Stepping off the train: Evans, Fanatic Heart, 180.
“more serious” attack: McGee, Fenian Raids on the Huntingdon Frontier, 34.
“They were older”: Roche, Life of John Boyle O’Reilly, 113.
“raw boys who were frightened”: Evans, Fanatic Heart, 180.
Colonel William L. Thompson: Daily Alta California, July 28, 1870.
They were aided: Brown, “Fenian Raids, 1866 and 1870,” 41.
For three days straight: New-York Tribune, May 28, 1870.
They also hauled: Malone Palladium, May 26, 1870.
The Irish Republican Army named: Malone Palladium, Feb. 6, 1908.
Following strict orders: Fenian Raid of 1870, 42–43.
Another band of raiders: Malone Palladium, June 2, 1870.
Starr proposed to make: Harrisburg Telegraph, June 9, 1870.
“to war against peaceful citizens”: New York Herald, June 1, 1870.
He left his carriage: Roche, Life of John Boyle O’Reilly, 113.
After marching half a mile: Campbell, Fenian Invasions of Canada, 47.
Starr ordered his men: Hill, Voice of the Vanishing Minority, 67.
They dismantled fences: Fenian Raid of 1870, 44–46.
The Fenians were still: McGee, Fenian Raids on the Huntingdon Frontier, 41.
Led by Lieutenant Colonel George Bagot: Hart, The New Annual Army List, Militia List, and Indian Civil Service List, 315.
They were joined by 225 members: Fenian Raid of 1870, 43–44.
It had taken eighteen hours: Smyth, Records of the Sixty-Ninth, 18.
They had managed to catch: McGee, Fenian Raids on the Huntingdon Frontier, 38.
Milk and cold water: Fenian Raid of 1870, 44.
Colonel Bagot ordered: St. Albans Messenger, June 3, 1870.
Bagot assigned the local: Campbell, Fenian Invasions of Canada of 1866 and 1870, 48.
The Borderers on the right: Senior, Last Invasion of Canada, 170.
Meanwhile, Bagot’s flankers: Butler, Sir William Butler, 117.
“Let us die”: New-York Tribune, May 28, 1870.
They charged with fixed bayonets: Fenian Raid of 1870, 48.
Although Lieutenant Colonel Archibald McEachern: St. Albans Messenger, June 3, 1870.
One of the skirmishers: McGee, Fenian Raids on the Huntingdon Frontier, 42.
The Canadian volunteers: St. Albans Messenger, June 3, 1870.
The sole Canadian injury: Campbell, Fenian Invasions of Canada of 1866 and 1870, 50.
“Had they stood their ground”: Burlington Free Press, May 30, 1870.
“Had the Fenians remained”: New York Herald, May 28, 1870.
In the wake of what newspapers: Harrisburg Telegraph, June 9, 1870.
Along the way: Burlington Free Press, May 28, 1870.
After rushing away: Pittsburgh Daily Commercial, June 11, 1870.
“a battle better than his breakfast”: Daily Missouri Democrat, June 2, 1870.
The arrival of the reinforcements: Senior, Last Invasion of Canada, 171.
The general found support: Burlington Free Press, May 28, 1870.
This latest attempt on Canada: Malone Palladium, June 2, 1870.
His forces seized: Fenian Raid of 1870, 58.
“one of the most ludicrous things”: Proceedings of the Vermont Historical Society, 35–36.
So, broke and disappointed: Fenian Raid of 1870, 61–62.
With stomachs rumbling: Washington Post, March 22, 1908.
“The people along the frontier”: D’Arcy, Fenian Movement, 356.
“wished to rid themselves”: Burlington Free Press, May 30, 1870.
A member of New York governor: Fenian Raid of 1870, 64–65.
Queen Victoria’s third son: Burlington Free Press, March 15, 1981.
On June 2, a merciful priest: McKone, Vermont’s Irish Rebel, 508–9.
The decomposed state: Burlington Free Press, June 3, 1870.
“The entire Fenian movement”: New York Times, May 29, 1870.
“sadder and wiser men”: Roche, Life of John Boyle O’Reilly, 115.
“burst into tears”: Ibid., 112–15.
“mad foray” by “criminally incompetent”: Tralee Chronicle and Killarney Echo, June 24, 1870.
“Fenianism, so far as relates”: Kenneally, From the Earth, a Cry, 149.
The debacle at Trout River: Burlington Free Press, May 28, 1870.
“laughed at the Fenians”: Hill, Voice of the Vanishing Minority, 69.
