by Vince Beiser
7. Robert Courland, Concrete Planet: The Strange and Fascinating Story of the World’s Most Common Man-Made Material (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2011), Kindle Locations 183–86.
8. “Sustainable Cities and Communities,” United Nations Development Programme, http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sdgoverview/post-2015-development-agenda/goal-11.html.
9. “Global Trends: Alternative Worlds,” US National Intelligence Council, December 2012, 9.
10. Fernandez, “Resource Consumption of New Urban Construction in China,” 2.
11. Courland, Concrete Planet, 3914–916.
12. Fernandez, “Resource Consumption of New Urban Construction in China,” 5–7.
13. Charles Kenny, “Paving Paradise,” Foreign Policy, January 3, 2012.
14. Alex Barnum, “First-of-Its-Kind Index Quantifies Urban Heat Islands,” California Environmental Protection Agency press release, September 16, 2015.
15. Courland, Concrete Planet, 4758–4763.
16. Ian Boost, “Houston’s Flood Is a Design Problem,” TheAtlantic.com, August 28, 2017. https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/08/why-cities-flood/538251/.
17. Ryan McNeill, Deborah J. Nelson, and Duff Wilson, “Water’s Edge,” Reuters, September 4, 2014.
18. “Typical Systems of Reinforced Concrete Construction,” Scientific American, May 12, 1906, 386.
19. “The Age of Concrete,” San Francisco Chronicle, January 14, 1906.
20. Ernest Ransome and Alexis Saurbrey, Reinforced Concrete Buildings (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1912), 208.
21. Vaclav Smil, Making the Modern World: Materials and Dematerialization (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2013), 56.
22. “Special NRC Oversight at Seabrook Nuclear Power Plant: Concrete Degradation,” US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, August 4, 2016. http://www.nrc.gov/reactors/operating/ops-experience/concrete-degradation.html.
23. Courland, Concrete Planet, 4623–4624.
24. Stephen Farrell, “Iraq: The Wrong Type of Sand,” atwar.blogs.nytimes, March 31, 2010.
25. “2017 Infrastructure Report Card,” American Society of Civil Engineers, 2017, 78.
26. Kevin Sieff, “After billions in U.S. investment, Afghan roads are falling apart,” Washington Post, January 30, 2014.
27. “2017 Infrastructure Report Card,” 17.
28. Ron Nixon, “Human Cost Rises as Old Bridges, Dams and Roads Go Unrepaired,” New York Times, November 5, 2015.
29. Paul Murphy, “Contextualising China’s cement splurge,” FT Alphaville, October 22, 2014; http://ftalphaville.tumblr.com/post/100653486301/contextua-lising-chinas-cement-splurge.
30. Smil, Making the Modern World, 56.
31. Courland, Concrete Planet, 23.
Chapter 11: Beyond Sand
1. The tallies of injuries, displacements, and deaths caused by sand mining, and the specific anecdotes I cite, were compiled by me from English-language local media reports in more than sixty countries. There are undoubtedly many more.
2. Joseph Green, “World demand for construction aggregates to reach 51.7 billion tons,” World Cement, March 18, 2106.
3. G. Mathias Kondolf, “Hungry Water: Effects of Dams and Gravel Mining on River Channels,” Environmental Management 21, no. 4 (July 1997): 533–551.
4. C. Howard Nye, “Statement on Behalf of the National Stone, Sand, and Gravel Association before the House Committee on Natural Resources Subcommittee on Energy and Mineral Resources,” March 21, 2017.
5. Orrin H. Pilkey Jr. and J. Andrew G. Cooper, The Last Beach (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2014), 15.
6. “Investigate illegal sand mining in BC,” La Jornada, December 5, 2015.
7. John G. Parrish, “Aggregate Sustainability in California,” California Geological Survey, 2012.
8. “Producer Price Index Industry Data: Construction sand and gravel, 1965–2016,” US Bureau of Labor Statistics.
9. “World Sand Demand by Region,” World Construction Aggregates 2016, Freedonia Group.
10. “Stone, sand, and gravel,” United Nations Comtrade, https://comtrade.un.org/.
11. Seol Song Ah, “NK exports 100 tons of sand, gravel, and coal daily from Sinuiju Harbor,” DailyNK.com, November 15, 2016.
12. Maxwell Porter, “Beach Sand Mining in St. Vincent and the Grenadines,” papers presented at a UNESCO–University of Puerto Rico workshop entitled “Integrated Framework for the Management of Beach Resources within the Smaller Caribbean Islands,” October 21–25, 1996, 142.
13. “Corruption and laundering warrant against two Lafarge officials,” ElKhabar.com, July 7, 2010.
