Cadwallader Colden

by Seymour I. Schwartz

  7. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Vol. II, p. 281.

  8. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Vol., V, Collections of the New-York Historical Society for the Year 1921, New York, p. 216.

  9. Ibid., p. 31–33.

  10. Edmund Berkeley and Doris Smith Berkeley, The Correspondence of John Bartram, 1734-1777 (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1992), p. 202.

  11. Ibid., pp. 86 and 87.

  12. “Plantae Coldenghamiae in provincial Novaboracnesi Americes sponte crescents, quas ad Methodem Cl. Linnaei sexulem. Anno 1742 etc. Observavit et descripsit Cadwallader Colden,” Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Upsalinsis for 1743, 1749, pp. 47–82.

  13. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Vol. III, Collections of the New York Historical Society for the Year 1919, New York, p. 275.

  14. Ibid., p. 38.

  15. Ibid. pp. 92–94.

  16. Ibid., p. 410.

  17. Ibid., p. 34.

  18. Ibid., pp. 58–59.

  19. Ibid., p. 77.

  20. Ibid., pp. 139–43.

  21. Ibid., pp. 184 and 185.

  22. Ibid., p. 187.

  23. Ibid., p. 275.

  24. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Vol. IV, Collections of the New York Historical Society for the Year 1920, New York, p. 6.

  25. “Plantae Coldenghamiae in provincial Novaboracnesi Americes sponte crescents, quas ad Methodem Cl. Linnaei sexulem. Anno 1742 etc. Observavit et descripsit Cadwallader Colden,” p. 114.

  26. Ibid., p. 34.

  27. Brooke Hindle, The Pursuit of Science in Revolutionary America, 1735-1789 (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1956), p. 68.

  28. Bell, Patriot Improvers, pp. 4–6.

  29. Hindle, The Pursuit of Science in Revolutionary America, 1735-1789, p. 70.

  30. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Vol. III, p. 143.

  31. Ibid., p. 93.

  32. Bell, Patriot Improvers, p. 111.

  33. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Vol. III, p. 46.

  34. Cadwallader Colden, “Observations on the Fever which prevailed in the City of New-York in 1741 and 2, written in 1743,” American Medical and Philosophical Reporter, 1 (1811), p. 311.

  35. Ibid., p. 589.

  36. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Vol. III, pp. 65 and 66.

  37. Ibid., p. 96.

  38. Ibid., p. 102.

  39. Ibid., pp. 77 and 78.

  40. Ibid., pp. 314–28.

  41. Saul Jarcho, “John Mitchell, Benjamin Rush and Yellow Fever,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine, XXXI (1957), pp. 132–36.

  42. Ibid., pp. 328–37.

  43. Ibid., p. 236.

  44. Bell, Patriot Improvers, pp. 138 and 139.

  45. Edmund Berkeley and Dorothy Smith Berkeley, Dr. John Mitchell (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1974), p. 24.

  46. Herbert Thatcher, “Dr. Mitchell, M.D., F.R.S. of Virginia,” The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, 40 (1932), p. 101.

  47. D. D. Jo. Mitchell, “Dissertatio Brevis de Principiis Botanicorum et Zoologorum desque novo stabilende naturae rerum congruo cum Appendice Aliquot Generum plantarum recens conditorum…” Acta Physico-Medica Academiae Caesarae…Ephemerides VIII, 1748.

  48. Berkeley and Berkeley, Dr. John Mitchell, p. 36.

  49. Ibid., p. 44.

  50. John Mitchell, “An Essay upon the Causes of the Different Colours of People in Different Climates,” Philosophical Transactions, XLIII (1744), pp. 102–150.

  51. Berkeley and Berkeley, Dr. John Mitchell, p. 73.

  52. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Vol. III, p. 369.

  53. Colden to Mitchell, July 6, 1749, Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Vol. IX, Collections of the New York Historical Society for the Year 1937, New York, pp. 18–36.

  54. Berkeley and Berkeley, Dr. John Mitchell, 1974.

  55. Referred to in an inscription on the Mitchell map by John Pownall, secretary to the Board of Trade and Plantations.

  56. Seymour I. Schwartz and Ralph E. Ehrenberg, The Mapping of America (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1979), p. 162.

  57. Berkeley and Berkeley, Dr. John Mitchell, pp. 216–18.

  58. Ibid., p. 224.

  59. Bell, Patriot Improvers, p. 147.

  60. Alfred R. Hoermann, Cadwallader Colden: A Figure of the American Enlightenment (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2002), p. 77.

  61. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Vol. III, p. 118.

  62. Ibid., p. 212.

  63. Sir Isaac Newton, Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, ed. by Florian Cajori from the 1737 edition (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1946), p. 547.

  64. Raymond Phineas Stearns, Science in the British Colonies of America (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1970), pp. 568 and 569.

  65. Brooke Hindle, “Cadwallader Colden's Extension of the Newtonian Principles,” The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, 13, no. 4 (1956), p. 459.

  66. Cadwallader Colden, Manuscript Revision of the Principles of Action, Library, University of Edinburgh, ch. 3, p. 37.

  67. Ibid., p. 40.

  68. Brooke Hindle, “Cadwallader Colden's Extension of the Newtonian Principles,” The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, 13, no. 4 (1956), pp. 464 and 465.

  69. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Vol. III, p. 6.

  70. Ibid., p. 61.

  71. Ibid., p. 77.

  72. Ibid., p. 1.

  73. Ibid., pp. 6–9.

  74. I. Woodbridge Riley, American Philosophy: The Early Schools (New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1907), pp. 323–72.

