The King's Revenge: Charles II and the Greatest Manhunt in British History
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1 Ludlow, Memoirs.
2 For complete document wording, see Internet Modern History Sourcebook: http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1653instrument-govt.asp
3 The Instrument of Government, Clause VI.
4 For a discussion of the evidence concerning the founding of the Sealed Knot, see David Underdown, Royalist Conspiracy in England, 1649–1660, Yale University Press, 1960.
5 Thurloe, State Papers, vol. 2.
6 Clarendon, State Papers, vol. 2.
7 The Life of Edward, Earl of Clarendon, including a continuation of his History of the Grand Rebellion, Oxford, 1857.
8 Thurloe, State Papers, vol. 2.
9 See S. R. Gardiner, History of the Commonwealth, vol. 3.
10 A Treasonable Plot Discovered, 1654, anon., BL.
11 Philip Aubrey, Mr Secretary Thurloe, Athlone Press, 1989.
12 Weekly Intelligencer, 1654, nos 243–4; Mercurius Politicus, nos 206–8.
13 Thurloe, State Papers.
14 The Triall of Mr John Gerhard. See: file:///Users/anonanon/Desktop/The%20Triall%20of%20Mr.%20john%20Gerhard%20 … web archive
15 Underdown, Royalist Conspiracy in England.
16 Triall of Mr John Gerhard.
17 Thurloe, State Papers.
18 Life of Edward, Earl of Clarendon, p. 25.
19 C. Durston, Cromwell’s Major-Generals, Manchester University Press, 2001.
20 For the reasons transportation was often feared more than death, see Jordan and Walsh, White Cargo.
21 Perhaps the best telling of this episode is to be found in Peter Beresford Ellis, Hell or Connaught, The Cromwellian Colonisation of Ireland, 1652–1660, Hamish Hamilton, 1975.
22 Sir Henry Vane, A Healing Question propounded and resolved, upon the late public and seasonable Call to Humiliation, in order to Love and Union amongst the Honest Party, London, 1656. Full text: http://www.constitution.org/lev/healing.htm.
