Mosquito Soldiers

by Andrew McIlwaine Bell

  Louis James M. Boyd Papers, State Archives of Florida, Tallahassee

  Cronly Family Papers, Duke University, Durham, N.C.

  De Rosset Family Papers, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

  Foxhall Family Papers, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

  James Gifford Papers, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

  William F. Lofton Papers, Duke University, Durham, N.C.

  MacRae Family Papers, Duke University, Durham, N.C.

  John Newland Mafitt Papers, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

  John T. Pickett Papers, Library of Congress

  Zachary Taylor Papers, 1820–50, Library of Congress

  A. J. Turlington Papers, Duke University, Durham, N.C.

  Adoniram Judson Withrow Papers, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

  Published Sources

  Alexander, Edward Porter. Fighting for the Confederacy: The Personal Recollections of General Edward Porter Alexander. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989.

  Anderson, E. A. “Yellow Fever as It Has Occurred in Wilmington, North Carolina, from 1800 to 1872, Being an Examination of the Review of Dr. Thomas, on the Report of Dr. Wragg.” New York Medical Journal 16 (September 1872): 225–59.

  Anderson, Thomas. Handbook for Yellow Fever: Describing Its Pathology and Treatment. London: Churchill & Sons, 1856.

  Andrews, Christopher C. Pioneer in Forestry Conservation in the United States: For Sixty Years a Dominant Influence in the Public Affairs of Minnesota: Lawyer: Editor: Diplomat: General in the Civil War. Recollections: 1829–1922. Edited by Alice E. Andrews. Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1928.

  Andrews, E. “Army Correspondence.” Chicago Medical Examiner 3 (August 1862): 479–84.

  “The Annual Report of the Board of Health, for the Year 1850, as Required by Law.” New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal 8 (March 1851): 590–91.

  Armstrong, George D. The Summer of Pestilence: A History of the Ravages of the Yellow Fever in Norfolk, Virginia, A.D. 1855. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1856.

  Arnold, Richard D. An Essay upon the Relation of Bilious and Yellow Fever, Prepared at the Request of, and Read before the Medical Society of the State of Georgia, at Its Session Held at Macon. Augusta, Ga.: J. Morris, 1856.

  Bartlett, Elisha. The History, Diagnosis, and Treatment of the Fevers of the United States. Philadelphia: Blanchard & Lea, 1852.

  Barton, T. H. Autobiography of Dr. Thomas H. Barton, The Self-Made Physician of Syracuse, Ohio, Including a History of the Fourth Regt. West Va. Vol. Infy. Charleston: West Virginia Printing Co., 1890.

  Batwell, Edward. “Notes on the Fever That Prevailed amongst the Troops in Camp Big Springs, Near Corinth, Miss., in June, 1862.” Medical and Surgical Reporter 13 (December 1865): 364–65.

  Bedel, John. “Historical Sketch of Third New Hampshire Volunteers.” Granite Monthly 3 (September 1880): 513–34.

  Beecher, Herbert. History of the First Light Battery, Connecticut Volunteers, 1861–1865, Vol. 1. New York: A. T. DeLaMare Ptg. and Pub. Co., 1905.

  Belknap, William W. History of the Fifteenth Regiment, Iowa Veteran Volunteer Infantry. Keokuk: R. B. Ogden & Son, 1887.

  Benjamin, W. S. The Great Epidemic in New Berne and Vicinity, September and October, 1864, by One Who Passed through It. New Bern, N.C.: Geo. Mills Joy, 1865.

  Bingham, Millicent Todd, ed. “Key West in the Summer of 1864.” Florida Historical Quarterly 43 (1965): 262–65.

  Black, J. R. “On the Ultimate Cause of Malarial Disease.” St. Louis Medical and Surgical Journal 12 (July 1854): 353–63.

  Bragg, J. N. Letters of a Confederate Surgeon, 1861–65. Camden, Ark.: Hurley Co., 1960.

