Codename Suzette
Page 31
Pannwitz, Heinz, xvi, 183, 190, 196, 200, 211, 223–24, 229, 251
Suzanne’s fate and, 206–8, 215–16, 218, 233, 237, 243
Paris, 1, 5, 6, 7, 14, 61–62, 62n, 245, 249. See also Palais Royal; UGIF; specific people and places
acts of resistance, 39, 40, 48, 62, 63, 64, 66, 84, 167, 169
Bastille Day in, 86
Café de Flore, 36
Comédie Française, 42
French Jews in, 24–25, 118–19
German headquarters in, 25, 139, 219
German occupation of, 20–22, 24–27, 42, 46, 182, 219, 220–21, 226, 236
Gestapo arrests in, 22, 182, 196, 205, 219
Hitler in, 24
Jewish children deportations, 98, 138–39, 220–23
Jewish children in detention, 104–5
Jewish life under the occupation, 35, 38, 47, 65–66, 78–79, 102, 135, 164
Jewish quarter, Marais, 10, 145
Jewish refugees in, 8, 10, 27, 111, 116, 118–19
Jews arrested in, 30–32, 40, 48, 61, 77, 85–95, 102, 108, 118–19, 130, 221, 252
Jews in, 10, 38, 47, 119, 129, 221
“Le Juif et la France” exhibit, 40–41
liberation of, 220, 224–26, 229, 239, 250
Ligne de Sceaux railway line, 109, 109n
Mémorial de la Shoah, 158
orphanages in, 113–15, 136, 137, 138, 175, 221
police force in, 38, 85, 182, 274n21
Sokols in, 14, 29–30, 33
Solidarité formed in, 27
Charles Spaak as writer in, 2, 204
Claude Spaak as writer in, 15, 42
Claude Spaak hiding in, 197, 210, 230
Spaaks move to, 1, 5, 9, 40
Special Brigades and, 174–75, 189
surrender of, 22
Vel d’Hiv arrests, 83, 83n, 85–95, 94n, 252, 274n21
wartime hardships, 46, 48, 52–53, 148
wartime fashions, 46–47
Paris-Midi, 94, 94n
Parrend, Louise, 211
Pasteur Vallery-Radot, Louis, 100, 225
Pauriol, Fernand, xiv, 75, 182, 235–37, 236n
Paxton, Robert, 29
Perrault, Gilles, 68, 68n, 75–76, 206–7, 231, 238
Pétain, Philippe, 23, 26, 100, 127–28, 146
Peters, Ruth, xiv, 2–4, 12, 15, 18, 19, 21, 24, 46, 51, 55, 108, 182, 197, 284n9, 288n1
liaison with Claude, 2, 3–4, 51, 52, 149, 181, 194, 229–30, 240–42, 250
in occupied Paris, 181, 182, 186, 194
Spaak family flight from Paris and, 191
Trepper and, 242–43
Piaf, Edith, 6
Picasso, Pablo, 36
Pierret, Henri, 92–93
Pierronet, Gisèle, 140n
Pirotte, Julia, 4, 265n4
Pithiviers, 30, 31, 33–34, 48, 61
Jewish children at, 98, 105
Sokol in, 30–34, 55, 65
women’s march on, 33, 113
Poland, 7, 8, 11–13, 19, 23, 35, 97, 169, 255, 256
anti-Semitism in, 12, 251
German death camps in, 59–60, 61, 123 (see also specific camps)
Jews from, deported from France, 97
Jews in Lodz and Warsaw, 111
Jews murdered, 60n, 61, 178
non-Jewish Poles murdered, 60n
pogroms in, 111
Prunier, Huguette “Juliette,” 208
Rajsfus, Maurice, 118–19
Rapoport, David, 175
Rathke, Rudolf, xvi, 199, 233, 252
Ravensbrück (concentration camp), 205, 206, 224
Rayski, Adam, xiv, 35, 40, 55, 81–82, 89–91, 164, 169, 245, 247, 255
Colette and, 165–66
escape of, 175, 282n9
French Communists and, 130, 269n22
gassing of Jews discovered, 123–24, 127
resistance groups and activities, 62–64, 80, 93, 99, 126
Suzanne and, 165, 245, 246
Rayski, Benoît, 89–91, 164, 255
Rayski, Jeanne, 89–91
Red Orchestra, The (Perrault), 68, 68n, 75
Renoir, Jean, 6
Renouveau children’s home, 244–45, 256
Resistance, xv, 23, 57, 127, 129, 140, 143, 165, 167–70, 168n, 177. See also specific groups and persons
based at La Clairière, 167–70, 168n
Britain’s SOE and, 167, 172
Debré and Dexia in, 99
Défense de la France printed by, 107
Gestapo arrests (1943), 171–77
Jewish groups, 36, 55, 64, 102, 120, 121n, 174–75, 194, 197, 220, 223n, 226, 255 (see also Solidarité)
liberation of Paris and, 224–25
maquis (bands), 170, 170n
National Council meeting, 169