“I Ran Away”: Boston Daily Advertiser, May 31, 1870.
Chapter 19: The Fenians Behind Bars
The thick stone walls: Burlington Free Press, July 22, 1870.
The Fenian general: Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, June 11, 1870.
The Canadian Illustrated News: Canadian Illustrated News, June 4, 1870.
“had the arms and war material”: Official Report of Gen. John O’Neill, 3–4.
“The people, so often deceived”: Ibid., 27.
Even after the court: Burlington Free Press, June 8, 1870.
Fenian coffers were so empty: Nevins, Hamilton Fish, 1:394.
“unauthorized and unjustifiable”: Irish-American, June 4, 1870.
“O’Neill would not be safe”: Gibbons to Gallagher, July 5, 1870, ACHS.
“merely a personal enterprise”: New-York Tribune, May 26, 1870.
“valuable war material”: Gibbons to the Officers and Members of the Fenian Brotherhood, May 28, 1870, ACHS.
“Even if they were able”: New York Times, May 29, 1870.
“This thing of being a citizen”: D’Arcy, Fenian Movement, 359.
Orangemen marching up Broadway: Gordon, Orange Riots, 27–51.
The New York Times and other newspapers: New York Times, July 13, 1870.
“Events have at intervals”: Roche, John Boyle O’Reilly, 116–17.
Just as he had done: Brodsky, Grover Cleveland, 30.
The trio were transported: Daily Alta California, July 28, 1870.
The courtroom in the small central Vermont town: Lawrence American, Aug. 5, 1870.
The Fenian general smiled: Philadelphia Evening Telegraph, July 29, 1870.
The general told the court: Official Report of Gen. John O’Neill, 57–60.
O’Neill’s oration moved many: Chicago Tribune, Aug. 6, 1870.
“Any real or supposed wrong”: Official Report of Gen. John O’Neill, 61–62.
The Fenian general greeted: Lawrence American, Aug. 5, 1870.
William Maxwell Evarts: New York Times, Aug. 4, 1870.
Donations arrived from quarters: Official Report of Gen. John O’Neill, 55.
They were given their own rooms: Chicago Tribune, Aug. 6, 1870.
“was to give effect”: Irish-American, Sept. 3, 1870.
The Cincinnati convention: New York Herald, Aug. 24, 1870.
The United Irishmen proposed: Irish-American, Sept. 3, 1870.
Savage, though, was interested: Address of the Council of the Fenian Brotherhood, 1.
“had no more right”: Tralee Chronicle and Killarney Echo, June 24, 1870.
“Purely political prisoners”: Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, 20:222–27.
With midterm elections already under way: McGee, Fenian Raids on the Huntingdon Frontier, 54.
“Their prolonged imprisonment”: D’Arcy, Fenian Movement, 365–66.
“That we have been a source”: Official Report of Gen. John O’Neill, 28–30.
Chapter 20: Losing Their Lifeblood
William Gladstone took off his coat: Morley, Life of William Ewart Gladstone, 252.
&nbs
p; “One of the triumphs”: Gibbons to the Officers and Members of the Fenian Brotherhood, July 1, 1870, ACHS.
The conditions endured: Savage, American Citizens Prisoners in Great Britain, 8–11.
Born into an Irish-speaking: Devoy, Devoy’s Post Bag, 10.
Even before he could read: Rossa, Rossa’s Recollections, 115–17.
He buried a friend’s dead mother: Kenna, Jeremiah O’Donovan Rossa, 11–12.
“There was no ‘famine’ ”: Rossa, Rossa’s Recollections, 35.
“If the operation of English rule”: Ibid., 119.
In his virtual dungeon: Golway, Irish Rebel, 65–69.
He wasn’t even allowed: Rossa, Irish Rebels in English Prisons, 178.
Rossa spent his days: Philadelphia Inquirer, Feb. 23, 1871.
After flinging his filled chamber pot: Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, 21:224.
For more than five years: Golway, Irish Rebel, 65.
More than one million people: Devoy, Devoy’s Post Bag, 1.
After an official commission: Rossa, Irish Rebels in English Prisons, 416–17.
called a “sham amnesty”: Devoy, Devoy’s Post Bag, 1.
“were not released to freedom”: Proceedings of the Tenth General Convention, 9.
Rossa stared: Rossa, Irish Rebels in English Prisons, 416–24.
Shortly after the sun set: New York World, Jan. 21, 1871.
