by Vince Beiser
Algeria, 12, 144, 205, 239
alkali-silica reaction (ASR), 224–26
Allman, T. D., 154
Alvord Lake Bridge, 37
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 229–30
Applied Technology & Management, 164
Army Corps of Engineers, US, 39, 146, 148, 158
Arroyo Seco Parkway, 62–63
Asheville, N.C., 105, 111, 116
Aspdin, Joseph, 33–34
Aspdin, William, 34
asphalt, 70, 98, 245
roads and, 1, 4, 6, 25–26, 46, 52–55, 60, 64, 66–67, 72–73, 180
sand in, 53–54, 73, 217, 222
Aswan Dam, 143
At Ease (Eisenhower), 49
Augusta National Golf Club, 111
Australia, 152, 173, 246
sand mining and, 6, 14
automobiles, 95, 152, 248, 253–54
concrete and, 222, 227
glass and, 92–95, 97
roads and, 50, 53, 55–56, 60, 64, 67–69, 71–72, 92, 97–98, 251
Bagnold, Ralph, 198–99
Bahamas, 148, 157
Bahrain, 174, 190
Baker, Louise, 203
Bakken Formation, 120–21
Ball Corporation, 89
Bangladesh, 174, 230
Bannon, Stephen, 196–97
Barbuda, 145
Barovier, Angelo, 81
Bartholomew, George, 54
beaches, 141–66, 179–81
artificial, 150, 154–56, 160, 192
coastal protection and, 157–58
concrete and, 217, 222
erosion of, 11–12, 141–42, 144–45, 147, 158–59
finances of, 141, 146–49, 151, 155–56, 158–59, 163–64
Fisher and, 154–56
in history, 150–55, 159
man-made lands and, 170, 181, 183, 192–93
Nassau County and, 43
natural replenishment of, 142–43, 159
nourishment of, 146–50, 155, 157, 159–65, 189–90, 217
physical appearance of, 11–12, 143, 146, 149–50
protests on, 11–12
reinforcement of, 158–59, 164
roads and, 145, 147, 154, 156
sand mining and, 5–6, 12–13, 18, 145, 234, 238–40, 242
sand of, 5–8, 11–12, 81, 111, 139, 141–51, 154–66, 189–90, 192–93, 217, 222, 235, 250
tourism and, 141, 149, 151–52, 154–56, 164, 181
beer, 77, 84, 92–93
Bekins Van and Storage, 29–30, 39
Bellefontaine, Ohio, 54
bicycles, 22–23, 56–58, 130
Biddix, David, 103–4, 114–15, 117
Big Roads, The (Swift), 57
bin Sulayem, Sultan Ahmed, 181, 183–84
Borges, Jorge Luis, 27
bottles, 5, 245
glass and, 76–77, 79, 84, 87–93, 97–98, 106
Branson, Richard, 56–57, 187
Brogan, Donna, 122–23, 132
Broken Genius (Shurkin), 108
Broward, Napoleon Bonaparte, 153–54
Brutalism, 46–47
buildings, building, 57, 141, 147, 177, 180, 245–47, 254–55
beaches and, 145–46, 164, 183, 190
Chicago and, 2, 44, 66, 172
concrete and, 30–47, 215, 218–21, 223–27, 230–31, 238
glass and, 77, 94, 97–98, 173, 180, 218
of Hoover Dam, 45–46, 62
India and, 19–21, 25
man-made lands and, 9, 168–72, 175, 183–86, 189–92
New York and, 2, 43–44
roads and, 45, 54, 58–69, 72–73, 208, 223, 229
sand consumption in, 1–6, 8–10, 12–14, 31
sand mining and, 2, 13–14, 16, 18,235–36, 238–39, 241–42
and San Francisco earthquake and fire, 29–30, 39–42
Burj Khalifa, 180
Burt, John, 189–90
Byrd, Richard E., 85
Caesarea, 32
California, 5, 37–38, 45, 106, 139, 186, 222, 249
beaches and, 11–12, 142–43, 145, 155, 162
concrete and, 224, 227–29
and frac sand and fracking, 121, 131
man-made lands and, 171–72
roads and, 50–51, 53, 58–63, 67, 228
sand mining and, 12, 14, 16–18, 145, 235–38
Cambodia, 13, 16, 18–20, 144, 174, 240
