When the Irish Invaded Canada

by Christopher Klein

  Rowsome, Frank, Jr., and Joan Sten. “The Fenian Raid.” Vermont Life 25 (Summer 1961): 34–40.

  Rutherford, John. The Secret History of the Fenian Conspiracy, Its Origin, Objects, and Ramifications. Vol. 2. London: C. Kegan Paul, 1877.

  Ryan, Desmond. The Fenian Chief: A Biography of James Stephens. Dublin: Gill and Son, 1967.

  ———. The Phoenix Flame: A Study of Fenianism and John Devoy. London: Arthur Barker, 1937.

  Rykert, A. “Mr. Noyes and the Fenian Raid Cannon.” In Third Report of the Missisquoi County Historical Society, 20–21. St. Johns, Que.: News Type, 1907–8.

  Samito, Christian G. Becoming American Under Fire: Irish Americans, African Americans, and the Politics of Citizenship During the Civil War Era. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2009.

  Sandborn, Ruth Ellen. “The United States and the British Northwest, 1865–1870.” North Dakota Historical Quarterly 6 (Oct. 1931): 5–41.

  Santos, Cory. “The Greatest Escape from Lincoln Prison.” Lincolnite, March 14, 2013. thelincolnite.co.uk.

  Savage, John. American Citizens Prisoners in Great Britain. N.p., 1870.

  Sayers, Brian. “John O’Mahony: Revolutionary and Scholar (1815–1877).” Ph.D. diss., National University of Ireland Maynooth, 2005.

  Scharf, John Thomas. History of Saint Louis City and County: From the Earliest Periods to the Present Day: Including Biographical Sketches of Representative Men. Vol. 1. Philadelphia: Louis H. Everts, 1883.

  Schecter, Barnet. The Devil’s Own Work: The Civil War Draft Riots and the Fight to Reconstruct America. New York: Walker, 2005.

  Schmuhl, Robert. Ireland’s Exiled Children: America and the Easter Rising. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016.

  Schofield, William G. Seek for a Hero: The Story of John Boyle O’Reilly. New York: P. J. Kenedy & Sons, 1956.

  Senior, Hereward. The Fenians and Canada. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1978.

  ———. The Last Invasion of Canada: The Fenian Raids, 1866–1870. Ottawa: Canadian War Museum, 1991.

  ———. “Quebec and the Fenians.” Canadian Historical Review 48 (March 1967): 26–44.

  Sessional Papers. Fifth Session of the First Parliament of the Dominion of Canada. Vol. 7, no. 26. Ottawa: I. B. Taylor, 1872.

  Sessional Papers. Fourth Session of the First Parliament of the Dominion of Canada. Vol. 4, no. 7. Ottawa: I. B. Taylor, 1871.

  Shiels, Damian. The Forgotten Irish: Irish Emigrant Experiences in America. Dublin: History Press Ireland, 2016.

  ———. “ ‘The Lives of Her Exiled Children Will Be Offered in Thousands’: Edward Gallway, Fort Sumter, and Foreseeing the Cost of Civil War.” Irish in the American Civil War, April 12, 2016. irishamericancivilwar.com.

  ———. “Time to Move Beyond the Irish Brigade?” Irish in the American Civil War, Nov. 12, 2016. irishamericancivilwar.com.

  Sim, David. A Union Forever: The Irish Question and U.S. Foreign Relations in the Victorian Age. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2013.

  Slattery, T. P. The Assassination of D’Arcy McGee. Toronto: Doubleday Canada, 1968.

  Smith, Gene. “In Windsor Prison.” American Heritage, May/June 1996, 100–09.

  Smith, Jean Edward. Grant. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001.

  Smith, Nicholas. “Ghosts in Green: Exploring the Fenian Raids and Vermont’s Lost Irish Community.” Bachelor’s thesis, St. Michael’s College, 2009.

  Smith, P. G. “War at the Border.” Beaver Magazine, Oct./Nov. 2007, 16–23.

