28 9 February 1790, Burke (ed. Clark), Reflections on the Revolution in France, p.66
29 Stanhope, Life of the Right Honourable William Pitt, Vol. II, p.94; see account in Moore, Sheridan, pp.470–1
30 Horace Walpole to M. Berry, 12 May 1791, quoted in Lewis, Horace Walpole’s Miscellaneous Correspondence, Vol. XI, p.263
31 Grenville to Keith, 19 September 1791 [originally in cipher], PRO FO 7/28
32 Pellew, The Life and Correspondence of the Right Hon. Henry Addington, Vol. I, p.72
FIFTEEN: The Cautious Crusader
1 R.I. and S.W. Wilberforce, The Life of William Wilberforce, Vol. I, pp.50–1
2 Furneaux, William Wilberforce, p.72
3 See footnote in Reilly, Pitt the Younger, p.196
4 Wilberforce, 12 May 1789, Parliamentary History, Vol. XXVIII, p.48
5 Ibid.
6 Reilly, Pitt the Younger, p.196
7 Clarkson, The History of the Rise, Progress, and Accomplishment of the Abolition of the African Slave-Trade by the British Parliament, Vol. I, p.210
8 Rose to Wilberforce, 27 September 1787, Bodleian Library Wilberforce Mss d.17, fol.8
9 Pitt to Auckland, 2 November 1787, Auckland, Journal and Correspondence. William Eden Auckland, Vol. I, p.267
10 Pitt to Eden, 7 December 1782, Chatham Papers, PRO 30/8/102, fol.113
11 Reilly, Pitt the Younger, p.197
12 James Stephen to Wilberforce, R.I. and S.W. Wilberforce, The Life of William Wilberforce, Vol. II, p.225
13 Pitt to Grenville, 29 June 1788, in Fortescue, The Manuscripts of J.B. Fortescue, Esq., Preserved at Dropmore, Vol. I, p.342
14 Edmund Burke, Parliamentary Register, Vol. XXVI, p.155
15 Pollock, Wilberforce, p.90
16 Hathaway, The Speeches of the Right Honourable William Pitt …, Vol. II, pp.14–15
17 Pollock, Wilberforce, p.108
18 18 April 1791, Parliamentary History, Vol. XXIX, p.282
19 Reilly, Pitt the Younger, p.199
20 Diary and Woodfall’s Register, no. 946, 3 April 1792
21 Hathaway, The Speeches of the Right Honourable William Pitt …, Vol. II, p.71
22 Ibid., pp.74–5
23 Ibid., p.75
24 Ibid., p.80
25 Ibid., p.82
26 R.I. and S.W. Wilberforce, The Life of William Wilberforce, Vol. I, pp.345–6
SIXTEEN: The View from the Precipice
1 Grenville to Auckland, 23 August 1791, quoted in Fortescue, The Manuscripts of J.B. Fortescue, Esq., Preserved at Dropmore, Vol. II, p.172
2 Pitt to Dundas, 27 November 1792, William L. Clements Library, Michigan
3 Hathaway, The Speeches of the Right Honourable William Pitt …, Vol. II, pp.43–5
4 Ibid., p.36
5 Elgin to Straton, 16 March 1792, Ipswich HA 239/2/ 274, quoted in Black, British Foreign Policy …, p.388
6 Earl Mornington, ‘Recollections of Mr. Pitt’s Character’, 22 November 1836, BL Add Mss 37416, fol.380
7 Pitt to Lady Chatham, 4 October 1791, Chatham Papers, PRO 30/8/12, fol.442
8 Rose, William Pitt and National Revival, p.279
9 See Duffy, The Younger Pitt
10 1 March 1792, Parliamentary History, Vol. XXIX, p.995
11 Canning to Pitt, 26–28 July 1792, quoted in Ehrman, The Younger Pitt, Vol. II, p.184
12 George III to Pitt, 6 August 1792, Chatham Papers, PRO 30/8/103, part 3
13 Pitt to Eliot, 21 August 1792, author’s collection
14 See Reilly, Pitt the Younger, p.203
15 Stanhope, Life of the Right Honourable William Pitt, Vol. II, p.119
16 Grenville to Auckland, 29 July 1791, BL Add Mss 34438, fol.378
17 Burges to A. Burges, 24 February 1792, Bodleian Library Dep. Bland–Burgess Mss 47, fol.409
18 Burges to Grenville, 18 February 1797, Chatham Papers, PRO 30/8/337, part 1
19 Hathaway, The Speeches of the Right Honourable William Pitt …, Vol. II, pp.88–93
20 Tomline, Memoirs of the Life of the Right Honourable William Pitt, Vol. II, p.440
21 Stanhope, Life of the Right Honourable William Pitt, Vol. II, p.149
22 George III to Dundas, 16 May 1792, quoted in ibid., p.150
23 Duke of Portland, 13 May 1792, Chatham Papers, PRO 30/8/168, fol.73
24 10 June 1792, Malmesbury, Diaries and Correspondence of James Harris, First Earl of Malmesbury, Vol. II, p.420