Canada, 187, 219, 250
sand mining and, 61, 136, 237–38
Cao Shixiong, 209–11
Cape Verde, 247–48
carbon dioxide, 97, 222, 237
cement, 6, 10, 61, 224–25, 230, 239
concrete and, 30–31, 37, 244–45
in history, 33–37, 39, 41
hydraulic, 33, 41
making of, 30–31, 33–36, 245
Portland, 33–34, 36, 41
Cemex, 12, 145
Chatham House, 253
Chauhan, Aakash, 21–24
Chauhan, Paleram, 19–24, 217, 239
Chauhan, Rajpal, 21–23
Chauhan, Ravindra, 20, 24
Chevrolet, 95
Chicago, Ill., 2, 44, 90, 225–26
man-made lands and, 172
roads and, 59, 66
child labor, 76, 85, 90–91
China, 6, 43, 137, 142–43, 228, 248, 250, 252–53
concrete and, 215–16, 218–21, 223, 230–31
deserts and, 201–13, 220
glass and, 84, 97–98
man-made lands and, 173–74, 193–97
roads and, 72–73, 194, 207–8, 219
sand mining and, 17, 19, 149, 194, 215–17
Chippewa Sand Company, 123–24
cities, 135–36, 180–81, 233, 246, 249, 251, 253–54
beaches and, 141–42, 153–54, 156
concrete and, 6, 43–44, 46–47, 156, 215, 218–24
deserts and, 202, 208, 210, 212
glass and, 46, 85, 97
man-made lands and, 168–69, 172–74
roads and, 6, 46, 50–59, 61, 64, 66–68, 71, 156
sand consumption and, 1, 5–6, 15
sand mining and, 15, 237–38
City of Gold (Krane), 175–77, 184
Civil Society Institute and Midwest Environmental Advocates, 129–30
Civil War, 76, 84
Clark, Dan, 160–64
Clark, Stefi, 160, 163
climate change, 15, 145, 157
concrete and, 222, 250
deserts and, 203
Coburn, Andy, 159–60
Coca-Cola Company, 93
Cold War, 64
computer chips:
making of, 3, 9, 102, 107–9, 112–13, 117–18, 122
silicon in, 2–4, 9, 102, 107–10, 113, 117, 122
computers, 4, 102, 106–8
comparisons between rise of concrete and, 38–39
glass and, 96
concrete, 30–47, 98, 102, 215–31, 249
benefits of, 220–21
building Hoover Dam and, 45–46
cities and, 6, 43–44, 46–47, 156, 215, 218–24
comparisons between rise of computers and, 38–39
drawbacks of, 221–25, 231, 244
failure and cracking of, 32, 34, 224–31, 244–45
finances and, 36–37, 42–43, 54, 218–21, 227, 230–31, 238
geopolymer, 244–45
in history, 25–26, 31–47, 223–24
making of, 3, 8–9, 30–37, 41, 43, 45–46, 217, 219, 222, 226–27, 231, 234, 244–46, 250
ma
n-made lands and, 169
and new types of architecture, 46–47
opposition to use of, 38–41
physical appearance of, 38, 42, 54, 221
recycling of, 245–46
reinforced, 30, 34–43, 224–25, 228, 245
roads and, 4, 6, 43, 47, 51–56, 59, 62, 64, 66–67, 69, 71–73, 156, 215,218–23, 228–29, 231, 238
sand in, 1, 3–4, 6, 8–9, 31, 34, 37, 41, 43, 45–47, 52, 54, 70, 73, 77–78, 97, 136, 145, 156, 173, 182, 184, 215–19, 221–22, 224–27, 229–30, 236, 238, 244–46, 250, 254
science and technology of, 32, 244
sharing economy and, 254
tensile strength of, 34–36, 43
types and mixtures of, 226–27
Concrete Planet (Courland), 32, 34, 39–40, 218, 225, 231
Congress, U.S., 63–64, 235
Corning Glass Company, 80, 95–96, 106
Courland, Robert, 32, 34, 39–40, 218, 225, 231
Crimea, 144, 196
Crown, Henry, 2, 44, 65
Crown, Sol, 44
Cry of the Water, 160
crystallo, 81
Darmoko, Suriadi, 242
Das, Navin, 22
Dawood, Adnan, 185–88
Deira Islands, 191
deserts, desertification, 46, 254