  Smyth, Major. Records of the Sixty-Ninth, or South Lincolnshire Regiment. Quebec: Middleton & Dawson, 1870.

  Snay, Mitchell. Fenians, Freedmen, and Southern Whites: Race and Nationality in the Era of Reconstruction. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2010.

  Somerville, Alexander. Narrative of the Fenian Invasion of Canada. Hamilton, C.W.: Joseph Lyght, 1866.

  Sowles, Edward A. “History of Fenianism and Fenian Raids in Vermont.” Proceedings of the Vermont Historical Society, Oct. 19, 1880, 1–43.

  Speeches of Hon. Schuyler Colfax and General J. O’Neill, Who Whipped the Queen’s Own in Canada: Delivered at the Great Fenian Picnic, Chicago, Aug. 15, 1866. Undated pamphlet.

  Stahr, Walter. Seward: Lincoln’s Indispensable Man. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012.

  Stanley, George F. G. “O’Donoghue, William Bernard.” Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. 10. University of Toronto/Université Laval, 1972. www.biographi.ca.

  ———. Toil and Trouble: Military Expeditions to Red River. Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1989.

  Statement by Colonel Eamon Broy. Bureau of Military History, 1913–21. Document No. W.S. 1,284. www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie.

  Stephens, James. The Birth of the Fenian Movement: American Diary, Brooklyn 1859. Edited by Marta Ramón. Dublin: University College Dublin Press, 2009.

  Stern, William J. “How Dagger John Saved New York’s Irish.” City Journal 7 (Spring 1997). www.city-journal.org.

  Steward, Patrick, and Bryan McGovern. The Fenians: Irish Rebellion in the North Atlantic World, 1858–1876. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2013.

  Stewart, William M. Reminiscences of Senator William M. Stewart of Nevada. Edited by George Rothwell Brown. New York: Neale, 1908.

  Strausbaugh, John. City of Sedition: The History of New York During the Civil War. New York: Twelve, 2016.

  Swan, Ruth, and Edward A. Jerome. “ ‘Unequal Justice’: The Metis in O’Donoghue’s Raid of 1871.” Manitoba History 39 (Spring/Summer 2000): 24–38. www.mhs.mb.ca.

  Taylor, Fennings. The Hon. Thos. D’Arcy McGee: A Sketch of His Life and Death. Montreal: John Lovell, 1868.

  Taylor, John M. “In Queen Victoria’s Secret Service.” Studies in Intelligence (Winter 1985): 57–64.

  Terrill, Frederick William. A Chronology of Montreal and of Canada: From a.d. 1752 to a.d. 1893. Montreal: John Lovell & Sons, 1893.

  Towle, Martha Hanna. A History of Franklin: Past and Present, Fact or Fancy, Legend or Folksay, 1789–1989. Franklin, Vt.: Franklin Historical Society, 1989.

  Trevelyan, Charles Edward. “The Irish Crisis.” Edinburgh Review 53 (Jan. 1848): 229–320.

  Trial of Patrick J. Whelan for the Murder of the Hon. Thos. D’Arcy McGee. Ottawa: G. E. Desbarats, 1868.

  Tuttle, Charles Herbert. “The Fenian Campaign.” Old and New 2 (Aug. 1870): 208–14.

  Twain, Mark. “Unburlesquable Things.” Galaxy 10 (July 1870): 137–38.

  “The Untold Story of the Intelligent Whale.” Undersea Warfare 38 (Summer 2008). www.public.navy.mil.

  U.S. Congress. House Executive Documents. 39th Cong., 2nd Sess., 1867; 40th Cong., 2nd Sess., 1868; 40th Cong., 3rd Sess., 1869.

  ———. Senate Executive Documents. 40th Cong., 2nd sess., 1868.

  Vesey, Maxwell. “When New Brunswick Suffered Invasion.” Dalhousie Review 19 (1939): 197–204.