23 Cobbett, State Trials, vol. V, p. 841.
24 Killing No Murder, Briefly Discussed in Three Questions, by William Allen, 1657, BL, 100.f.41.
25 In later editions of Killing No Murder, Titus is named as the author – as in the edition of 1689, BL, RB.22.a.7072.
26 Charles II, letter to Lord Mordaunt, 17 April 1660, in Letters of Charles II, ed. Bryant.
27 Quoted in C. H. Firth, Last Years of the Protectorate, vol. II, 1909.
7 After Oliver
1 A true and faithful narrative of Oliver Cromwell’s compact with the Devil.
2 The Publick Intelligencer, November 1658, BL.
3 Abraham Cowley, A vision concerning his late pretended highness Cromwell the wicked, 1658.
4 Thomas Burton, Diary.
5 Mark Noble, Lives of the English Regicides.
6 Abraham Cowley, A Discourse on the Government of Oliver Cromwell.
7 N. H. Keeble, The Restoration, Oxford: Blackwell, 2002
8 Clarendon, History of the Rebellion
9 Ronald Hutton, The Restoration, Oxford University Press, 1993.
10 Burton, Diary.
11 Clarendon, State Papers, vol. III.
12 Ludlow, Voyce.
13 M. Guizot, The History of Richard Cromwell and the Restoration of Charles II, Richard Bently, 1856.
14 Ibid.
15 Burton, Diary.
16 E. Budgell, Memoirs of the Boyles, 1737.
17 Burton, Diary
18 Masson, D., The Life of John Milton, Macmillan, 1873.
19 Woolrych, A., Britain in Revolution, Oxford University Press, 2001.
20 C. H. Firth, Cromwell’s Army, Greenhill, 1992.
21 D. Underdown, Royalist Conspiracy in England.
22 Newsletter, Clarke Papers, 15 October 1659, PRO.
8 The Invader
1 Ludlow, Voyce.
2 Thurloe, State Papers, vol. 6.
3 François Guizot, Memoirs of George Monck, Duke of Albermarle, 1838.
4 Clarendon, State Papers, vol. III, PRO.
5 John Price, The Mystery and the Method of His Majesty’s Happy Restoration.
6 Ibid.
7 Ibid.
8 Ibid.
9 Clarendon MSS, IXV, fol. 35, 15 October 1659.
10 Egerton MSS, fol. 457.
11 The Parliamentary or Constitutional History of England From the Earliest Times to the Restoration of King Charles II (MDCCLXIII), vol. 22.
12 Clarke Papers, vol. 4.
13 François Guizot, Monck or the Fall of the Republic and the Restoration of the Monarchy in England, Henry G. Bohn, 1851.
14 Clarke Papers.
15 Spalding (ed.), The Diary of Sir Bulstrode Whitelocke.
16 Price, Mystery and Method.
17 Masson.
18 Clarke Papers.
19 Pepys, Diary, 18 January 1660.
20 Clarendon, History of the Rebellion.
21 Spalding (ed.), Diary.
22 Clarke Papers.
23 William Dawson, Cromwell’s Understudy, William Hodge & Co.
24 Pepys, Diary, 18 January 1660.
25 Clarke Papers.
26 John Aubrey, Brief Lives, 1626–95.
27 Ruth Mayers, The Crisis of the Commonwealth, University of Chicago Press, 2006.
28 Guizot, Monck and the Fall of the Republic.
29 T. Gumble, Life of Monck, 1672.
30 Thomas Skinner, The Life of General Monck, 1724.
31 Pepys, Diary, 7 February 1660.
32 Ludlow, Voyce.
33 Ludlow, Memoirs.
34 House of Commons Journal (hereafter HCJ), vol. 7, 13 February 1660.
35 Patrick Morrah, 1660: The Year of Restoration, Chatto & Windus, 1907.
9 The Round-up Begins
1 Sir Arthur Forbes, letter to Marquis of Ormond, Clarendon, State Papers.
2 Geoffrey Robertson, The Tyrannicide Brief.
3 Ibid.
4 J. Cook, A Sober Vindication of Colonel Ludlow, 1660.
5 Pepys, Diary, 6 March 1660.
6 Thomas Rugge, Diurnal, Royal Historical Society.
7 John Price, Mystery and Method.
8 Ronald Hutton, The Restoration.
9 Clarendon, State Papers.
10 Pepys, Diary, 8 March 1660.
11 Samborn, letter to Hyde, 2 March 1660, Bodleian Library.
12 Clarendon, State Papers.
13 Pepys, Diary, 8 March 1660.
14 Anonymous correspondent to Hyde, 23 March 1660. Life and Administration of England, 1st Earl of Clarendon, vol. 2.
15 Clarke Papers.
16 Edmund Burke, Dodsley’s Annual Register, 1774.
17 B. D. Henning, History of the House of Commons 1660–1690, Secker and Warburg, 1983.
18 Ludlow, Memoirs.
19 François Guizot, Memoirs of George Monck, Duke of Albermarle, 1838.
20 Ibid.
21 Ludlow, Memoirs.
22 Clarke Papers.
23 Mercurius Politicus, 19–26 April, Mercurius Civicus, 17–26 April.
10 Exodus
1 Mark Noble, Lives of the English Regicides.
2 William Howell, Medulla Historiæ Anglicanæ. Being a comprehensive history of the lives and reigns of the monarchs of England.