The passengers aboard: D’Arcy, Fenian Movement, 369.
Not long after their departure: New York World, Jan. 21, 1871.
Thundering cannons and Irish airs: Golway, Irish Rebel, 4.
Having pocketed £7 playing poker: Devoy, Recollections of an Irish Rebel, 329–30.
The Bronx arrived first: Rossa, Irish Rebels in English Prisons, 424–27.
O’Gorman informed the Cuba Five: New York Sun, Jan. 21, 1871.
“I saw immediately”: Rossa, Irish Rebels in English Prisons, 424–27.
After O’Gorman concluded: New York World, Jan. 21, 1871.
The parties traded vulgarities: Rossa, Irish Rebels in English Prisons, 424–27.
When Dr. John Carnochan: New York World, Jan. 21, 1871.
“We desire that all Irishmen”: Rossa, Irish Rebels in English Prisons, 426–27.
After quarantine officials: New York Herald, Jan. 21, 1871.
Atop the hotel: Buckley, Diary of a Tour of America, 211.
Three thousand callers: New York World, Jan. 21, 1871.
The United Irishmen treasurer: New York Herald, Jan. 21, 1871.
resembling a “Pittston miner”: New York Herald, Jan. 23, 1871.
Although they sought to avoid: Rossa, Irish Rebels in English Prisons, 424–27.
“We do not wish”: New-York Tribune, Jan. 31, 1871.
Men wearing green neckties: Buckley, Diary of a Tour in America, 215.
Even the horses hauling streetcars: New York Herald, Feb. 10, 1871.
An estimated 300,000 people: New York Times, Feb. 10, 1871.
The Sixty-Ninth Regiment: New York Herald, Feb. 10, 1871.
After a welcome resolution: New York Times, Feb. 23, 1871.
President Ulysses S. Grant stood: Tennessean, Feb. 23, 1871.
“Glad to see you”: Rossa, Recollections of an Irish Rebel, 362.
In an address released: New-York Tribune, March 14, 1871.
The United Irishmen enthusiastically: Devoy, Devoy’s Post Bag, 33.
“A bright hope is better”: D’Arcy, Fenian Movement, 379.
“Some may think that”: Proceedings of the Tenth General Convention, 3–24.
The same infighting: D’Arcy, Fenian Movement, 386.
“The greatest trouble”: Corning, Hamilton Fish, 77.
Convinced by Fish: Smith, Grant, 508–12.
Grant became a regular presence: Martin, The Presidents and the Prime Ministers, 26–32.
While the Alabama claims: Smith, Grant, 512–13.
To the fury of some Canadians: Nevins, Hamilton Fish, 1:470.
Chapter 21: The Invasion That Wasn’t
Tongues of fire: McMicken, Abortive Fenian Raid on Manitoba, 1–7.
The fires were so ferocious: Kingsbury, History of Dakota Territory, 589.
The first days of autumn: New York Herald, Oct. 5, 1871.
The inferno bestowed: Manhattan Nationalist, Sept. 22, 1871.
The black soot of the charred prairie: McMicken, Abortive Fenian Raid on Manitoba, 1–7.
Led by Louis Riel: Rogers, “Louis Riel’s Rebellion,” 153.
O’Donoghue also assured: De Trémaudan, “Louis Riel and the Fenian Raid of 1871,” 137; Frémont, “Archbishop Taché and the Beginnings of Manitoba,” 135.
With no stomach: Pritchett, “Origin of the So-Called Fenian Raid on Manitoba in 1871,” 38–39.
Going it alone: Buffalo Commercial, May 31, 1871.
When rumors of a Fenian raid: Archibald to Macdonald, Aug. 31, 1871, LAC.
Passing through Chicago: Edwards, Infiltrator, 95.
“I had no thought”: Le Caron, Twenty-Five Years in the Secret Service, 97.
The secret agent: D’Arcy, Fenian Movement, 377.
In the Fenians’ wake: McMicken, Abortive Fenian Raid on Manitoba, 6.
Like giant wooden guideposts: Kingsbury, History of Dakota Territory, 583.
After passing ramshackle cabins: “Fenians in Dakota,” 122.
When O’Donoghue finally reached out: De Trémaudan, “Louis Riel and the Fenian Raid of 1871,” 138.
Archibald had a garrison: Report of the Select Committee on the Causes of the Difficulties in the North-West Territory in 1869–70, 140.
“little apprehension of any organized”: “Canadian-American Defence Relations,” 7.