  Victoria, Queen of Great Britain. The Letters of Queen Victoria, Second Series: A Selection from Her Majesty’s Correspondence and Journal Between the Years 1862 and 1878. Edited by George Earle Buckle. London: John Murray, 1926.

  Vronsky, Peter. “Combat, Memory, and Remembrance in Confederation Era Canada: The Hidden History of the Battle of Ridgeway, June 2, 1866.” Ph.D. diss., University of Toronto, 2011.

  ———. Ridgeway: The American Fenian Invasion and the 1866 Battle That Made Canada. Toronto: Penguin, 2011.

  Vroom, J. “The Fenians on the St. Croix.” Canadian Monthly, March 1898, 411–13.

  Walker, Mabel Gregory. The Fenian Movement. Colorado Springs: Ralph Myles, 1969.

  Warner, Donald F. “Drang Nach Norden: The United States and the Riel Rebellion.” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 39 (March 1953): 693–712.

&nb
sp; Webb, Alfred. A Compendium of Irish Biography: Comprising Sketches of Distinguished Irishmen. Dublin: M. H. Gill & Son, 1878.

  Weiss, John. Life and Correspondence of Theodore Parker: Minister of the Twenty-Eighth Congregational Society, Boston. Vol. 1. New York: D. Appleton, 1863.

  Welles, Gideon. Diary of Gideon Welles: Secretary of the Navy Under Lincoln and Johnson. Vol. 2. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1911.

  White, Ronald C. American Ulysses: A Life of Ulysses S. Grant. New York: Random House, 2016.

  Williams, David Ricardo. Call in Pinkerton’s: American Detectives at Work for Canada. Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1998.

  Wilson, David A. Thomas D’Arcy McGee. Vol. 2, The Extreme Moderate, 1857–1868. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2011.

  Winks, Robin W. Canada and the United States: The Civil War Years. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1960.

  Yanoso, Nicole Anderson. The Irish and the American Presidency. London: Routledge, 2017.

  Yeats, William Butler. “Easter, 1916,” and Other Poems. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover, 1997.

  Yost, Nellie Irene Snyder. Before Today: The History of Holt County, Nebraska. O’Neill, Neb.: Miles, 1976.

  Young, George. Manitoba Memories: Leaves from My Life in the Prairie Province, 1868–1884. Toronto: William Briggs, 1897.

  Zuck, Rochelle Raineri. Divided Sovereignties: Race, Nationhood, and Citizenship in Nineteenth-Century America. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2016.

  Newspapers

  Age (Melbourne, Australia)

  Albany Evening Journal

  American Traveller (Boston)

  An Phoblacht (Dublin)

  Argus and Patriot (Montpelier, Vt.)

  Army and Navy Journal (New York)

  Atchison Daily Champion (Atchison, Kans.)

  Auburn Daily Bulletin (Auburn, N.Y.)

  Australian

  Baltimore Daily Commercial

  Baltimore Sun

  Bangor Daily News

  Belfast News-Letter

  Boston Daily Advertiser

  Boston Journal

  Boston Post

  Brooklyn Daily Eagle

  Buffalo Commercial

  Buffalo Daily Courier

  Buffalo Evening News

  Buffalo Evening Post

  Buffalo Express

  Burlington Free Press

  Canadian Illustrated News

  Charleston Daily News

  Chicago Tribune

  Christian Register (Boston)

  Chronicle Herald (Halifax)

  Cincinnati Enquirer

  Columbian (Bloomsburg, Pa.)

  Columbian Register (New Haven, Conn.)

  Commercial Advertiser (New York)

  Commercial Appeal (Memphis)

  Connaught Telegraph

  Daily Alta California

  Daily Eastern Argus (Portland, Maine)

  Daily Milwaukee News

  Daily Missouri Democrat

  Daily Ohio Statesman

  Daily Phoenix (Columbia, S.C.)

  Democrat and Chronicle (Rochester, N.Y.)