China and, 201–13, 220
finances and, 202, 206, 208–9, 211
greening campaigns and, 201–2, 204–13
sand of, 5–6, 10, 182, 198–99, 201–8, 210–11, 213, 245
Divided Highways (Lewis), 60, 68
Dixie Highway, 154
Dubai, 6, 173–93, 215, 218
beaches and, 179–81, 190, 192
in history, 175–77
man-made lands and, 9, 167, 170–71, 173–75, 177–78, 181–93
dunes, 11, 158, 199
deserts and, 202, 204
sand mining and, 89, 145, 239
E. & J. Gallo Winery, 116
Eastman, Bernie, 145–47, 149–50, 161–63
Eastman Aggregate Enterprises, 147
Edison, Thomas, 41–42, 58
Egypt, 3, 31, 64, 72, 79, 143, 198–99
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 255
roads and, 49–52, 56, 63
Elements of Power, The (Abraham), 247
Elion Resources Group, 207–9
Energy Information Administration, 120
environment, 1, 11–19, 75, 246, 249–51, 253
beaches and, 12, 144–45, 160–64, 189, 235
concrete and, 221–22, 245, 250
deserts and, 204–5, 207, 209–11
and frac sand and fracking, 121–25, 127–36, 254
glass and, 97–98, 250
man-made lands and, 174–75, 189–90, 195
roads and, 66–68, 223
sand mining and, 12–19, 23, 25, 89, 162, 189–90, 195, 217, 221, 234–37, 241, 243–44, 249
Environmental Working Group, 131
eyeglasses, 81–82, 84
Eye of the Beholder (Snyder), 83–84
Fairchild Semiconductor, 108
fair-trade movement, 243–44
Federal Highway Administration, 59, 64, 68, 229
feldspar, 7, 103–6, 111
fiberglass, 77, 94–95, 127, 245
fiber-optic cables, 4, 77, 95, 102
Fiji, 157
Finding Florida (Allman), 154
Fisher, Carl Graham:
beaches and, 154–56
roads and, 56–59, 154
Flagler, Henry, 153, 156
Florida, 12, 139, 224, 250
beach nourishment and, 146–50, 157, 159–65, 189
imperiled coastal areas in, 157–58
real estate boom in, 153–54
sand mining and, 13–14, 162
Floyd, Barbara, 85
Fonda, Bill, 234
Fort Lauderdale, Fla., 153–56
beaches and, 141–42, 146, 154–56
frac sand, fracking, 9, 14, 119–37, 217, 234, 250–51
environment and, 121–25, 127–36, 254
finances of, 121–22, 124, 133–35
mining and processing of, 121–25, 127–37
opposition to, 132–33, 135
France, 9, 53, 172, 239
beaches and, 12, 152, 155
concrete and, 34–35
glass and, 80, 82
Freedonia Group, 97–98, 237–38
froth flotation, 105, 110–11
Galileo Galilei, 82–83
Gallo, Tom, 115–17
gas, 12, 85, 89, 141, 176, 193, 250
and frac sand and fracking, 9, 14, 119–20, 122, 130, 136–37, 251
Gautam Budh Nagar, 21–22
Gebben, Willem, 130, 133
General Dynamics, 44, 65
General Electric, 107, 112
germanium, 107–8
Germany, 45
desert wars and, 198–99
glass and, 82, 84
man-made lands and, 167–69, 188
roads and, 62–63
sand mining and, 234, 238
Ghana, 19, 91
Gillis, John R., 150–51, 153
Glantz, Mickey, 209
glass, 46, 76–98, 133
adaptability of, 78–79
advanced types of, 95–96
building and, 77, 94, 97–98, 173, 180, 218
commerce in, 80–81, 84–85
Corning and, 80, 95–96, 106
double-paned, 95
fiberglass and, 77, 94–95, 127, 245
finances of, 76–77, 80, 85–86, 88, 90, 92, 97–98
flat, 93–94, 97–98
in food and beverage packaging, 76–77, 79, 84, 87–93, 97–98, 106
in history, 25–26, 76, 79–93, 96
India and, 20, 25
in lenses, 77, 81–84, 112