Around 7:30 a.m., the raiders: Adams G. Archibald memorandum, Oct. 9, 1871, in Sessional Papers, vol. 7, no. 26, 6–8.
As the force approached: Swan and Jerome, “Unequal Justice,” 24–38.
Stirred from his sleep: Adams G. Archibald memorandum, Oct. 27, 1871, in Sessional Papers, vol. 7, no. 26, 4–5.
After awakening George W. Webster: Sydney Morning Herald, Dec. 26, 1871.
They burst through the gates: Cowie, Company of Adventurers, 175.
O’Neill’s men faced no resistance: “Fenians in Dakota,” 118–20.
For their first order: Young, Manitoba Memories, 214–16.
Then, rifling through the post’s provisions: Walker, Fenian Movement, 191.
As the morning sun: Sydney Morning Herald, Dec. 26, 1871.
Unbeknownst to them: Webster to John A. Macdonald, Oct. 12, 1871, LAC.
While O’Neill held a war council: Sydney Morning Herald, Dec. 26, 1871.
Apparently, the American prisoner: Webster to Macdonald, Oct. 12, 1871, LAC.
Wheaton had been stationed: Guttman, “No Country for Lost Irishmen,” 62.
But when the loose lips: Chipman, “How Gin Saved Manitoba,” 518–19.
Archibald also informed Taylor: Blegen, “James Wickes Taylor,” 200.
Colonel Thomas Curley ordered: Young, Manitoba Memories, 214–16.
With his one arm: Webster to Macdonald, Oct. 12, 1871, LAC.
O’Neill scurried so abruptly: Times-Picayune, Oct. 22, 1871; New York Herald, Oct. 21, 1871.
Like children, the Fenians: Archibald memorandum, Oct. 27, 1871, 4–5.
The federal troops seized: “Fenians in Dakota,” 118–20.
When O’Donoghue was in the clear: Archibald memorandum, Oct. 27, 1871, 4–5.
“a hearty breakfast”: Times-Picayune, Oct. 22, 1871.
“I believe the action”: Johnson, “Fenian ‘Invasion’ of 1871.”
In May 1870: Lass, Minnesota’s Boundary with Canada, 79.
That meant that: “Fenians in Dakota,” 118–20.
While the U.S. State Department: Archibald memorandum, Oct. 9, 1871, 6–8.
O’Neill was unaware: Noonan, “General John O’Neill,” 316.
“want of jurisdiction”: “Fenians in Dakota,” 127.
“the Fenian fiasco”: Spirit of Democracy, Oct. 24, 1871.
“another reckless and ridiculous”: New York Times, Oct. 13, 1871.
“This time the attempt”: Irish-American, Oct. 21, 1871.
“O’Neill’s folly” was his and his alone: Tennessean, Oct. 18, 1871.
“The application of the term”: Irish-American, Oct. 21, 1871.
“a mere accident”: Noonan, “General John O’Neill,” 315.
Chapter 22: The Next Best Thing
“All denounce O’Neill”: RGS (Le Caron) to J. Bell (McMicken), Oct. 22, 1871, LAC.
Fenian leaders had long talked: O’Neill, Northern Nebraska as a Home for Immigrants, 4–6.
“Cheap Farms! Free Homes!”: Irish-American, June 22, 1872.
“for providing homes”: New York Times, Dec. 11, 1870.
He spent parts of 1872: O’Neill, Northern Nebraska as a Home for Immigrants, 77.
The general signed an agreement: Passewitz, “O’Neill, Nebraska,” 12.
“Why are you content”: McCulloh, Piece of Emerald, 6.
Using the same powers: Yost, Before Today, 5.
“We could build up”: O’Neill to O’Connor, Dec. 27, 1876, Archdiocese of Omaha.
As the sun reached its zenith: Passewitz, “O’Neill, Nebraska,” 15.
The flat, desolate prairie: Yost, Before Today, 185.
The colonists who had lived: O’Neill, Northern Nebraska as a Home for Immigrants, 81.
“so plainly mirrored”: Yost, Before Today, 185.
On a mid-July day: Ibid., 7.
While the wheat, rye, and barley: Irish-American, Feb. 20, 1875.
Desperate to salvage his reputation: Yost, Before Today, 7.
The offer renewed: McCulloh, Piece of Emerald, 9–14.
With plans to plant: O’Neill, Northern Nebraska as a Home for Immigrants, 4; Noonan, “General John O’Neill,” 304.
When the Irish Invaded Canada Page 37
