“The Fenian organization”: Buffalo Daily Courier, Feb. 3, 1868.
Chapter 14: Blood in the Street
Then, on March 9, 1868: Donald Mackay to Macdonald, March 9, 1868, LAC.
“I’m a bloody Fenian”: Age, July 7, 2017.
Fortuitously, the royal’s India rubber braces: Irish Times, Oct. 13, 2017.
O’Farrell was not in fact: Australian, Aug. 5, 2017.
By the time the news: Buffalo Express, April 25, 1868.
“I hope that in this House”: Taylor, Hon. Thos. D’Arcy McGee, 40–43.
Under the light of a full moon: Trial of Patrick J. Whelan, 1–12.
The .32-caliber bullet: Bytown Museum exhibit.
McGee’s glove and cigar: Trial of Patrick J. Whelan, 11.
“If Thomas D’Arcy McGee”: Taylor, Hon. Thos. D’Arcy McGee, 47.
“He who was with us”: Slattery, Assassination of Thomas D’Arcy McGee, 474.
“He has been slain”: Taylor, Hon. Thos. D’Arcy McGee, 44–45.
Born around 1840: Boyko, “Patrick James Whelan.”
An estimated 80,000 people: Globe and Mail, April 13, 2013.
“the dastardly, cowardly”: Wilson, Thomas D’Arcy McGee, 2:347.
“McGee did as much”: New York World, April 8, 1868.
During the solemn funeral Mass: New York Herald, April 14, 1868.
“a deliberate decision”: Wilson, Thomas D’Arcy McGee, 2:346–47.
“I shot that fellow”: Trial of Patrick J. Whelan, 39, 86.
In his last hours on death row: Boyko, “Patrick James Whelan.”
Fearing that some Irish Catholic: D’Arcy, Fenian Movement, 317–18.
“the detectives detailed”: U.S. Congress, House Executive Documents, 40th Cong., 2nd sess., 288–91.
Only one-third of the $167,450: Proceedings of the Senate and House of Representatives of the Fenian Brotherhood in Joint Convention at Philadelphia, Pa., 15–17.
“General O’Neill moves”: Vermont Daily Transcript, Feb. 5, 1869.
O’Neill conceded his expenses: Official Report of Gen. John O’Neill, 36.
“I have never believed”: O’Neill to Gallagher, Jan. 4, 1870, ACHS.
In order to cover: James Gibbons to the Officers and Members of the F.B., April 7, 1870, ACHS.
In April 1869: Gibbons to the Officers and Members of the F.B., April 8, 1869, ACHS.
On the opening day: New York Times, June 6, 1869.
“Were it not for the almost insane”: D’Arcy, Fenian Movement, 318.
“I am sick and tired”: O’Neill to Gallagher, Dec. 16, 1869.
In truth, the only people: Le Caron, Twenty-Five Years in the Secret Service, 77.
As O’Neill and Meehan: Official Report of Gen. John O’Neill, 7.
According to the Canadian spymaster: D’Arcy, Fenian Movement, 326.
“It should not be forgotten”: O’Neill to the Officers and Members of the Fenian Brotherhood, and the Friends of Irish Liberty Generally, Oct. 27, 1869, MHS.
He summoned Le Caron: Cole, Prince of Spies, 48.
The Fenian president then traveled: Irish-American, July 30, 1870.
In spite of their efforts: Archibald to Thornton, Dec. 13, 1869, LAC.
“I was painfully aware”: Official Report of Gen. John O’Neill, 5.
“The right to fight”: O’Neill to the Officers and Members of the Fenian Brotherhood, Jan. 21, 1870, MHS.
Chapter 15: One Ridgeway Would Never Be Enough
“those who become members”: Catholic Encyclopedia, 5:689.
“decreed and declared”: Belfast News-Letter, Feb. 8, 1870.
Upwards of one thousand men: Rafferty, The Church, the State, and the Fenian Threat, 11.
“What England failed to accomplish”: D’Arcy, Fenian Movement, 332.
When a New York City priest: Commercial Appeal, March 25, 1870.
“The Irish people”: Sayers, “John O’Mahony,” 348.
Colonels Henri Le Caron and William Clingen: Burlington Free Press, April 25, 1870.
“It was as much our object”: Daily Phoenix, June 4, 1870.
Registering in hotels: Cole, Prince of Spies, 53.
On a visit to Malone: Le Caron, Twenty-Five Years in the Secret Service, 75–76.