  Brinton, John. Personal Memoirs of John H. Brinton, Major and Surgeon U.S.V., 1861–1865. New York: Neale Publishing Co., 1914.

  Browning, Judkin, and Michael Thomas Smith, eds. Letters from a North Carolina Unionist: John A. Hedrick to Benjamin S. Hedrick, 1862–1865. Raleigh: North Carolina Division of Archives and History, 2001.

  Bryan, James. “Negro Regiments—Department of the Tennessee.” Boston Medical & Surgical Journal 69 (1864): 43–44.

  Buckingham, Peter H. All’s for the Best: The Civil War Reminiscences and Letters of Daniel W. Sawtelle, Eighth Maine Volunteer Infantry. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2001.

  Butler, Benjamin. Private and Official Correspondence of Gen. Benjamin F. Butler during the Period of the Civil War, Vol. 2. Norwood, Mass.: Plimpton Press, 1917.

  ———. “Some Experiences with Yellow Fever and Its Prevention.” North American Review 147 (November 1888): 525–41.

  Cain, D. J. History of the Epidemic of Yellow Fever in Charleston, S.C., in 1854. Philadelphia: T. K. & P. G. Collins, 1856.

  Calhoun, J. Theodore. “The Chickahominy and Seven Pines.” Medical and Surgical Reporter 9 (March 1863): 399–400.

  Carver, Willard. Fourteenth Regt. Maine Infantry. Roster of Survivors with Abstract of Regimental History. N.p.p., 1890.

  Castleman, Alfred Lewis. The Army of the Potomac. Milwaukee: Strickland & Co., 1863.

  Chase, Salmon P. Diary and Correspondence of Salmon P. Chase. Washington, D.C.: American Historical Association, 1903.

  Chenery, William H. The Fourteenth Regiment Rhode Island Heavy Artillery (Colored,) In the War to Preserve the Union, 1861–1865. 1898. Reprint. New York: Negro Universities Press, 1969.

  Child, William. A History of the Fifth Regiment New Hampshire Volunteers. Bristol: R. W. Musgrove Printer, 1893.

  Clarke, J. H. “Yellow Fever in New Orleans.” Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 59, November 12, 1863, 303–4.

  Conn, Granville P. History of the New Hampshire Surgeons in the War of the Rebellion. Concord: Ira C. Evans Co., Printers, 1906.

  Conway, Moncure D. The True and the False in Prevalent Theories of Divine Dispensations. Washington, D.C.: Taylor & Maury, 1855.

  Coxe, Edward Jenner. Practical Remarks on Yellow Fever, Having Special Reference to the Treatment. New Orleans: J. C. Morgan, 1859.

  Crater, Lewis. History of the Fiftieth Regiment, Penna. Vet. Vols., 1861–65. Reading, Pa.: Coleman Printing House, 1884.

  Cumming, Kate. A Journal of Hospital Life in the Confederate Army of Tennessee from the Battle of Shiloh to the End of the War. Louisville, Ky.: John P. Morton & Co., 1866.

  Daniels, Arthur M. A Journal of Sibley’s Indian Expedition during the Summer of 1863 and Record of the Troops Employed by a Soldier in Company “H,” Sixth Regiment. Minneapolis: James D. Thueson Publisher, 1980.

  Davis, Varina. Jefferson Davis, Ex-President of the Confederate States of America; A Memoir by His Wife. New York: Belford Co., 1890.

  DeRolette, Frs. Xavier. Lecture on the Fever and Ague and Other Intermittent Fevers. Pittsburgh: A. A. Anderson & Sons, 1865.

  De Trobriand, Regis. Four Years with the Army of the Potomac. Boston: Ticknor & Co., 1889.

  Dickens, Charles. American Notes for General Circulation. 1842. Reprint. London: Penguin Books, 2000.

  Dodson, C. Marion. Yellow Flag: The Civil War Journal of Surgeon’s Steward C. Marion Dodson. Edited by Charles Albert Earp. Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society, 2002.

  Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself. 1845. Reprint. New York: New American Library, 1997.