police surveillance/arrests, 174–75, 189
réfractaires (youths), 170
Suzanne and, 187
UJRE formed, 169, 269n22
“V for Victory” slogan, 152, 152n
Richelieu, Cardinal, 41
Ritter, Julius, 177, 283n15
Roeder, Manfred, 210–11
Rolland, Madeleine, 31
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 6n
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 129
Rote Kapelle Task Force, xvi, 73–75, 132–33, 182, 183, 220, 242, 251
Rothschild, Pannonica (Baroness
Kathleen Annie Pannonica de
Königswarter), 159
Rothschilds, 159
charities, 47, 107, 112, 115
Hospital, 116, 119–21, 140n, 224
Saint-Gilles prison, 200–202, 205, 262
Sainte-Maxime, France, 20–21
Saliège, Archbishop Jules-Géraud, 101–3, 124
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 36, 43
Scheliha, Rudolf von, 125
Schiaparelli, Elsa, 5, 46
Schloesing, Jacques-Henri, 167, 167n, 281n19
Schmitt, Philipp, 70, 71–72
Schneiderman, Nicole, xv, 153
School for Scandal, The (L’École de la médisance) (revival, Spaak), 15–16, 42–43, 249
Schulte, Eduard, 125
Schulze-Boysen, Harro, 211n
Schwartz, Daniel, 78
Schwartz, Isaïe, 139
Schwartz, Sophie (Micnik), xiv, 33, 109–20, 169, 247, 255, 255n
escape of, 175, 282n9
Larissa Gruszow and, 113–16, 162, 255
Jewish children’s rescue and, 110–20, 140, 142, 144, 154
Suzanne and, 109–21, 140, 162
Secours Français relief fund, 110
Sharon, Ariel, 252
Sokol, Hersch “Harry,” xiv, 8–9, 12, 14–15, 29–34, 39, 47, 48, 67–70, 72–73, 75, 76, 182, 272n4
Claude helps in release of, 33–34, 55
death of, 73, 133
Sokol, Jacques, 251, 272n4
Sokol, Miriam “Mira,” xiv, 8–10, 12, 29–30, 33–34, 39, 47, 68–69, 75, 76, 131, 182, 268n2
arrest and interrogation, 67–72, 75
disappearance/death of, 73, 76, 131
in prison, 70–73
Suzanne and, 8, 9–10, 12, 30, 54–55, 71, 76, 191
Solidarité, 27, 32, 33–34, 36, 58, 63, 86, 113, 154. See also MNCR
arrest of members, 31
Chertok joins, 36, 37
funding and support for, 36–37, 278n2
Jewish children and, 48
leaders of, 35
planques (hideouts), 36
Suzanne and, 34–35, 37, 40, 41, 43, 52, 54–56, 58, 113, 186, 246
tracts by, 40, 55, 57, 80–81, 82, 93, 94
UJRE formed, 269n22
Soviet Union (Russia), 8, 9, 11, 12, 13
Battle of Stalingrad, 127, 129, 166, 169
British collaboration with, 132, 182
German invasion of, 38–39
Jewish appeals to, 33
Nazi Hungerplan, 60n
nonagression pact, 11, 12, 33
OSS collaboration with, 182
&nb
sp; Sokols and, 12, 29–30, 68–69, 76
spies in France, 29–30, 67–69, 131
Trepper’s intelligence network, 67–68, 71, 73–76, 131–33, 182, 211n, 242
Trepper’s postwar life and, 251
Spaak, Antoinette, 55, 237
Spaak, Charles, xiii, 2, 5, 6, 6n, 14, 155, 194, 204, 204n, 250
arrest and detention, 204–5, 210
funding children’s rescue, 155, 213, 250
Spaak, Claude, xiii, xiv, 1–6, 11, 14, 15, 17, 24, 51–52, 108
appearance, 34
art of, 3, 41, 229, 242, 244, 250, 265n2
artistic circle of, 15–16, 42–43
attempted escape from France, 19–22
character of, 16, 51–52, 201, 231, 240–42, 246
daughter’s arrest and, 201
destroying letters and photos, 241, 246
evacuating his family (1943), 191–94
Gestapo pursuit of, 203–4
guilt and dishonorable behavior of, 241
in hiding, Paris (1943), 197, 210, 230
Magritte and, 3, 4–5, 18, 250
operation le kidnapping and, 151
Palais Royal apartment, 40, 41, 42, 229–31, 237
Ruth Peters and, 2–4, 51, 52, 108, 149, 181, 186, 194, 229–30, 240–42, 250
postwar life, 240–42, 249–50
relationship with Suzanne, 51–52, 55
search for Suzanne, 230
Sokol helped in Pithiviers, 33–34
Suzanne’s body and, 236n
Suzanne’s cell, visit to, 239–40
Suzanne’s death and, 236, 237, 238–39