Administering their own justice: Cole, Prince of Spies, 52.
When New York’s governor, John Hoffman: D’Arcy, Fenian Movement, 334–36.
A trained physician: New York Herald, March 1, 1870.
A painful rift: John O’Neill pension file, 575.926.
McCloud, removed the organization’s: Official Report of Gen. John O’Neill, 6–7.
Listening from another room: D’Arcy, Fenian Movement, 342.
A policeman who heard: New York Herald, March 1, 1870.
“Frank, I hope this”: Irish-American, March 19, 1870.
Although Keenan’s shot: New York Herald, March 2, 1870.
After serving two years: Public Papers of John T. Hoffman, 489.
Due to Keenan’s “insane” actions: Official Report of Gen. John O’Neill, 7.
“in view of the lamented catastrophe”: O’Neill to the Officers and Members of the Fenian Brotherhood, March 1, 1870, MHS.
“One Ridgeway is enough”: Gibbons to the Officers and Members of the Fenian Brotherhood, March 23, 1870, ACHS.
The Fenian scare: Borthwick, History of the Montréal Prison, 221–22.
With the British government: Nevins, Hamilton Fish, 1:388–89.
Based on the intelligence reports: Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 258.
“the peace of the country”: Chicago Tribune, April 15, 1870.
“detectives and spies”: New York Herald, April 23, 1870.
The Canadian government said: McGee, Fenian Raids on the Huntingdon Frontier, 27.
Chapter 16: Secrets and Lies
Henri Le Caron became a familiar face: Cole, Prince of Spies, 50–59.
“no power on earth”: Le Caron, Twenty-Five Years in the Secret Service, 81–83.
Only $2,000 of the $30,000: Official Report of Gen. John O’Neill, 44.
“I did not deem it”: Ibid., 9.
“Take no man who”: Le Caron, Twenty-Five Years in the Secret Service, 79–83.
While the Buffalo Evening Post announced: Buffalo Evening Post, May 22, 1870; Cole, Prince of Spies, 58–59.
Le Caron’s stay in Buffalo: Official Report of Gen. John O’Neill, 15.
“Every precaution had been taken”: Daily Phoenix, June 4, 1870.
“that the Canadians”: Le Caron, Twenty-Five Years in the Secret Service, 82.
The second of thirteen children: Edwards, Infiltrator, 26.
“wild mad thirst”: Le Caron, Twenty-Five Years in the Secret Service, 8.
Beach told tall tales: Edwards, Infiltrator, 55; Le Caron, Twenty-Five Years in the Secret Service, 2–10.
When Le Caron returned: Edwards, Infiltrator, 53–54.
“I never sought Fenianism”: Le Caron, Twenty-Five Years in the Secret Service, 25.
He worked closely: O’Brien, Blood Runs Green, 68.
As the head center: Cole, Prince of Spies, 30.
Although he wasn’t Catholic: Clark, “Spy Who Came in from the Coalfields,” 95.
Le Caron spilled Fenian secrets: Cole, Prince of Spies, 45–57.
In fact, John C. Rose: Le Caron, Twenty-Five Years in the Secret Service, 76.
“would not hesitate”: Irish-American, June 18, 1870.
Feigning indignation, the spy: Cole, Prince of Spies, 40–45.
“Prominent leaders say”: New York Times, April 25, 1870.<
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He expected that thousands: Tuttle, “Fenian Campaign,” 208–9.
O’Neill’s plan called for: Official Report of Gen. John O’Neill, 16–17.
He expected to encounter: Fenian Raid of 1870, 53.
O’Neill told The Daily Phoenix: Daily Phoenix, June 4, 1870.
The secret agent had: Le Caron, Twenty-Five Years in the Secret Service, 81–83.
On May 22, a disguised O’Neill: Official Report of Gen. John O’Neill, 15.
In the mill city: Ibid., 44–51.
O’Neill emerged from his hiding spot: Ibid., 15.
The Fenians had hired: New-York Tribune, May 25, 1870.
Nearly every team: New-York Tribune, May 24, 1870.
The Fenians paid farmers: St. Albans Messenger, May 27, 1870.
Donnelly assured O’Neill: Official Report of Gen. John O’Neill, 54.
Colonel E. C. Lewis reported: Ibid., 15.
O’Neill watched as the 6:00 a.m. train: Ibid., 6–9.
“Even if 800 arrived”: Daily Phoenix, June 4, 1870.