3 Henry Hallam, The Constitutional History of England, John Murray, 1850.
4 Gilbert Burnet, History of My Own Time, 1724.
5 William Cobbett, Cobbett’s Complete Collection of State Trials, 1809.
6 Edmund Burke, Letter to a Member of the National Assembly, vol. 6 of his Works, octavo edition, 1808.
7 Letter from Charles II to George Monck, 10–20 May 1660.
8 HCJ, vol. 11, 29 August 1660.
9 Clarendon, letter endorsed by Edward Hyde, 23 March 1660.
10 Lemuel Aiken Welles, The History of the Regicides in New England, 1927.
11 HCJ, vol. 8, 12 May 1660.
12 David Masson, The Life of John Milton, Macmillan, 1874.
13 DNB, Verulam MSS, 58.
14 Clarendon, History of the Rebellio
n.
15 Ludlow, Voyce.
16 Parliamentary Intelligencer, 14 May 1660.
17 C. H. Firth, ‘Thomas Smith’s the guilt of blood as an intelligencer’, English Historical Review XII, 1897.
18 Thomas Burton, Diary.
19 David Masson, Life of John Milton, 1873.
11 Death List
1 HCJ, 9 May 1660.
2 Ludlow, Memoirs.
3 Ludlow, Voyce.
4 Confession of Richard Brandon, Hang-man.
5 W. Lilly, The last of the astrologers, Mr William Lilly, Folklore Society, 1974.
6 Masson, Life of John Milton.
7 Ludlow, Memoirs.
8 Life of Edward, Earl of Clarendon, Oxford, 1857.
9 Spalding (ed.), The Diary of Bulstrode Whitelocke.
10 HCJ, 9 May 1660.
11 William Carlos Martin, Life and Times of Milton.
12 Fleetwood to Monck, Clarke Papers, vol. 4, 25 October 1659.
13 J. R. Jones, ‘Political Groups and Tactics in the Convention of 1660’, Historical Journal, 1 June 1963.
14 HCJ, vol. 8, 13–18 June 1660.
15 Masson, Life of John Milton.
16 John Price, The Mystery and method of His Majesty’s happy restauration, 1815.
17 A true narrative in a letter written to Col B. R. of the apprehension of the grand traitor Thomas Scot.
18 Lucy Hutchinson, Memoirs of the Life of Col. John Hutchinson (c. 1670).
19 C. H. Firth, ‘Thomas Scot’s account of his actions as an intelligencer during the Commonwealth’, English Historical Review, 1897.
20 The Diary of John Evelyn, Routledge/Thoemmes, 1996
21 House of Lords Journal (hereafter HLJ), vol. XI, p. 104.
22 Douglas C. Wilson, ‘Whalley & Goffe’, New England Quarterly, December 1987.
23 Col. Papers, vol. XV, no. 82.
24 HLJ, vol. XI, 7 September 1660.
25 Ludlow, Memoirs.
26 Mercurius Publicus, 30 August–6 September 1660.
27 Patrick Morragh, 1660: The Year of Restoration, Chatto & Windus, 1960.
12 ‘The Guilt of Blood’
1 Cobbett, State Trials, vol. V.
2 Letters of Charles II, ed. Bryant.
3 Burnet, History of My Own Times.
4 Roger Sharrock, introduction to the Penguin edition of The Pilgrim’s Progress, 1965.
5 Robertson, Tyrannicide Brief.
6 An Exact and Most Impartial Account of the Indictment, Arraignment, Trial and Judgement (According to Law) of Nine and Twenty Regicides, 1660; Parliamentary Intelligencer, nos 13 and 14, Thomason Tracts, BL; The Speeches and Prayers of the Regicides, 1660, Thomason Tracts, BL.
7 Regnal. 25, Edward 3, Statute 5, section 3, PRO: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/aep/Edw3Stat5/25/2/section/II.
8 Ludlow, Voyce.
9 Quoted in Cobbett, State Trials.
10 This is the version according to Cobbett. According to Kenyng, the misspelling was Martyn.
11 DNB.
12 Pepys, Diary, vol. 1, 1660.
13 Diary of John Evelyn, ed. William Bray, vol. 1, 1901. The term ‘oyer and terminer’ is from Anglo-French, meaning ‘hearing and determination’.
