Frontier Justice
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26 “individuals who had chosen” Marrus, The Unwanted, p. 15.
27 In different parts of Europe … while in Northern American states For nineteenth-century immigration controls in Europe and North America, see Andreas Fahrmeir, Olivier Faron and Patrick Weil, eds., Migration Control in the North Atlantic World: The Evolution of State Practices in Europe and the United States from the French Revolution to the Inter-War Period (New York: Berghahn, 2003).
28 “You are looking for me everywhere” Marrus, The Unwanted, p. 22.
29 In many ways, this represented a more inclusive conception of belonging But of course, not in every way. As historian E. J. Hobsbawm has remarked of this period, “Darwinian evolutionism, supplemented later by what came to be known as genetics, provided racism with what looked like a powerful set of ‘scientific’ reasons for keeping out or even, as it turned out, expelling and murdering strangers.” Nations and Nationalism Since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality, second edition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), p. 108.
30 “In part as a result of the nationalization” John Torpey, “Passports and the Development of Immigration Controls in the North Atlantic World During the Long Nineteenth Century,” in Fahrmeir et al., Migration Control in the North Atlantic World, p. 83.
31 Whereas in the 1800s France and Prussia On passports see Torpey, “Passports and the Development of Immigration Controls,” p. 83. On welfare see Frank Caestecker, “The Transformation of Nineteenth-Century West European Expulsion Policy, 1880–1914,” in Fahrmeir et al., Migration Control in the North Atlantic World, p. 132, note 3.
32 England neither expelled nor denied entry Marrus, The Unwanted, p. 18; David Feldman, “Was the Nineteenth Century a Golden Age for Immigrants? The Changing Articulation of National, Local and Voluntary Controls,” in Fahrmeir et al., Migration Control in the North Atlantic World, p. 167.
33 “broad, general principles” Quoted in Randall Hansen and Desmond King, “Illiberalism and the New Politics of Asylum: Liberalism’s Dark Side,” Political Quarterly, vol. 71, no. 4 (2000), p. 403.
34 domestic sovereignty, international legal sovereignty and interdependence sovereignty Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1999), p. 9. Krasner also refers to a fourth aspect, Westphalian sovereignty, referring to “the exclusion of external actors from domestic authority configurations” (p. 9). The difference between this form of sovereignty and domestic and international sovereignty is subtle, and I have left it out for the sake of simplicity.
35 This is borne out by the abolition of the slave trade See Stephen Krasner, Sovereignty, pp. 106–9.
36 “it is difficult to imagine a less ambiguous” Krasner, Sovereignty, p. 108.
37 “This transition was an extraordinary accomplishment” Krasner, Sovereignty, p. 125.
38 “Rulers might consistently pledge” Krasner, Sovereignty, p. 8.
Postscript: Refugees and Terror
1 “fall[ing] far short” Andrew Whitley, Human Rights Abuses in Algeria: No One Is Spared (New York: Middle East Watch, 1994), p. 21.
2 “summary or arbitrary executions” Amnesty International, “Algeria: Executions after Unfair Trials: A Travesty of Justice,” http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?id=EED75BFB746E20AD802569A600603A36&lang=e, last accessed June 3, 2009.
3 “confrontational interviews” Stewart Bell, “CSIS Breaks Up Terror Cell,” National Post, November 3, 2005.
4 Baroud has since been held up See, for instance, Reg Whitaker, “Refugees: The Security Dimension,” Citizenship Studies, vol. 2, no. 3 (1998), pp. 428–29.
5 “All of this occurred in” Associated Press, “Judge’s Comments in Ressam Sentencing,” July 27, 2005.