25 17 June 1792, ibid., p.430
26 Pitt to Dundas, 25 November 1792, William L. Clements Library, Michigan
27 Browning (ed.), Memoranda of Francis, Fifth Duke of Leeds, p.188
28 Ibid., p.194.
29 Auckland to Straton, 9 October 1792, Ipswich HA 239/2/283, quoted in Black, British Foreign Policy…, p.405
30 Ehrman, The Younger Pitt, Vol. II, p.216
31 Stanhope, Life of the Right Honourable William Pitt, Vol. II, p.173
32 Grenville to Auckland, 13 November 1792, no. 20, Most Secret, PRO FO 37/41
33 See Ehrman, The Younger Pitt, Vol. II, p.208
34 Wright (ed.), Speeches of Charles James Fox in the House of Commons, Vol. IV, p.451
35 George III to Portland, 16 August 1795, Aspinall, The Later Correspondence of George III, Vol. II, no. 1283, p.379
36 Ehrman, The Younger Pitt, Vol. II, p.239
37 See Black, British Foreign Policy …
SEVENTEEN: A Tutorial in War
1 Hathaway, The Speeches of the Right Honourable William Pitt …, Vol. II, p.174
2 Richmond, in PRO WO 30/81, quoted in Ehrman, The Younger Pitt, Vol. II, pp.267–8
3 Rose, William Pitt and the Great War, p.112
4 1 February 1793, Parliamentary History, Vol. XXX, p.271
5 Hathaway, The Speeches of the Right Honourable William Pitt …, Vol. II, p.100
6 Parliamentary Register, Vol. XXXV, 1793, p.675
7 C.J. Fox to D. O’Bryen, 23 January 1793, BL Add Mss 51467, fol.29
8 C.J. Fox to Lord Holland, 23 November 1792, BL Add Mss 47571, fol.23
9 Hathaway, The Speeches of the Right Honourable William Pitt …, Vol. II, p.103
10 Evans, Correspondence of Miles, 13 January 1793, dated retrospectively 1 March 1804, p.204, quoted in Ehrman, The Younger Pitt, Vol. II, p.251
11 Hathaway, The Speeches of the Right Honourable William Pitt …, Vol. II, p.130
12 Pitt to Windham, 21 September 1794, Windham, The Windham Papers, Vol. I, p.246
13 William Huskisson to William Haley, 15 April 1793, BL Add Mss 38734
14 Hathaway, The Speeches of the Right Honourable William Pitt …, Vol. II, p.133
15 Richmond to Dundas, 1 July 1793, Melville Mss, BL Loan Mss 57/107, 719d
16 Richmond, in PRO WO 30/81, quoted in Ehrman, The Younger Pitt, Vol. II, p.267
17 Archives Parliamentaires LXXII, p.674, quoted in Blanning, The French Revolutionary Wars 1787–1802, p.100
18 Furet, The French Revolution 1770–1814, p.140
19 Pitt to Rose, 13 September 1793, quoted in Harcourt, The Diaries and Correspondence of the Right Hon. George Rose, Vol. I, p.128