  Dowdey, Clifford, and Louis H. Manarin, eds. The Wartime Papers of Robert E. Lee. New York: Da Capo Press, 1961.

  Drake, Daniel. A Systematic Treatise, Historical, Etiological, and Practical, on the Principal Diseases of the Interior Valley of North America, as They Appear in the Caucasian, African, Indian, and Esquimaux Varieties of Its Population. 1850. Reprint. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1964.

  Eve, Paul F. “Answers to Certain Questions Propounded by Prof. Charles A. Lee, M.D., Agent of the United States Sanitary Commission, relative to the Health, &c., of the late Southern Army.” Nashville Journal of Medicine a
nd Surgery 1 (July 1866): 12–32.

  “The Fate of Virginia.” Living Age 70, August 10, 1861, 374–75.

  Felder, W. L. “Observations on the Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1854, in Augusta, Ga.” Southern Medical and Surgical Journal 11 (October 1855): 598–608.

  Fleming, Walter L., ed. General W. T. Sherman as College President. Cleveland: Arthur M. Clark Co., 1912.

  Forten, Charlotte. The Journal of Charlotte L. Forten. Intro. and notes by Ray Allen Billington. New York: Dryden Press, 1953.

  ———. “Life on the Sea Islands.” Atlantic Monthly 13 (May 1864): 587–96.

  Gaillard, Edwin Samuel. An Essay on Intermittent and Bilious Remittent Fevers: With Their Pathological Relation to Ozone. Charleston: Walker & Evans, 1856.

  Gibbs, B. F. “Account of the Epidemic of Yellow Fever Which Visited Pensacola Navy Yard in the Summer and Autumn of 1863.” American Journal of the Medical Sciences 51 (1866): 340–51.

  Goodloe, Albert Theodore. Confederate Echoes: A Voice from the South in the Days of Secession and of the Southern Confederacy. Nashville: Smith & Lamar, 1907.

  Goyne, Minetta Altgelt. Lone Star and Double Eagle: Civil War Letters of a German-Texas Family. Fort Worth: Texas Christian University Press, 1982. Gregory, Peggy H., comp. Record of Interments of the City of Galveston, 1859–1872. Houston: Privately Printed, 1976. Housed at Rosenberg Library, Galveston.

  Harris, Elisha. “Hygenic Experience in New Orleans during the War: Illustrating the Importance of Efficient Sanitary Regulations.” Southern Medical and Surgical Journal 21 (July 1866): 77–88.

  Headley, John W. Confederate Operations in Canada and New York. New York: Neale Publishing Co., 1906.

  Higginson, Thomas Wentworth. Army Life in a Black Regiment and Other Writings. New York: Penguin Books, 1997.

  Hill, Alfred J. History of the Company E of the Sixth Minnesota Regiment of Volunteer Infantry. 1899. Reprint. St. Paul, Minn.: Budd Parrish, 1992.

  Holbrook, William C. A Narrative of the Services of the Officers and Enlisted Men of the 7th Regiment of Vermont Volunteers. New York: American Bank Note Co., 1882.

  Holton, William C. Cruise of the U.S. Flagship Hartford, 1862–1863. 1863. Reprint. Tarrytown, N.Y.: W. Abbatt, 1922.

  Horner, G.R.B. “Notice of the Yellow Fever as It Occurred in Key West and in the U.S. East Gulf Blockading Squadron, in 1862.” American Journal of the Medical Sciences 92 (October 1863): 391–98.

  Howe, Henry Warren. Passages from the Life of Henry Warren Howe, Consisting of Diary and Letters Written during the Civil War, 1816–1865. Lowell, Mass.: Courier-Citizen Co., Printers, 1899.

  Illinois at Vicksburg: Published under the Authority of an Act of the Forty-fifth General Assembly by the Illinois-Vicksburg Military Park Commission. Chicago: Blakely Printing Co., 1907.

  James, Jasper E. Letters from a Civil War Soldier. Edited by Vera Dockery Elkins. New York: Vantage Press, 1969.