“Every hour’s delay”: Le Caron, Twenty-Five Years in the Secret Service, 84.
Rain fell on St. Albans: Burlington Free Press, May 25, 1870.
From his lodgings: St. Albans Messenger, March 22, 1879.
At a cabinet meeting: Nevins, Hamilton Fish, 1:393–95.
“We cannot prevent”: Burlington Free Press, May 28, 1870.
The persistent downpours: Fenian Raid of 1870, 39–40.
Soldiers who had expected: Ibid., 6–7.
That night, Queen Victoria’s seventh child: Boston Daily Advertiser, May 28, 1870.
Chapter 17: A Burlesque of a War
“no serious resistance”: Boston Daily Advertiser, May 26, 1870.
His plans called for an army: Daily Phoenix, June 4, 1870.
Five years his junior: Tuttle, “Fenian Campaign,” 210–11.
After his young wife passed away: Howard, Strange Empire, 226, 353.
O’Neill and Donnelly rode: Richard family scrapbook.
As a reminder of the cause: Burnside, “Fenian Musket,” 30.
To load their guns: Campbell, Fenian Invasions of Canada of 1866 and 1870, 39.
They even prepared: Richard family scrapbook.
Many now cloaked themselves: Joye, “Wearing of the Green,” 51.
Reflecting their dual allegiances: Campbell, Fenian Invasions of Canada of 1866 and 1870, 39.
Many of those experienced: Tuttle, “Fenian Campaign,” 211–12.
Around 11:00 a.m., a carriage: St. Albans Messenger, March 22, 1879.
end the “unlawful proceeding”: Roche, Life of John Boyle O’Reilly, 109.
“expressed his contempt”: Macdonald, Troublous Times in Canada, 160.
Foster told O’Neill: Irish-American, June 18, 1870.
The general spoke a few quiet words: Roche, Life of John Boyle O’Reilly, 109.
The general ordered: Le Caron, Twenty-Five Years in the Secret Service, 85.
Before they could confront: Fenian Raid of 1870, 28.
“The soft sweet breezes”: Le Caron, Twenty-Five Years in the Secret Service, 85–86.
On its steep slopes: Sowles, “History of Fenianism and Fenian Raids in Vermont,” 30–31.
The marshal assured Chamberlin: St. Albans Messenger, June 3, 1870.
“men who were mere pirates”: Macdonald, Troublous Times in Canada, 166–67.
“entirely at the mercy”: Westover to John Dougall & Son, March 6, 1866, BCHS.
After helping themselves: Busseau, “Fenians Are Coming…,” 30.
After confederation in 1867: Westover to John Dougall & Son, March 6, 1866, BCHS.
Westover, whose grandfather: Smith, “War at the Border,” 19.
Through frequent rifle practice: Reid, Diary of a Country Clergyman, 233–36.
Even when the fierce winter snow: Busseau, “Fenians Are Coming…,” 30.
Locals mocked the homegrown militia: Brief Account of the Fenian Raids, 9.
Inspired by the crimson sashes: Westover to John Dougall & Son, March 6, 1866, BCHS.
Having received word: Busseau, “Fenians Are Coming…,” 30–31.
“They’re coming! They’re coming!”: Brief Account of the Fenian Raids, 21.
“more courage ’n sense”: “Finian Raid Stories,” Missisquoi Historical Society, 51.
Given that the sixty-two-year-old: Richard family scrapbook.
In fact, when Richard purchased: Carole Richard interview.
The families who lived: Busseau, “Fenians Are Coming…,” 30.
Richard’s brother Stephen: Richard family genealogy.
When the Irish Republican Army arrived: Burlington Free Press, July 23, 1958.
“them ruffians up”: “Finian Raid Stories,” Missisquoi Historical Society, 51.
“Soldiers, this is the advance guard”: St. Albans Messenger, May 27, 1870.
Positioned at the front: Missisquoi County Historical Society, Fenian Raids, 1866–1870, 21.
The valley crackled: Burlington Free Press, May 27, 1870.
Up on Eccles Hill: Missisquoi County Historical Society, Fenian Raids, 1866–1870, 13.
He remembered well: Burlington Free Press, June 4, 1870.
Pell’s finger squeezed: Richard family scrapbook.
The Fenians were greeted: Burlington Free Press, May 30, 1870.
William O’Brien of Moriah, New York: Roche, Life of John Boyle O’Reilly, 110.