Libbey and, 86–90, 93, 95
making of, 5, 76–80, 82, 84–89, 93–97, 106, 109, 112, 121–22, 136, 250
Owens and, 76, 86–93, 95–96
recycling and, 148, 245
sand in, 1, 3–5, 8–9, 73, 76–85, 87, 89–90, 92, 97–98, 106, 109, 112,121–22, 136, 173, 184, 193, 217–18, 233, 245
transparent, 3, 81, 97
unions and, 90–91
Glass Bathyscape, The (Macfarlane and Martin), 77, 81
Glass Beach, 143
Glass City, The (Floyd), 85
Glass Giant of Palomar, The (Woodbury), 106
Global Witness, 240
Glover, Alex, 101–2, 105, 111–14, 117
Gobi Desert, 203, 206
Goichot, Marc, 15, 239
golf courses, 9, 111, 179, 209
Gorilla Glass, 95–96
Grapes of Wrath, The (Steinbeck), 60
gravel, 5, 249
in aggregates, 8–9, 31
building Hoover Dam and, 45–46
concrete and, 1, 8–9, 30–31, 34, 41, 43, 45–47, 54, 78, 225, 227
mining of, 30, 44, 61, 65–66, 70, 234, 236–37, 241
roads and, 2, 52–53, 55–56, 59–61, 64–67, 70, 73
Greeks, Greece, 31, 199
Green Great Wall, 204, 206, 208, 210–12
greenhouse gases, 69, 97, 222, 231, 245
Haiti, 230
Hanson Aggregates, 17–18, 65, 234–35
Harris, Harry, 196
Hart, Carrie, 192–93
Hawaii, 6, 143, 154–55, 157, 238
Heart of Europe project, 169–70, 192
Hernawan, Chep, 240
Highway Revolt, The, 67
Hong Kong, 2, 45, 73, 172–73
Hoosier Slide, 89
Hoover Dam, 45–46, 62
Houston, Tex., 16, 223
Human Rights Watch, 178
Human Shore, The (Gillis), 150–51, 153
Hungary, 144, 184
Hurricane Harvey, 16, 223
Hyatt, Thaddeus, 36
hydrogels, 244
I Confess (Kleindienst), 184
Illinois, 51, 59
I-Minerals, 116–17
India, 43, 72, 104, 172, 186, 198, 246, 248–49, 252
beaches and, 144, 159
and black market for sand, 19
corruption and, 242–43
crime and violence in, 19–25
sand mining and, 15–17, 21–25, 91, 237–38, 240, 242–43
Indiana, 56–59, 65, 89–90
Indonesia, 164, 223
corruption and, 240–42
man-made lands and, 174, 189
sand mining and, 13, 19, 144, 238, 240–42
In Praise of Darkness (Borges), 27
Intel, 108–9, 112
International Association of Dredging Companies, 173–75
International Energy Agency, 73
Internet, 4, 95, 102, 108, 233
Iraq, 79, 178, 227, 241
iron, 7, 29, 33–37, 77, 111
Islam, 138, 175, 178–79, 186, 240–41
Italy, 17, 199
aggregate mining and, 234
glass and, 3, 80–82, 84
man-made lands and, 169
Jack, Brendan, 190
Jackson, Horatio Nelson, 50
Jamaica, 12, 144, 174
Janssen, Zacharias, 83
Japan, 13, 40, 142, 176
glass and, 84, 90, 96
man-made lands and, 173
man-made sand and, 246
Jebel Ali, 177, 191–92
Jefferson, Thomas, 84
Jenkins, Mike, 164–65
Johnson, Samuel, 79
Kaiser, Henry J., 2, 45, 60–62, 236
Kancil, Salim, 240, 242
Kangbashi, 220
Katodrytis, George, 177
Kenny, Charles, 221–23
Kenya, 14, 18–19, 91, 144, 217, 234
Kleindienst, Josef, 167–70, 184–85, 188–89, 191–92
Krane, Jim, 175–77, 184
Kubuqi Desert, 206–8
Lafarge, 239–40
Lake Houston, 16
Lake Michigan, 2, 44, 89
Lane, Franklin, 59
Leeuwenhoek, Antoni van, 83
LeTourneau, Robert, 61
Lewis, Tom, 60, 68
Libbey, Edward D., 86–90, 93, 95
Lincoln Highway, 58–59, 154
London, 13, 53, 187, 192
Los Angeles, Calif.:
beaches and, 152
concrete and, 38, 228
roads and, 53, 58–59, 62–63, 228