14 Cobbett, State Trials.
15 15 HCJ, 4 January 1642: http://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/-parliamentary-archives/archives-highlights/archives-speakerlenthall/.
16 Dictionary of National Welsh Biography, Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, 2001.
13 Damned If You Do, Damned If You Don’t
1 DNB.
2 An Exact and Most Impartial Account (see note 6 on p. 351).
3 DNB.
4 Cobbett, State Trials.
5 Cobbett, State Trials.
6 DNB.
7 Cobbett, State Trials.
8 Herbert, Threnodia Carolina.
9 Speeches and Prayers of the Regicides (see note 6 on p. 351).
10 Ibid.
11 Ibid.
12 DNB.
13 An Exact and Most Impartial Account.
14 Ludlow, Memoirs.
15 An Exact and Most Impartial Account.
16 Evelyn, Diary, Clarendon Press Association.
14 Disinterred
1 Burnet, History of My Own Times.
2 Clarendon, State Papers.
3 ‘Order for exhumation of Oliver Cromwell …’ in Browning, English Historical Documents 1660–1714.
4 H. F. McMains, The Death of Oliver Cromwell, University Press of Kentucky, 1999.
5 Pepys, Diary, 4 December 1660.
6 HCJ.
7 Cobbett, State Trials.
8 R. L. Greaves and R. Zaller, eds, Biographical Dictionary of British Radicals in the Seventeenth Century, 1982.
9 Ibid.
10 HLJ.
11 Pepys, Diary.
12 Burnet, History of My Own Times.
13 Samuel Johnson, Harleian Miscellany of Tracts.
14 Thomas Rugg, The Diurnal of Thomas Rugg.
15 McMains, The Death of Oliver Cromwell.
16 James Heath, The glories and magnificent triumphs of the restitution of King Charles II, 1662.
17 John Howie, The Life of the Honourable Archibald Campbell Marquis of Argyle, Biographia Scoticana.
15 Bloodhounds
1 Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society.
2 Calendar of State Papers, Colonial (hereafter CSP Col), vol. XV, 49-51.
3 Ibid.
4 Benjamin Brook, ‘John Davenport’, in The Lives of the Puritans, vol. 3.
5 Lemuel A. Welles, The History of the Regicides in New England, 1927.
6 William Emerson, An Historical Sketch of the First Church in Boston, Boston 1812.
7 Samuel Knapp, ed., Library of American History or The Hutchinson Papers, British Library.
8 CSP Col, vol. XV, 82.
9 John Beresford, The Godfather of Downing Street, R. Cobden-Sanderson, 1925.
10 Alan Marshall, Intelligence and Espionage in the Reign of Charles II, 1994.
11 R. J. Minney, ‘No. 10 Downing Street, a house in history’, 1963, quoting a contemporary manuscript.
12 G. Downing, letter to Thurloe, 19 August 1659, Thurloe, State Papers VII.
13 Downing, correspondence between Howard and the Marquis of Ormond, March-April 1660, in ‘A collection of original letters and papers concerning the affairs of England 1641–1660 by Thomas Carte’, 1739.