Suzanne’s final letter to, 234–35
Suzanne’s letter with German’s offer, 215–18, 241
Suzanne’s inheritance and, 18–19, 158–59, 240, 241–42, 250
Trepper and, 67–68, 131, 183, 185–91, 203–4, 242, 251, 284n9
writing career and works of, 1, 5, 15–16, 42–43, 249–50, 288n1
Spaak, Claudie (Clèves), 204–5
Spaak, Fernand, 201
Spaak, Lucie “Pilette,” xiv, 1, 3, 4, 11, 16, 40, 43, 51–52, 108, 129, 256
appearance, 240–41
attempted escape from France and, 19
in Belgium, 181–82, 186, 195–200
Colette and, 45, 166
coping with wartime shortages, 52–53
evacuation from Paris, 191–93
forged documents and, 161
Gestapo questioning of, 197–200
Jewish children’s funding and, 232
mother’s clandestine activities, 161, 181
mother’s death and, 238
mother’s final letter to, 235
mother’s fund-raising for rescued children and, 158–59
mother’s letter from prison, 261–64
mother’s letter to Claude, 216–18
mother’s ring worn by, 202
operation le kidnapping and, 140, 140n, 145, 146, 148–49, 156
Paris return (1944), 230–31
Ruth Peters and, 52, 240–41
postwar marriage and life, 243, 249
in prison, 200–202, 210
Trepper’s escape and, 187
Spaak, Marguerite, xiii, 198, 200, 201, 238
Spaak, Marie (Janson), xiii, 2, 19, 195, 196, 199, 200
Spaak, Paul, xiii
Spaak, Paul-Henri, xiii, 18, 55, 140, 198, 206, 207, 211, 230, 242, 246
as Belgian politician, xiii, 2, 4, 5, 6, 16–17, 189, 201, 232, 233, 242
efforts to free Suzanne, 233
escape to London, 16–17, 201
receives Suzanne’s letters and grave record, 233
Suzanne’s remains and, 235–36
Spaak, Paul-Louis “Bazou,” xiv, 1, 4, 5–6, 7, 16, 43, 52, 108, 149, 256
attempted escape from France and, 19
Colette and, 44–45
dog, Wotan, 5–6, 19, 20, 21
evacuation from Paris, 192
father, Claude, and, 51–52, 242, 243
Gestapo questioning, 197, 202–3, 211, 234
hiding in Belgium (1943), 196
mother’s clandestine activities and, 161–62, 187, 203, 234
mother’s death and, 238
mother’s final letter to, 235
mother’s letter from prison, 261–64
Paris return (1944), 230–31
postwar life, 243, 249
Spaak, Suzanne (Lorge), xiii, xiv, 1–4, 11, 108, 111, 146
appearance, 1, 46–47, 53–54, 109–10, 110n, 155
arrest of, 202
arrest of friends, family, and associates, 175, 179, 197–205, 213
art of, 41, 56, 66, 208, 210, 242, 244
attempted escape from France, 19–22
Belgian intelligence and, 179
betrayal of, 201–2
bicycle accident and rhinoplasty, 53–54
Catholic Church and, 99–100
character of, 1, 55–56, 210, 247
Chertok and, 55, 189
in Choisel, 5–6, 11, 24, 29–30, 89, 108, 109
Colette and, 45, 46, 50, 155–56
coping with shortages, 46–47, 52–53
court-martial of, 210–11, 211n
death sentence of, 211, 215, 217, 218
Debré and, 155, 160
deportation record, 227, 230, 232–33
“disguise” as a grande dame, 54
escape to Brussels (1943), 193
execution of, 235–37, 243, 243n
funeral and burial, 238
Gestapo in pursuit of, 191–93
grave in Bagneux, 238–39, 245
Grou-Radenez’s exposure and, 203, 211, 216, 217–18, 234
hiding in Belgium (1943), 195–96
inheritance of, 2, 5, 18–19, 158–59, 240–42
interrogation of, 206–8, 215–16
Jewish children’s rescue, 48, 108, 110, 116–17, 128–29, 131, 157, 161, 162, 192, 244, 245
Jewish children’s rescue operation, le kidnapping, 139–55, 140n, 156
Jewish children’s rescue funds, 155–59, 192, 213
Jewish children’s rescue network, 78, 108, 143, 151–52, 154, 155, 175, 186, 186n, 187, 188, 192, 197, 207, 213, 215, 232, 244–46
Lederman and, 56, 110
legacy and memory of, 245–47
letters written before execution, 233–35
letter to Claude, 216–18
letter to her children, 261–64