  Johnson, Charles W. “Narrative of the Sixth Regiment” (1891). In Minnesota in the Civil and Indian Wars, 1861–1865 by Minnesota Board of Commissioners on Publication of History of Minnesota in Civil and Indian Wars. St. Paul: Pioneer Press Co., 1890–93.

  Johnson, Jonathan Huntington. The Letters and Diary of Captain Jonathan Huntington Johnson. N.p.: Alden Chase Brett, 1961.

  Jones, C. Handfield. “Considerations Respecting the Operation of Malaria on the Human Body.” Association Medical Journal 187 (August 1856): 668–70.

  Josyph, Peter, ed. The Wounded River: The Civil War Letters of John Vance Lauderdale, M.D. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1993.

  Kirwin, Thomas. Memorial History of the Seventeenth Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry (Old and New Organizations) in the Civil War from 1861–1865. Salem, Mass.: Salem Press Co., 1911.

  Larimer, Charles F., ed. Love and Valor: Intimate Civil War Letters between Captain Jacob and Emeline Ritner. Western Springs, Ill.: Sigourney Press, 2000.

  LaRoche, Rene. Pneumonia: Its Supposed Connection, Pathological and Etiological, with Autumnal Fevers; Including an Inquiry into the Existence and Morbid Agency of Malaria. Philadelphia: Blanchard & Lea, 1854.

  Leavenworth, F. P. “Malaria.” St. Louis Medical and Surgical Journal 12 (January 1854): 35–58.

  Letterman, Jonathan. Medical Recollections of the Army of the Potomac. 1866. Reprint. Knoxville: Bohemian Brigade Publishers, 1994.

  Logan, Samuel. “Prophylactic Effects of Quinine.” Confederate States Medical and Surgical Journal 1 (June 1864): 81–83.

  Lothrop, Charles H. A History of the First Regiment Iowa Cavalry Veteran Volunteers. Lyons, Iowa: Beers & Eaton, 1890.

  Lowry, Thomas P., ed. Swamp Doctor: The Diary of a Union Surgeon in the Virginia and North Carolina Marshes. Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 2001.

  Lubbock, Francis. Six Decades in Texas or Memoirs of Francis Richard Lubbock, Governor of Texas in Wartime, 1861–63. Edited by C. W. Raines. Austin, Tex.: Ben C. Jones & Co., Printers, 1900.

  Martin, W. H. “Various Forms of Intermittent Diseases.” Illinois and Indiana Medical and Surgical Journal 2 (1847–48): 407–9.

  McCraven, William. “The Epidemic of Yellow Fever of 1859, in Houston, Texas.” New Orleans Medical News and Hospital Gazette 7 (April 1860): 105–10.

  McGaffey, Mrs. Otis, Sr. “Autobiography of Mrs. Otis McGaffey, Sr.” Yellowed Pages 28 (Fall 1998): 1–14.

  McGregor, Charles. History of the Fifteenth Regiment, New Hampshire Volunteers, 1862–1863. Published by Order of the Fifteenth Regiment Association. [Concord, N.H.: I. C. Evans], 1900.

  McPheeters, William M. I Acted from Principle: The Civil War Diary of Dr. William M. McPheeters, Confederate Surgeon in the Trans-Mississippi. Edited by Cynthia Dehaven Pitcock and Bill J. Gurley. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2002.

  Meade, George. The Life and Letters of George Gordon Meade, Major-General United States Army. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1913.

  Medford, H. C. “The Diary of H. C. Medford, Confederate Soldier, 1864.” Southwestern Historical Quarterly 34 (1930): 106–40.

  The Medical and Surgical History of the Civil War. 15 vols. Wilmington, N.C.: Broadfoot Publishing Co., 1991.

  “Medical History of the Seventeenth Regiment Mass. Volunteers.” Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 68 (February 1863): 136–41.

  Merrill, A. P. Lectures on Fever, Delivered in the Memphis Medical College, in 1853–6. New York: Harper & Bros., 1865.