14 Letter from Downing to the Earl of Clarendon, 6–16 June 1661. Lister, Life of Clarendon, vol. III.
15 S. R. Gardiner, History of the Great Civil War.
16 C. V. Wedgwood, The Trial of Charles I.
17 Letters from Downing to the Earl of Clarendon, June, July 1661. Lister, Life of Clarendon.
18 Ibid.
19 Ralph C. Catterail, ‘Sir George Downing and the Regicides’, American Historical Review, January 1913.
16 On the Word of a King
1 House of Commons Proceedings, vol. 1, 20 November 1661.
2 George Downing to the Earl of Clarendon, 9 December 1661.
3 Pepys, Diary, 27 January 1662.
4 HLJ, 5 September 1660.
5 HLJ, 8 September 1660.
6 CSP. Relating to English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, vol. 33, 1661–4.
7 The Journal of William Schellincks’ Travels in England 1661–3, ed. Exwood and Lehmann, 1993.
8 Mark Noble, Lives of the English Regicides.
9 Pepys, Diary, 14 June 1666.
10 James Aikman, Annals of the Persecution in Scotland from the Restoration to the Revolution.
11 The Crimes and Treason of Archibald Johnston, Lord Wariston, 1663.
12 Colonial State Papers, Domestic (hereafter CSP Dom), 15–17 December 1662.
13 Marshall, Intelligence and Espionage.
14 CSP Dom, vol. LXV, 12, 24 January 1663.
15 Ibid.
16 Burnet, History of My Own Times.
17 Ibid.
18 Aikman, Annals.
17 The Tightening Net
1 For a glimpse of Elizabeth Ludlow in action in 1660 when her husband was in danger of being ‘called in’ and imprisoned, see his Memoirs, ed. Firth, vol. 2.
2 Ibid.
3 Mercurius Politicus, 3–10 September 1660.
4 Ludlow, Memoirs.
5 Ibid.
6 Clarendon, State Papers.
7 Unfortunately, we have no corroborating evidence for this plot. The sole source is Ludlow’s heavily rewritten and edited diary as it appeared in 1698.
8 Ludlow, Memoirs.
9 DNB.
10 Ibid.
11 The Apology of Algernon Sidney, 1763.
12 Edmund Ludlow, A Voyce from the Watchtower, Bodleian MS, quoted in Jonathan Scott, Algernon Sidney and the English Republic, 1623–1677, 1988.
13 Algernon Sidney, Court Maxims, ed. H. W. Blom, E. H. Mulier, R. J. Janse, Cambridge University Press, 1996.
14 Blair Worden, ed, Edmund Ludlow, A Voyce From the Watchtower, 1978, and Sidney, Court Maxims.
15 Letter from William Cawley to J. H. Hummel, 26 November 1663.
16 Ludlow, Memoirs.
17 Letter from Riordane, appendix to Ludlow, Memoirs, 1894.
18 Ludlow, Memoirs.
19 Intercepted letter from the fugitives in Vevey. CSP Dom, 1663–4.
20 Ludlow, Memoirs.
21 CSP Dom, vol. LXXXVI. Riordane’s statement is dated 19 December 1663, some weeks after the raid on Vevey, yet sets out what appears to be a blueprint for the raid. Either the dating is incorrect, or Riordane is simply reporting back and laying out a further plan, this time to abduct the regicides and take them to England. This seems the most likely conclusion as the raid in November appeared to be focused solely on Ludlow, while in the report in December, Riordane speaks of the regicides in the plural.
22 CSP Dom, vol. LXXXVI. 1663.
23 Ludlow, Memoirs.
24 Anthony à Wood, Athenae Oxonienis, 1721; ed. Bliss, 1813.
25 Ludlow, Memoirs; B. O’Cuiv, ‘James Cotter, A seventeenth century agent of the Crown’, Journal of the Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, 1959, vol. 80, no. 2.
26 Marshall, Intelligence and Espionage.
27 Col. Papers, folio XLII, No. 135.
18 Plans to Invade and Hopes Dashed
1 Ludlow, Voyce.
2 CSP Dom, vol. CLXXII, 1666.
3 Ludlow, Voyce.
4 Ibid.
5 Ibid.
6 CSP Dom, vol. CLXXII, 1666.
7 Ibid.
8 R. L. Greaves, Enemies Under His Feet: Radicals and Nonconformists in Britain, 1664–77, Stanford University Press, 1990.
9 Ludlow, Memoirs.
10 A. Boyer, Memoirs of the Life and Negotiations of Sir W. Temple, 1665–1681, 1714.