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Seeing Further

Page 45

by Bill Bryson

A. Lucas, John Lucas, Portrait Painter,1828–1874: A Memoir of His Life Mainly Deduced from the Correspondence of His Sitters (London, Methuen, 1910)

  Sheila Mackay, The Forth Bridge: A Picture History (Edinburgh, Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1993)

  David McCullough, The Great Bridge (New York, Simon & Schuster, 1972)

  Roland Paxton (ed.) ‘Thomas Telford: 250 Years of Inspiration’, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, 160, special issue one (May 2007)

  Henry Petroski, Design Paradigms: Case Histories of Error and Judgment in Engineering (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1994)

  Henry Petroski, Engineers of Dreams: Great Bridge Builders and the Spanning of America (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1995)

  Henry Petroski, Pushing the Limits: New Adventures in Engineering (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 2004)

  L.T.C. Rolt, Isambard Kingdom Brunel (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, Penguin Books, 1970)

  Richard Scott, In the Wake of Tacoma: Suspension Bridges and the Quest for Aerodynamic Stability (Reston, Va., ASCE Press, 2001)

  Mary J. Shapiro, A Picture History of the Brooklyn Bridge (New York, Dover Publications, 1983)

  Frank L. Stahl, David E Mohn and Mary C. Currie, The Golden Gate Bridge: Report of the Chief Engineer, Volume II (San Francisco, Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District, 2007)

  Denyan Sudjic et al., Blade of Light: The Story of London’s Millennium Bridge (London, Penguin Books, 2001)

  John van der Zee, The Gate: The True Story of the Design and Construction of the Golden Gate Bridge (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1986)

  W. Westhofen, ‘The Forth Bridge’, Engineering, 28 February 1890, pp. 213–83.

  STEVE JONES

  T. Andersen, J. Carstensen, E. Hernández-García & C.M. Duarte, ‘Ecological thresholds and regime shifts: Approaches to identification’, Trends Ecol. Evol. Syst., 24 (2009), 49–57

  E. Beninca, J. Huisman, R. Heerkloss, K.D. Johnk, P. Branco, E.H. Van Nes, M. Scheffner & S.P. Ellner, ‘Chaos in a long-term experiment with a plankton community’, Nature, 451 (2008), 822–6

  J.C. Briggs, ‘The marine East Indies: Diversity and speciation’, J. Biogeog., 32 (2005), 1517–22

  S.J. Clark, ‘Beyond neutral science’, Trends Res. Ecol. Evol., 24 (2009), 8–15

  A. Dance, ‘Soil ecology: What lies beneath?’, Nature, 455 (2008), 724–5

  D.F. Doak, J.A. Estes, B.S. Halpern, U. Jacob, D.R. Lindberg, J. Loworn, D.H. Monson, M.T. Tinker, T.M. Williams, J.T. Wotton, I. Carroll, M. Emmerson, F. Micheli & M. Novak, ‘Understanding and predicting ecological dynamics: Are major surprises inevitable?’, Ecology, 89 (2008), 952–61

  R. Grenyer, ‘Global distribution and conservation of rare and threatened vertebrates’, Nature, 444 (2006), 93–6

  L. Gross, ‘Untapped bounty: Sampling the seas to survey microbial biodiversity’,PLoS Biol., 5 (2007): e85doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050085

  M.J. Heckenberger, C.J. Russell, C. Fausto, J.R. Toney, M.J. Schmidt, E. Pereira, B. Franchetto & A. Kuikuro, ‘Pre-Columbian urbanism, anthropogenic landscapes, and the future of the Amazon’, Science, 341 (2008), 1214–17

  M. de Heer, V. Kapos & B.J.E. ten Brink, ‘Biodiversity trends in Europe: Development and testing of a species trend indicator for evaluating progress towards the 2010 target’, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, 360 (2005), 297–308

  D. Jablonski, ‘Extinction: Past and present’, Nature, 427 (2004), 589http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v427/n6975/full/427589a.html

  E.G. Leigh, ‘Neutral theory: A historical perspective’, J. Theor. Biol., 20 (2007), 2075–91

  M.W. McKnight, P.S. White, R.I. McDonald, J.F. Lamoreux, W. Sechrest, R.S. Ridgely & S.N. Stuart, ‘Putting Beta-Diversity on the Map: Broad-Scale Congruence andCoincidence in the Extremes’, PLoS Biology, 5(10) (2007): e272;doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050272

  R. Muneepeerakul, ‘Neutral metacommunity models predict fish diversity patterns in Mississippi–Missouri basin’, Nature, 453 (2008), 220–23