14. “Lafarge Syria alleged to have paid armed groups up to US$100,000/month to keep cement plant running,” Global Cement, June 29, 2016, and Alice Baghdijan, “LafargeHolcim CEO’s Resignation on Syria Creates Power Vacuum,” Bloomberg.com, April 23 2017.
15. Global Witness, “Shifting Sand,” 2, 7.
16. Sandy Indra Pratama and Denny Armandhanu, “Chep Hernawan: I am also Candidate to Depart to ISIS,” cnnindonesia.com, March 19, 2015.
17. Rollo Romig, “How to Steal a River,” New York Times Magazine, March 1, 2017.
18. Mark Miodownik, Stuff Matters: Exploring the Marvelous Materials That Shape Our Man-Made World (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2014), 67–70.
19. “Questions and Answers,” BeyondRoads.com, The Asphalt Education Partnership; http://www.beyondroads.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=page&filename=asphaltQandA.html.
20. “Marine Aggregate Extraction: The Need to Dredge: Fact or Fiction?” Marinet, September 2015; http://www.marinet.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Marine-Aggregate-Extraction-The-Need-to-Dredge-Fact-or-Fiction.pdf.
21. “The Phosphorus Challenge,” Phosphorus Futures. http://phosphorusfutures.net/the-phosphorus-challenge/.
22. David S. Abraham, The Elements of Power: Gadgets, Guns, and the Struggle for a Sustainable Future in the Rare Metal Age (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2015), 12.
23. Fridolin Krausmann, et al., “Growth in global materials use, GDP and population during the 20th century,” Ecological Economics 68 (June 10, 2009): 2696–2705.
24. “Living Planet Report 2016,” World Wildlife Fund. http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/all_publications/lpr_2016/.
25. Jim Krane, City of Gold: Dubai and the Dream of Capitalism (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2009). 223–24.
26. Sandgrains: A Crowdfunded Documentary. http://sandgrains.org/.
27. For instance, see Bernice Lee, et al., “Resources Futures,” Chatham House, December 2012, 2–3, 12, 15.
28. Mark J. Perry, “Today’s new homes are 1,000 square feet larger than in 1973, and the living space per person has doubled over last 40 years,” American Enterprise Institute, February 26, 2014. https://www.aei.org/publication/todays-new-homes-are-1000-square-feet-larger-than-in-1973-and-the-living-space-per-person-has-doubled-over-last-40-years/.
29. Richard Dobbs, James Manyika, and Jonathan Woetzel, No Ordinary Disruption (New York: Public Affairs, 2016), 8, 94.
30. “Affordable housing key for development and social equality, UN says on World Habitat Day,” United Nations press release, October 2, 2017; http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=57786#.We_M-ROPLdQ; and Flavia Krause-Jackson, “Affordable Global Housing Will Cost $11 Trillion,” Bloomberg News, September 30, 2014.
31. “The Mineral Products Industry at a Glance, 2016 Edition,” Mineral Products Association, 2016, 20; and Erwan Garel, Wendy Bonne, and M. B. Collins, “Offshore Sand and Gravel Mining,” in Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, 2nd ed., John Steele, Steve Thorpe, and Karl Turekian, eds. (New York: Academic Press, 2009), 4162–170.
32. “Dunes and don’ts: the nitty-gritty about sand,” The National, January 7, 2010.
33. Dobbs, et al., No Ordinary Disruption, 18.
34. “Globa
l Trends: Alternative Worlds,” US National Intelligence Council, 47.
35. Lee, et al., “Resources Futures,” Chatham House, xi.
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The list below includes only published books and the most important documents that I used in my research. The many other newspapers, magazines, websites, etc. from which I gleaned information and insight are noted in the Endnotes section.
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Padmalal, D. and K. Maya. Sand Mining: Environmental Impacts and Selected Case Studies. New York: Springer, 2014.
Pearson, Thomas W. When the Hills Are Gone: Frac Sand Mining and the Struggle for Community. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2017.
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Skrabec Jr., Quentin. Michael Owens and the Glass Industry. Gretna, LA: Pelican, 2006.
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INDEX
The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. The link provided will take you to the beginning of that print page. You may need to scroll forward from that location to find the corresponding reference on your e-reader.
Abdulali, Sumaira, 242–43
Abraham, David S., 247
Abu Dhabi, 176, 188–89
aggregates, 31, 44, 235, 249, 251
alternatives to, 246
building Hoover Dam and, 45–46
commerce in, 238
concrete and, 8–9, 225–27
corruption and, 239
mining of, 11, 60–62, 65–66, 225, 234, 236–37
roads and, 59–62, 65–66, 72
sand mining and, 13, 16
Airbnb, 253–54