  Detroit Free Press

  Dublin Evening Post

  Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper

  Freeman’s Journal (Dublin)

  Frontier (O’Neill, Neb.)

  Geneva Daily Gazette (Geneva, N.Y.)

  Globe and Mail (Toronto)

  Harrisburg Telegraph

  Hartford Courant

  Idaho Semi-weekly World

  Intermountain Catholic (Salt Lake City, Utah)

  Inter Ocean (Chicago)

  Irish-American (New York)

  Irish Independent

  Irish Times

  Irish World

  Lawrence American (Lawrence, Mass.)

  Lincolnite (Lincoln, U.K.)

  Louisville Courier Journal

  Louisville Daily Courier

  Maine Farmer

  Malone Palladium (Malone, N.Y.)

  Manchester Guardian

  Manhattan Nationalist

  Massachusetts Ploughman and New England Journal of Agriculture

  Montreal Witness

  Moore’s Rural New Yorker

  Morning Freeman (St. John, N.B.)

  Morning News (Belfast)

  Nashville Daily Union

  Nashville Union and American

  Nashville Union and Dispatch

  Nation (Dublin)

  National Labor Tribune (Pittsburgh)

  National Post (Toronto)

  National Republican (Washington, D.C.)

  Newcastle Daily Journal

  New England Farmer

  New York Herald

  New York Sun

  New York Times

  New-York Tribune

  New York World

  Niagara Falls Review

  Observer (London)

  Ogdensburg Journal (Ogdensburg, N.Y.)

  Omaha Daily Bee

  Omaha Daily Herald

  Omaha World Herald

  Ottawa Citizen

  Philadelphia Evening Telegraph

  Philadelphia Inquirer

  Philadelphia Times

  Pittsburgh Daily Commercial

  Press Republican (Plattsburgh, N.Y.)

  Pulaski Citizen (Pulaski, Tenn.)

  Quoddy Tides (Eastport, Maine)

  Rock Island Argus (Rock Island, Ill.)

  Rutland Weekly Herald (Rutland, Vt.)

  San Francisco Chronicle

  Semi-weekly Wisconsin

  Southern Star (Skibbereen, Ireland)

  Spirit of Democracy (Woodsfield, Ohio)

  Spirit of Jefferson (Charles Town, W. Va.)

  St. Albans Messenger

  Star Tribune (Minneapolis)

  St. Johnsbury Caledonian (St. Johnsbury, Vt.)

  St. Louis Post-Dispatch

  Sydney Morning Herald

  Tennessean

  Times (London)

  Times-Picayune (New Orleans)

  Tralee Chronicle and Killarney Echo

  Tri-Weekly Union and American (Nashville)

  Vermont Daily Transcript

  Vermont Journal

  Vermont Phoenix

  Vinton Record (Vinton, Ohio)

  Washington Post

  Waterford News

  Weekly Nonpareil (Council Bluffs, Iowa)

  Wheeling Daily Intelligencer

  Yorkville Enquirer (Yorkville, S.C.)

  Illustration Credits

  1Library of Congress

  2Alamy

  3National Archives

  4Image courtesy of Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield

  5New York Public Library

  6Library of Congress

  7City of O’Neill, Nebraska

  8Library of Congress

  9Getty Images

  10Library and Archives Canada

  11Library and Archives Canada

  12Twenty-five Years in the Secret Service (1892)

  13McCord Museum

  14Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper

  15McCord Museum

  16Library and Archives Canada

  ABOUT THE AUTHOR

  Christopher Klein is the author of four books, including Strong Boy: The Life and Times of John L. Sullivan, America’s First Sports Hero. A frequent contributor to History.com, the History Channel’s Web site, Christopher has also written for The Boston Globe, The New York Times, National Geographic Traveler, Harvard Magazine, Smithsonian.com, and AmericanHerita
ge.com. He lives in Andover, Massachusetts.

  What’s next on

  your reading list?

  Discover your next

  great read!

  Get personalized book picks and up-to-date news about this author.

  Sign up now.