  D. Nogues-Bravo, M.B. Araujo, T. Romdal & C. Rahbek, C., ‘Scale effects and human impact on the elevational species richness gradients’, Nature, 453 (2008), 216–20

  W. Renema, D.R. Bellwood, J.C. Braga, K. Bromfield, R. Hall, K.G. Johnson, P. Lunt, C.P. Meyer, L.B. McMonagle, R.J. Morley, A. O’Dea, J.A. Todd, F.P. Wesselingh, M.E.J.Wilson & J.M. Pandolfi, ‘Hopping hotspots: Global shifts in marine biodiversity’, Science, 321 (2008), 654–7

  M. Scheffer, S. Rinaldi, J. Huisman & F.J. Weissing, ‘Why plankton communities have no equilibrium: Solutions to the paradox’,Hydrobiologia, 491 (2003), 9–18

  J. Schipper et al., ‘The status of the world’s land and marine mammals: Diversity, threat, and knowledge’, Science, 322 (2008), 225–30

  F. Sergio, T. Caro, D. Brown, B. Clucas, J. Hunter, J. Ketchum, K. McHugh & F. Hiraldo, ‘Top predators as conservation tools: Ecological rationale, assumptions, and efficacy’, Ann. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst., 39 (2008), 1–19

  N.S. Sodhi, ‘Tropical biodiversity loss and people: A brief review, Basic and Applied Ecology, 9 (2008), 93–99

  S.Y. Strauss & R.E. Irwin, ‘Ecological and evolutionary consequences of multispecies plant-animal interactions’, Ann. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst., 35 (2004), 435–66

  J.E. Vermaat, J.A. Dunne & A.J. Gilbert, ‘Major dimensions in food-web structure properties’, Ecology, 90 (2009,) 278–82

  E.O. Wilson & F.M. Peter, Biodiversity (Washington DC, National Acad. Press, 1988).

  PHILIP BALL

  Agricola, De Re Metallica, transl. H.C. Hoover & L.H. Hoover (New York, Dover, 1950)

  F. Bacon, Advancement of Learning and Novum Organum (New York, Willey Book Co, 1944)

  F. Bacon, New Atlantis (1627); available at http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/2434

  R. Cotterill, The Cambridge Guide to the Material World (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1985)

  P. Medawar, Pluto’s Republic (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1984)

  J. Meikle, American Plastic: A Cultural History (New Jersey, Rutgers University Press, 1995)

  C.P. Snow, The Two Cultures: And A Second Look (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1965)

  L. Wolpert, The Unnatural Nature of Science (London, Faber & Faber, 1992).

  OLIVER MORTON

  David Oldroyd, Earth Cycles: A Historical Perspective (Westport, Greenwood Press, 2006)

  Robert Poole, Earthrise: How Man First Saw the Earth (New Haven, Yale University Press, 2008).

  LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

  HarperPress and the authors wish to thank the Royal Society for access to their tremendous Library and Archives collection at Carlton House Terrace for many of the images in this book.

  The collections are of international importance in the history of science – an extraordinary and unrivalled record of the development of science that spans nearly 350 years. Resources include manuscripts, printed books and paintings, amassed to provide a record of scientific achievements.

  HarperPress are also grateful to the following individuals and organisations for providing photographs and for permission to reproduce copyright material. While every effort has been made to trace and acknowledge copyright holders, the publishers would like to apologise for any omissions and will be pleased to incorporate missing acknowledgements in any future editions.

  Images not listed below have been provided for use in this book by the Royal Society.

  Abbreviations: t: top, b: bottom, l: left, r: right, c: centre.