20 Duffy, The Younger Pitt, p.186
21 Ibid.
22 Pitt to Westmorland, 15 September 1793, Cambridge University Library Add Mss 6958/7, quoted in Ehrman, The Younger Pitt, Vol. II, p.303
23 Pitt’s notes, 16 September 1793, Chatham Papers, PRO 30/8/196, fol.51–2
24 Pitt to Lord Grenville, 5 October 1793, quoted in Fortescue, The Manuscripts of J.B. Fortescue, Esq., Preserved at Dropmore, Vol. II, p.438
25 Ibid., p.436
26 Wilberforce’s diary, 22 June and 14 September 1783, R.I. and S.W. Wilberforce, The Life of William Wilberforce, Vol. II, pp.29, 45
27 Grenville to Thomas Grenville, 3 August 1801, quoted in P. Macksey, Statesmen at War: The Strategy of Overthrow, p.5
28 Harcourt, The Diaries and Correspondence of the Right Hon. George Rose, Vol. I, p.130
29 Pelle
w, The Life and Correspondence of the Right Hon. Henry Addington, Vol. I, p.91
30 Canning’s journal, Canning Mss, quoted in Hinde, George Canning, p.35
31 Pitt to Lady Chatham, 7 June 1793, Chatham Papers, PRO 30/8/12, fol.452
32 Pitt to Lady Chatham, 2 July 1793, ibid., fol.454
33 Pitt to Lady Chatham, 15 July 1793, ibid., fol.457
34 Pitt to Lady Chatham, 11 November 1793, ibid., fol.460
35 Pitt to Rose, 25 December 1793, quoted in Harcourt, The Diaries and Correspondence of the Right Hon. George Rose, Vol. I, p.132
36 Richmond to Pitt, 3 April 1793 (U1590 S501/14), quoted in Mori, William Pitt and the French Revolution 1785–1795, p.168
37 R.I. and S.W. Wilberforce, The Life of William Wilberforce, Vol. II, p.92
38 Hathaway, The Speeches of the Right Honourable William Pitt …, Vol. II, p.174
EIGHTEEN: Frustrations of Supremacy
1 Hathaway, The Speeches of the Right Honourable William Pitt …, Vol. II, pp.297–8
2 Jenkinson, quoted in Rosebery, Letters Relating to the Love Episode of William Pitt, p.49
3 Ibid.
4 Hathaway, The Speeches of the Right Honourable William Pitt …, Vol. II, p.166
5 C.J. Fox to Lord Holland, 25 April 1794, BL Add Mss 47571, fol.120; 21 June 1974, Wright (ed.), Speeches of Charles James Fox in the House of Commons, Vol. V, p.319
6 Russell, Memorials and Correspondence of Charles James Fox, Vol. III, p.47
7 William Windham to Edmund Burke, 18 January 1794, quoted in Copeland (ed.), The Correspondence of Edmund Burke, Vol. VII, p.526
8 Duffy, British War Policy: The Austrian Alliance, pp.39–44, quoted in Mori, William Pitt and the French Revolution 1785–1795, p.164
9 6 May 1794, Malmesbury, Diaries and Correspondence of James Harris, First Earl of Malmesbury, Vol. III, p.93
10 23 January 1794, Report from Spy Lynam, Thale (ed.), Selections from the Papers of the London Corresponding Society, p.109
