 19, 2005.

  22. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “Decision on Ambassador to Afghanistan,” January 21, 2005.

  23. Rumsfeld to Hadley, “Ambassador to Iraq,” March 6, 2006.

  24. Rumsfeld to Edelman, “Strmecki,” May 18, 2006; Rumsfeld to Cheney et al., “Marin Strmecki and Afghanistan briefing,” August 25, 2006.

  25. Marin Strmecki, “Afghanistan at a Crossroads: Challenges, Opportunities, and a Way Ahead,” August 17, 2006.

  26. Rumsfeld to Cheney et al., “Marin Strmecki and Afghanistan briefing,” August 25, 2006; Rumsfeld to Cheney et al., “briefing by Marin Strmecki on Afghanistan,” September 22, 2006; Rumsfeld to Hadley, cc: Edelman, “Strmecki Brief,” October 17, 2006.

  27. Marin Strmecki, “Afghanistan at a Crossroads: Challenges, Opportunities, and aWay Ahead,” August 17, 2006.

  28. Marin Strmecki, “Afghanistan at a Crossroads: Challenges, Opportunities, and a Way Ahead,” August 17, 2006.

  29. Marin Strmecki, “Afghanistan at a Crossroads: Challenges, Opportunities, and a Way Ahead,” August 17, 2006.

  30. Mira R. Ricardel to Rumsfeld, “Concept Paper on Merging ISAF and OEF into a Single Command,” October 12, 2004.

  31. Rumsfeld to Powell, “Afghanistan—Embassy Kabul Staffing,” March 26, 2004.

  32. Luti to Rumsfeld, “Embassy Kabul Staffing,” January 26, 2004.

  33. Rumsfeld to Hadley, “PRT Memos,” January 26, 2006.

  34. Rumsfeld, handwritten note, May 26, 2006.

  35. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “What to Do When ‘Succeeding’ Requires More Th an Military Power Alone,” October 10, 2006.

  36. Rumsfeld to Cheney et al., “Marin Strmecki and Afghanistan briefing,” August 25, 2006; Rumsfeld to Cheney et al., “briefing by Marin Strmecki on Afghanistan,” September 22, 2006; Rumsfeld to Hadley, cc: Edelman, “Strmecki Brief,” October 17, 2006.

  CHAPTER 48 Iraq’s Summer of Violence

  1. Michael E. O’Hanlon and Jason H. Campbell, “Iraq Index: Tracking Variables ofReconstruction & Security in Post-Saddam Iraq,” Brookings Institution, October 1, 2007, p. 30.

  2. Jim Clancy and Pam Benson, “
Al-Zarqawi Claims Responsibility for Wave of Attacks,” CNN, April 6, 2004.

  3. Associated Press-Ipsos poll, conducted by Ipsos Public Affairs, January 8–10, 2007; CBS News Poll, December 8–10, 2006.

  4. Jason Burke and Rory Carroll, “Poor Bedouin Who Became a Butcher,” The Guardian, June 9, 2006.

  5. “defiant al-Zarqawi Shows Face on Video,” CNN, April 25, 2006.

  6. Rumsfeld to Casey et al., “Zarqawi,” June 8, 2006.

  7. Rumsfeld to Myers and Cambone, “Meeting with POTUS,” May 19, 2005.

  8. Rumsfeld to McChrystal et al., “Congratulations,” June 8, 2006.

  9. Vickers to Bush, “Transitioning to an Indirect Approach in Iraq,” June 12, 2006.

  10. Rumsfeld to Abizaid et al., “Presence in Cities and Training Officers,” November 15, 2005.

  11. Abizaid to Rumsfeld, “Paper by Michael Vickers,” June 21, 2006.

  12. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “Abizaid’s Comments on the Paper by Mike Vickers,” June 22, 2006.

  13. Rumsfeld to Hadley et al., “Update on Security in Baghdad,” July 14, 2006.

  14. Department of Defense notes of NSC meeting, July 19, 2006.

  15. Rumsfeld to Casey et al., “Integration and Militia,” May 12, 2006.

  16. Department of Defense notes of NSC meeting, July 22, 2006.

  17. Rumsfeld, “Measures of Success in Iraq,” September 18, 2006.

  18. Rumsfeld to Casey et al., “Decision on Stryker Brigade,” August 2, 2006; Casey to Rumsfeld et al., “snowflake response,” August 11, 2006.

  19. Eric Lidji, “Final Strykers Return Home,” Stryker Brigade News, December 19, 2006.

  20. Thomas E. Ricks, “Situation Called Dire in West Iraq,” Washington Post, September 11,2006; Jim Miklaszewski, “Iraq’s Anbar Province a Lost Cause?” MSNBC, September 12, 2006.

  21. National Security Council, “Al Anbar Update,” March 22, 2006.

  22. Rumsfeld to Bremer, “Sunni Outreach,” April 12, 2004.

  23. Rumsfeld to Abizaid et al., “Counterinsurgency,” January 2, 2004.

  24. Major Niel Smith, U.S. Army, and Colonel Sean MacFarland, U.S. Army, “Anbar Awakens: The Tipping Point,” Military Review, March–April 2008, p. 41.

  25. Multi-National Corps—Iraq, Public Affairs Office, “Most Successful Iraqi Police Recruiting Drive,” Release No. 20060818-01, August 18, 2006.