Magritte and, 4–5, 6
move to Paris (1937), 1, 5
office in Saint-Rémy-lès-Chevreuse, 110
Palais Royal apartment, 40, 41, 42, 50, 51–52, 56, 66, 155
political independence of, 156
in prison, 202, 209, 213, 219–20
relationship with Claude, 51–52, 55
resistance groups and activities, 4, 34–35, 37, 40, 41, 43, 52, 54–58, 63, 66, 79–81, 89, 95, 116–17, 120–21, 127–29, 131, 142, 153–55, 160–61, 165, 186, 187, 191
Sophie and, 109–21, 140, 142, 162
Sokols and, 8, 9–10, 14, 30, 47, 67–68, 71, 76, 77, 142, 207
Spanish refugees helped by, 6–7
sympathy for Jewish exiles, 8, 9–10
Trepper and, 67–68, 131–32, 183, 186–88, 192, 207, 218
Vergara and, 143–44, 238
Spain, 6–7, 11, 63–64, 112
Stalin, Josef, 9, 12, 131
Stern, Juliette, 221, 222–23, 223n
STO, 58, 170, 177, 283n15
Stock, Abbé Franz, 233–34, 234n, 235
Stülpnagel, Carl-Heinrich von, 219
Suhard, Cardinal Emmanuel, 100–101
Survivors, The (Spaak), 250
Susloparov, Ivan, 29–30
Theis, Éduoard, 281n8
Thurman, Judith, 44, 166, 281n16
Tissandier, Pauline, 44
Todt Organization, 123, 123n
Trepper, Leopold, xiv, 67–68, 68n, 71, 73, 182–83, 224, 236n, 250–51, 286n11
; arrest and detention, 132–33, 182–84
arrest of associates, 191, 196, 197
betrayals by, 133, 183, 210–11, 211n
escape of, 184–85, 284n9
Gestapo pursuing, 69, 73–75, 131–33, 184–85, 188, 190–92, 194, 196, 197, 200, 202, 203, 204, 207, 211, 211n
in hiding, 75, 185–89
liberation of Paris and, 220, 229, 286n11
Spaaks and, 131, 183, 185–92, 202–4, 207, 217, 236n, 242, 251, 252, 284n9
spy network (Rote Kapelle), 73–76, 131–33, 182, 183, 189, 211n, 242, 251
Trocmé, André, 163, 281n8
Trocmé, Magda, 281n8
UGIF (Union générale des israélites de France—Union of French Jews), xv, 47, 47n, 86, 88, 94, 95, 119, 144, 278n2
central file of Jewish children, 135
children in care of, 85, 87, 88, 97, 107–8, 115, 119 (see also specific orphanages)
children taken from and gassed, 137–39, 221–23, 223n
Gestapo arrests at, 175
refusal to warn Jews of arrest, 82, 88
Rothschild Hospital and, 116, 120
Suzanne rescues children from, 141, 145–55
underground of, 95, 140n, 143, 153, 244
Vel d’Hiv and, 88, 94–95
women’s march on, 119
United States
Hitler declares war on, 48
internment of Jewish exiles, 15n
Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, 48
Nazi extermination of Jews and, 125
restrictive immigration laws, 10
US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 207, 242–43, 243n, 268n2
US Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 182
Vallat, Xavier, 49
Vel d’Hiv, 83, 83n, 85–95, 99, 103, 107, 113, 135, 140, 151, 164, 252
censorship about, 93–94, 94n
children arrested, 88, 89, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97–98, 102, 244
Grande Rafle, 86, 88, 101, 113, 116, 118
Paris fire chief Pierret’s compassion, 92–93
Vénissieux (internment camp), 103
Jewish children’s rescue, 103–4, 104n, 106
Vergara, Éliane (Bruston), xv
Vergara, Marcelle, xv, 174
Vergara, Paul, xv, 143–44, 155, 167, 168, 172, 174, 175, 188, 244–45, 254
house in Faute d’Argent, Normandy, 162
Jewish children’s rescue and, 143, 143n, 147, 151, 154, 162, 246
Suzanne’s funeral and, 238
Vergara, Sylvain, xv, 143, 163, 174, 254
Vichy government, 24, 25–26, 55–57, 84, 103, 104, 126
CGQJ and, 38
deportations and, 31, 49, 62, 84–86, 136
Jewish children, question of, 79, 87–88, 95, 97–98, 107
liberation of Paris and, 226–27
Cardinal Suhard and, 100–101
Vivre, aimer avec Auschwitz au cæur (Dassa), 245
Walach, Aron, 118
Walach, Elie, 118
Wannsee Conference, 59–60, 83
Warsaw, Poland, 19, 23, 35, 97, 111, 169