11 Rose, William Pitt and the Great War, p.185
12 Hathaway, The Speeches of the Right Honourable William Pitt …, Vol. II, p.202
13 Ibid., p.201
14 Ibid.
15 Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class, pp.18–19, quoted in Ehrman, The Younger Pitt, Vol. II, p.396
16 Macaulay, essay in Encyclopaedia Britannica, eleventh edition, p.674
17 Reilly, Pitt the Younger, p.233
18 Lord J. Cavendish to Lady Ponsonby, 4 April 1793, Grey Mss, Durham University Library, quoted in Mitchell, Charles James Fox, p.133
19 Tomline, draft of his Life of Pitt, BL Add Mss 45107(C) (see notes on the reverse of p.15)
20 Pellew, The Life and Correspondence of the Right Hon. Henry Addington, Vol. I, p.121
21 Marshall, The Rise of Canning, p.75, quoted in Ehrman, The Younger Pitt, Vol. II, p.414
22 Harcourt, The Diaries and Correspondence of the Right Hon. George Rose, Vol. I, p.194
23 George III to Pitt, 13 July 1794, Chatham Papers, PRO 30/8/103, part 2
24 Pitt to Dundas, 9 July 1794, quoted in Stanhope, Life of the Right Honourable William Pitt, Vol. II, p.253
25 George III to Dundas, 9 July 1794, quoted in ibid., p.254
26 Fox to Lord Holland, BL Add Mss 47571, fol.143–6
27 Stanhope, Life of the Right Honourable William Pitt, Vol. II, pp.285–6
28 Ashbourne, Pitt: Some Chapters of His Life and Times, p.184
29 Pitt to Windham, BL Add Mss 37844, fol.80
30 Ashbourne, Pitt: Some Chapters of His Life and Times, pp.189–90
31 Earl Fitzwilliam to Edmund Burke, 18 November 1794, Copeland (ed.), The Correspondence of Edmund Burke, Vol. VIII, p.78
32 Kelly, Strategy and Counter Revolution, pp.341–2, quoted in Duffy, The Younger Pitt, p.187
33 Hathaway, The Speeches of the Right Honourable William Pitt …, Vol. II, p.229
34 Ibid., p.228
35 Auckland to Pitt, 1 December 1794, Auckland, Journal and Correspondence. William Eden Auckland, Vol. III, p.273
36 Pitt to Lord Chatham, 22 September 1794, quoted in Stanhope, Life of the Right Honourable William Pitt, Vol. II, p.259
37 George III to Pitt, 24 November 1794, Chatham Papers, PRO 30/8/103, part 3
38 Pitt to Lord Chatham, 1 December 1794, quoted in Ashbourne, Pitt: Some Chapters of His Life and Times, p.174
39 Lord Chatham to Pitt, 1 December 1794, quoted in ibid., p.175
40 Pitt to Lord Chatham, 2 December 1794, quoted in ibid., pp.175–6
41 Hathaway, The Speeches of the Right Honourable William Pitt …, Vol. II, p.236
42 Ibid., p.241
43 Ibid., p.246
44 Ibid., p.250
45 Portland to Fitzwilliam, 7 January 1795, Fitzwilliam Mss F.31.36, quoted in Pollock, Wilberforce, p.129
46 Sir John Mitford to William Pitt, 25 January 1795, Chatham Papers, PRO 30/8/170, fol.163
47 Sir John Mitford to William Pitt, 14 February 1795, ibid., fol.167–8
48 Earl Fitzwilliam to George III, 22 April 1795, Aspinall, The Later Correspondence of George III, Vol. II, p.338
49 Fitzwilliam to Portland, 15 January 1795, quoted in Ehrman, The Younger Pitt, Vol. II, p.431
50 Stanhope, Life of the Right Honourable William Pitt, Vol. II, p.301
51 George III to Pitt, 6 February 1795, Chatham Papers, PRO 30/8/103, part 2
52 Pitt to Duke of Richmond, draft, 27 January 1795, author’s collection
53 George III to Pitt, 29 March 1795, quoted in Aspinall, The Later Correspondence of George III, Vol. II, p.324
54 Pitt to Lady Chatham, 20 April 1795, Chatham Papers, PRO 30/8/12, fol.464–5
55 Hathaway, The Speeches of the Right Honourable William Pitt …, Vol. II, p.305
56 Pitt to Lady Chatham, 18 July 1795, Chatham Papers, PRO 30/8/12, fol.468
57 Queen Caroline to Duke of Mecklenburg Strelitz, August 1794, Aspinall, The Correspondence of George, Prince of Wales, Vol. III, p.9
58 Pitt to Lord Chatham, 3 August 1795, quoted in Stanhope, Life of the Right Honourable William Pitt, Vol. II, p.349