  Monroe, Haskell M., Jr., and James T. McIntosh. The Papers of Jefferson Davis, vol. 1: 1808–1840. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1971.

  Murray, Thomas Hamilton. History of the Ninth Regiment, Connecticut Volunteer Infantry. New Haven: Price, Lee, & Adkins Co., 1903.

  Nance, Hiram. “Retrospect of Miasmatic Diseases for a Few Years Past.” Northwestern Medical and Surgical Journal 3 (February 1854): 54–57.

  Nash, Herbert M. “Some Reminiscences of a Confederate Surgeon.” Transactions of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia 28 (1906).

  Naval Records Collection of the Office of Naval Records and Library. Record Group 45, National Archives. Washington, D.C.

  Newberry, J. S. The U.S. Sanitary Commission in the Valley of the Mississippi, during the War of the Rebellion, 1861–1866. Cleveland: Fairbanks, Benedict, & Co., 1871.

  Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion. 30 vols. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1894–1922.

  Olmstead, Frederick Law. The Cotton Kingdom. 1861. Reprint. New York: Random House, 1984.

  “On the External Application of Oil of Turpentine as a Substitute for Quinine in Intermittent Fever, with Reports of Cases.” Confederate States Medical and Surgical Journal 1 (January 1864): 7–8.

  Osborn, George C., ed. “A Tennessean at the Siege of Vicksburg: The Diary of Samuel Alexander Ramsey Swan, May–July, 1863.” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 14 (December 1955): 353–72.

  Parker, Francis J. The Story of the Thirty-sec
ond Regiment Massachusetts Infantry. Boston: C. W. Calkins & Co., 1880.

  Parker, Thomas H. History of the 51st Regiment of P.V. and V.V. Philadelphia: King & Baird, Printers, 1869.

  Pearson, Elizabeth Ware, ed. Letters from Port Royal Written at the Time of the Civil War. Boston: W. B. Clarke, 1906.

  Pemberton, John C. Pemberton: Defender of Vicksburg. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1942.

  Pepper, William. On the Use of Bebeerine and Cinchonia in the Treatment of Intermittent Fever. Philadelphia: T. K. and P. G. Collins, 1853.

  Poore, Ben. Perley, ed. The Conspiracy Trial for the Murder of the President, and the Attempt to Overthrow the Government by the Assassination of Its Principal Officers, Vol. 2. Boston: J. E. Tilton and Co., 1865.

  Porcher, Francis Peyre. Resources of the Southern Fields and Forests. 1863. Reprint. New York: Arno Press, 1970.

  Price, Isaiah. History of the Ninety-seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, during the War of the Rebellion, 1861–65, with Biographical Sketches. Philadelphia: By the Author for the Subscribers, 1875.

  Quaife, Milo Milton, ed. Growing Up with Southern Illinois 1820 to 1861 from the Memoirs of Daniel Harmon Brush. Chicago: Lakeside Press, 1944.

  Quiner, E. B. The Military History of Wisconsin. Chicago: Clarke & Co., Publishers, 1866.

  Records of the Adjutant General’s Office. Record Group 94, National Archives. Washington, D.C.

  Records of the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. Record Group 52, National Archives. Washington. D.C.

  Records of the Office of the Surgeon General (Army). Record Group 112, National Archives. Washington. D.C.

  Report of the Philadelphia Relief Committee Appointed to Collect Funds for the Sufferers by Yellow Fever, at Norfolk and Portsmouth, Va., 1855. Philadelphia: Inquirer Printing Office, 1856.

  Report of the Portsmouth Relief Association to the Contributors of the Fund for the Relief of Portsmouth, Virginia, during the Prevalence of Yellow Fever in That Town in 1855. Richmond: H. K. Ellyson’s Steam Power Presses, 1856.

  Report on the Origin of Yellow Fever in Norfolk during the Summer of 1855. Made to the City Councils by a Committee of Physicians. Richmond, Va.: Ritchie and Dunnavant, 1857.