  40: © National Portrait Gallery, London; 43: Paramount Pictures; 49: © National Portrait Gallery, London; 50: © 2009 The British Library; 53: © 2009 The British Library; 63: Tony & Daphne Hallas/Science Photo Library; 65: Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images; 68: View of the chapel looking towards The Last Judgement, c.1305 (fresco), Giotto di Bondone (c.1266–1337)/Scrovegni (Arena) Chapel, Padua, Italy / The Bridgeman Art Library; 69: View of the south wall depicting scenes from the Life of Joachim and Anna and the Life of Christ, c.1305 (fresco), Giotto di
Bondone (c.1266–1337)/ Scrovegni (Arena) Chapel, Padua, Italy/The Bridgeman Art Library; 70: Getty Images; 151: British Library MSS Add. 30094, fol. 220; 159(l): SSPL via Getty Images; 162: Science Museum Pictorial/Science & Society Picture Library; 177: © National Portrait Gallery, London; 185: © The Natural History Museum, London; 187: © The Natural History Museum, London; 212: © The Natural History Museum, London; 217: © The Natural History Museum, London; 220: © The Natural History Museum, London; 225: Science Source/Science Photo Library; 232: David Toase/Getty Images; 236: Courtesy of the Institution of Civil Engineers; 239: Getty Images; 240(l+r): Courtesy of the Institution of Civil Engineers; 242(l): Jason Todd/Getty Images; 242(r): From The Gate: The True Story of the Design and Construction of the Golden Gate Bridge by John van der Zee, iUniverse, Inc., 2000; 245: Topham Picturepoint; 248: Sami Sarkis/Getty Images; 262: Courtesy of The Oxford Mail; 264(l): Courtesy of MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge; 264(r): © BBC; 270: © Estate of Graham Sutherland; 276: © The Natural History Museum, London; 281: © The Natural History Museum, London; 282(tl): SSPL via Getty Images; 282(tr): AFP/Getty Images; 282(bl): Daryl Benson/Getty Images; 282(br): ZenShui/Odilon Dimier/Getty Images; 292: National Geographic/Getty Images; 304: The Royal Society and courtesy of Bassano Portrait Studios; 306: Drawn by Philip Ball; 310: Science Museum Pictorial/Science & Society Picture Library; 323: Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images; 327: Royal Astronomical Society/Science Photo Library; 332: Drawn by Geoff Westby; 337: Courtesy NASA; 343(l+r): Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech; 345: Science Photo Library; 347: Royal Observatory, Edinburgh/Science Photo Library; 358: Friedrich Saurer/Science Photo Library; 366: Drawn by Geoff Westby; 370: Mehau Kulyk/Science Photo Library; 376: Humanities and Social Sciences Library/Rare Books Division/New York Public Library/Science Photo; 380: Drawn by Geoff Westby; 383: © R.V. Sole, reproduced by permission of the artist; 387: Courtesy NASA; 392: © Tim Knowles www.timknowles.com; 399: Getty Images; 402: Courtesy NASA; 407: Stocktrek Images/Getty Images; 409: © HarperCollins Publishers, Glenn Beanland/Getty Images (Big Ben), Kaz Mori/Getty Images (wave); 413: Getty Images; 416: Harald Sund/Getty Images; 422: The Last Man, 1849 (oil on canvas), Martin, John (1789–1854)/ © Walker Art Gallery, National Museums Liverpool / The Bridgeman Art Library; 439: Getty Images; 442: NI syndication; 447: Architect of the Capitol, http://www.aoc.gov/cc/photo-gallery/other_sculpt.cfm; 458: Stocktrek Images/Getty Images; 471: Science Museum Library/Science and Society Picture Library; 475: www.opte.org/; 477: Getty Images; 480: Wilfried Krecichwost/Getty Images; 482: AFP/Getty Images; 483(l): Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images; 483(c): Science Photo Library.

  ALSO BY BILL BRYSON

  At Home: A Short History of Private Life

  Shakespeare: The World as Stage

  The Life and Times of the Thunderbolt Kid

  A Short History of Nearly Everything

  In a Sunburned Country

  I’m a Stranger Here Myself: Notes on Returning to America After Twenty Years Away

  A Walk in the Woods: Rediscovering America on the Appalachian Trail

  Notes from a Small Island

  Made in America: An Informal History of the English Language in the United States

  Neither Here Nor There: Travels in Europe

  The Mother Tongue: English and How It Got That Way

  The Lost Continent: Travels in Small-Town America

  Copyright

  The endpapers show pages from the Charter Book, probably the Society’s most important single historical document, created in 1663 after the second Royal Charter, establishing the structure of the Royal Society, was granted. Since the earliest days of the Society its vellum pages have recorded the signatures of each new Fellow and Foreign Member, as well as those of each Royal patron, as they were elected year by year.

  Front: The founding signatures.

  Back: Recent signatures from 2001 and 2002, including some of the contributors to this book.

  * * *

  Originally published in Great Britain in 2010 by HarperPress, an imprint of HarperCollinsPublishers, London.

  SEEING FURTHER. Copyright © 2010 by The Royal Society. Introduction copyright © 2010 by Bill Bryson. Individual contributions copyright © 2010 by the individual authors.

  All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the non-exclusive, non-transferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, down-loaded, decompiled, reverse engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins e-books.

  EPub Edition © OCTOBER 2010 ISBN: 978-0-062-03622-3

  FIRST U.S. EDITION

  Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been applied for.

  ISBN 978-0-06-199976-5

  10 11 12 13 14 QGT 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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