When a Canadian shot: Burlington Free Press, May 27, 1870.
Many of the other spectators: Aldrich, History of Franklin and Grand Isle Counties, 346.
“could be distinctly heard”: Richard family scrapbook.
In total, as many as fifty Fenians: Tuttle, “Fenian Campaign,” 213.
The farmer was furious: Rutland Weekly Herald, June 2, 1870.
O’Neill managed to dash: Missisquoi County Historical Society, Fenian Raids, 1866–1870, 13.
“very ill directed”: Report of Brown Chamberlin, May 28, 1870, in Sessional Papers, vol. 4, no. 7, 70–72.
“behind which twenty men”: Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, June 18, 1870.
When Richard heard a noise: Burlington Free Press, July 23, 1958.
Le Caron had proven: Edwards, Infiltrator, 87; McMicken to Macdonald, July 1, 1870, LAC.
“Men of Ireland”: Official Report of Gen. John O’Neill, 20–21.
“You must not do so”: Irish-American, June 18, 1870.
As they passed through: St. Albans Messenger, May 27, 1870.
The marshal kept his hand: St. Albans Messenger, May 1, 1893.
“Clear the way!”: Ibid.
“To have given the command”: Le Caron, Twenty-Five Years in the Secret Service, 88.
Given the arrest: Roche, Life of John Boyle O’Reilly, 111.
Around 3:00 p.m.: Senior, Last Invasion of Canada, 163.
Donnelly traded sharp words: Brief Account of the Fenian Raids, 24–25.
Under the command: Columbian Register, June 4, 1870.
The shots landed: Busseau, “Fenians Are Coming…,” 38.
Colonel Smith responded: Richard family scrapbook.
Donnelly was struck: Burlington Free Press, May 26, 1870.
“converted their retreat”: St. Albans Messenger, June 3, 1870.
The body of Rowe: McKone, Vermont’s Irish Rebel, 496.
Their resignation was complete: St. Albans Messenger, June 3, 1870.
He urged townspeople to: Irish-American, June 18, 1870.
“It’s all up”: Burlington Free Press, May 27, 1870.
“What did I tell you?”: Tuttle, “Fenian Campaign,” 211–12.
Ahern cursed his officers: Irish-American, June 18, 1870.
“most profane and abusive epithets”: Burlington Free Press, May 30, 1870.
His arrest had been so humiliating: Burlington Free Press, May 27, 1870.
O’Neill would claim: Burlington Free Press, May 30, 1870.
After the Fenians departed: St. Albans Messenger, June 3, 1870.
Soldiers posed next to the body: Tuttle, “Fenian Campaign,” 214.
According to the St. Albans Messenger: St. Albans Messenger, June 3, 1870.
As the sun faded: Burlington Free Press, May 30, 1870; Campbell, Fenian Invasions of Canada of 1866 and 1870, 43.
“that Fenian shouldn’t rise again”: New-York Tribune, May 27, 1870.
As a final insult: Missisquoi County Historical Society, Fenian Raids, 1866–1870, 76.
While Spear claimed: Burlington Free Press, May 26, 1870.
Spear appealed to Le Caron: Le Caron, Twenty-Five Years in the Secret Service, 89.
He would earn: Vermont Life, Summer 1961, 40.
“had to march back”: Burlington Free Press, June 3, 1870.
“got up this movement”: Rutland Weekly Herald, June 2, 1870.
Chapter 18: Another Fight, Another Flight
As the reporter John Boyle O’Reilly: Roche, Life of John Boyle O’Reilly, 112.
Down the road: Burlington Free Press, May 30, 1870.
Born in 1844: Roche, Life of John Boyle O’Reilly, 3–4.
O’Reilly imbibed the history: Schofield, Seek for a Hero, 6.
O’Reilly joined the Irish Republican Brotherhood: Kenneally, From the Earth, a Cry, 19.
Behind the iron-barred door: Roche, Life of John Boyle O’Reilly, 53–65; Evans, Fanatic Heart, 43–50.
A year later, O’Reilly: Roche, Life of John Boyle O’Reilly, 80.
He arrived in Philadelphia: Kenneally, From the Earth, a Cry, 138–56.
Bringing to his new home: Evans, Fanatic Heart, 174.
A budding journalist: MacManus, Story of the Irish in Boston, 207–9.
“thousands of men”: Roche, Life of John Boyle O’Reilly, 108.
When the Irish Invaded Canada Page 36