59 Pitt to Rose, 11 September 1795, quoted in Harcourt, The Diaries and Correspondence of the Right Hon. George Rose, Vol. I, p.202
60 Hathaway, The Speeches of the Right Honourable William Pitt …, Vol. II, p.307
61 Arden to Camden, 14 August 1795, Camden Mss C 224/1, quoted in Ehrman, The Younger Pitt, Vol. II, p.463
62 Tomline, unpublished Chapter XXVII of his Life of Pitt, BL Add Mss 45107(J), fol.34
63 Rosebery, Letters Relating to the Love Episode of William Pitt, pp.31–2
64 Pitt to Addington, 4 October 1795, quoted in Stanhope, Life of the Right Honourable William Pitt, Vol. II, p.328
NINETEEN: Insurmountable Obstacles
1 Hathaway, The Speeches of the Right Honourable William Pitt …, Vol. III, p.35
2 Furet, The French Revolution 1770–1814, p.189
3 Hathaway, The Speeches of the Right Honourable William Pitt …, Vol. II, p.342
4 George III, 31 January 1796, Stanhope, Life of the Right Honourable William Pitt, Vol. II, pp.xxxi-xxxii
5 Pretyman Mss T108/44, quoted in Reilly, Pitt the Younger, p.242
6 Hathaway, The Speeches of the Right Honourable William Pitt …, Vol. II, pp.324, 327
7 Wilberforce’s diary, 18 November 1795, quoted in R.I. and S.W. Wilberforce, The Life of William Wilberforce, Vol. II, p.112
8 10 November 1795, Wright (ed.), Speeches of Charles James Fox in the House of Commons, Vol. VI, p.8
9 10 November 1795, Parliamentary History, Vol. XXXII, p.279
10 Hathaway, The Speeches of the Right Honourable William Pitt…, Vol. II, p.338
11 Pollock, Wilberforce, p.134
12 Hathaway, The Speeches of the Right Honourable William Pitt …, Vol. III, p.365
13 Lord Grenville to Wickham, 15 April 1796, Wickham Correspondence, Vol. I, p.343
14 Hathawa
y, The Speeches of the Right Honourable William Pitt …, Vol. III, pp.418–19
15 See Duffy, The Younger Pitt, p.112
16 Pitt to Grenville, 23 June 1796, quoted in Fortescue, The Manuscripts of J.B. Fortescue, Esq., Preserved at Dropmore, Vol. III, pp.214–15
17 Ehrman, The Younger Pitt, Vol. II, p.630
18 Wilberforce, Sketch of Mr. Pitt, quoted in Rosebery, Pitt and Wilberforce, p.18
19 Stanhope, Life of the Right Honourable William Pitt, Vol. III, pp.4–5
20 Fremont-Barnes, The French Revolutionary Wars, p.39
21 Pitt to his brother Lord Chatham, 4 September 1796, quoted in Stanhope, Life of the Right Honourable William Pitt, Vol. II, pp.381–2
22 Ibid., p.382
23 Pitt to Lady Chatham, 6 September 1796, Chatham Papers, PRO 30/8/12, fol.474
24 Ehrman, The Younger Pitt, Vol. II, p.645
25 Pitt to Dundas, December 1796, quoted in Stanhope, Life of the Right Honourable William Pitt, Vol. II, p.405
26 Hathaway, The Speeches of the Right Honourable William Pitt …, Vol. III, pp.35, 46, 58
27 Canning’s journal, 1793–95, Canning Mss
28 21 August 1796, Stapleton, George Canning and His Times, p.38
29 Lady Hester Stanhope to Canning, 1804, quoted in Ehrman, The Younger Pitt, Vol. III, p.94
30 See ibid., pp.94–7
31 Canning to Rev. William Leigh, 4 October 1796, Canning Mss 14
32 Rosebery, Letters Relating to the Love Episode of William Pitt, pp.6–7
33 Meryon (ed.), Memoirs of the Lady Hester Stanhope …, pp.17–19
TWENTY: Breaking Point
1 Stanhope, Life of the Right Honourable William Pitt, Vol. III, p.38n
2 Hathaway, The Speeches of the Right Honourable William Pitt …, Vol. III, p.174
3 Order in Council, 26 February 1797, Parliamentary Register, Vol. I, p.642
4 Grenville, 2 July 1811, Parliamentary Debates, Vol. XX, May – July 1811, p.824
5 Stanhope, Life of the Right Honourable William Pitt, Vol. III, p.20
6 Hathaway, The Speeches of the Right Honourable William Pitt …, Vol. III, p.101
7 Pitt to George III, 8 April 1797, quoted in Aspinall, The Later Correspondence of George III, Vol. II, no. 1526, p.560
8 Hathaway, The Speeches of the Right Honourable William Pitt …, Vol. III, p.108
William Pitt the Younger: A Biography Page 72