  75. Ibid., pp. 194–96.

  76. Ibid., pp. 196 and 224.

  77. Ibid., p. 368.

  78. Ibid., p. 371.

  79. Ibid., p. 331.

  80. Ibid., p. 412.

  81. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Vol. III, pp. 39 and 40.

  82. Ibid., p. 127.

  83. Ibid., p. 142.

  84. Ibid., pp. 282 and 283.

  85. Ibid., pp. 207 and 208.

  86. Ibid., p. 373.

  87. Riley, American Philosophy: The Early Schools, p. 338.

  88. Max Sevelle, Seeds of Liberty: The Genesis of the American Mind (New York: A. A. Knopf, 1948), p. 172.

  89. Louis L. Gitlin, “Cadwallader Colden as Scientist and Philosopher,” New York History, 16 (1935), p. 175.

  90. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Vol. III, p. 147.

  91. Riley, American Philosophy: The Early Schools, p. 338.

  92. Ibid., p. 341.

  93. Hoermann, Cadwallader Colden: A Figure of the American Enlightenment, p. 115.

  94. Ibid., p. 120.

  95. Ibid., p. 117.

  96. Ibid., p. 125.

  97. Cadwallader Colden, “Of the First Principles of Morality or the Actions of Intelligent Beings,” Manuscript I, Rosenbach Museum and Library, Philadelphia.

  98. Smith, The History of the Province of New-York…. to the Year MDCCXXXII, p. 44.

  99. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Vol. III, p. 23.

  100. Smith, The History of the Province of New-York…. to the Year MDCCXXXII, pp. 72 and 73.

  101. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Vol. III, p. 261.

  102. Ibid., p. 73.

  103. Ibid., p. 353.

  104. Ibid., p. 254.

  105. Ibid., pp. 284–90.

  106. Keys, Cadwallader Colden: A Representative Eighteenth Century Official, pp. 155–57.

  107. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Vol. III, pp. 294–305.

  108. Ibid., pp. 339–57.

  109. Keys, Cadwallader Colden: A Representative Eighteenth Century Official, p. 267.

  110. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Vol. III, New York, p. 382.

  111. Ibid., p. 392.

  112. The Letters and Papers of
Cadwallader Colden, Vol. IX, Collections of the Historical Society for the Year 1937, New York, pp. 359–434.

  113. Ibid.

  114. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Vol. IV, Collections of the Historical Society for the Year 1920, New York, p. 10.

  115. Ibid., pp. 24–26.

  116. Ibid., pp. 43 and 44.

  117. Smith, The History of the Province of New-York…to the Year MDCCXXXII, p. 113.

  118. Keys, Cadwallader Colden: A Representative Eighteenth Century Official, pp. 294–96.

  119. Martin Kerkhonen, Peter Kalm's North American Journey: Its Ideological Background and Results (Helsinki: The Finnish Historical Society, 1959), p. 96.

  120. Ibid., pp. 50–60.

  121. Ibid., pp. 78 and 79.

  CHAPTER 5: CONTINUITY AND CHANGE: 1749–1758

  1. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Vol. IV, Collections of the Historical Society for the Year 1920, New York, p. 88.

  2. Ibid., p. 94.

  3. Ibid., p. 109.

  4. Ibid. pp. 119–29.

  5. Ibid., pp. 159–65.

  6. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Vol. IX, Collections of the New York Historical Society for the Year 1937, New York, p. 77.

  7. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Vol. IV, p. 244.

  8. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Vol. V, Collections of the New-York Historical Society for the Year 1921, New York, p. 13.

  9. Ibid., pp. 206 and 207.

  10. Ibid., pp. 305 and 306.

  11. William Smith, Jr., The History of the Province of New-York…to the Year MDCCXXXII, London, 1757, Vol. 2, Michael Kammen, ed., (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1972), p. 123.

  12. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Vol. IX, pp. 122–24.

  13. Ibid., p. 117.

  14. Ibid., pp. 95–98.

  15. Ibid., p. 101.

  16. Edmund Berkeley and Dorothy Smith Berkeley, Dr. John Mitchell (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1974), p. 167.

  17. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Vol. IV, p. 287.

  18. Ibid., pp. 389–91.

  19. Smith, The History of the Province of New-York…to the Year MDCCXXXII, pp. 132–41.

  20. Ibid., pp. 142–46.

  21. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Vol. V, pp. 74, 77, 98, 105–107, 110–11.

  22. Smith, The History of the Province of New-York…. to the Year MDCCXXXII, London, 1757, Vol. 2, pp. 201 and 202.

  23. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Vol. IV, pp. 271–87.

  24. Seymour I. Schwartz, The French and Indian War 1754-1763 (New York, Simon & Schuster, 1994), p. 24.

  25. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden. Vol. IV, pp. 449–51.

  26. Ibid., pp. 452–57.

  27. Smith, The History of the Province of New-York…. to the Year MDCCXXXII, p. 160.

  28. Schwartz, The French and Indian War 1754-1763, p. 46.

  29. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Vol. V, p. 18.

  30. Schwartz, The French and Indian War 1754-1763, p. 81.

  31. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Vol. V, p. 102.

  32. Ibid., pp. 157–67.

  33. Ibid., pp. 171–80.

  34. Ibid., p. 183.

  35. Ibid., pp. 209–211.

  36. Ibid., p. 212.

  37. Ibid., pp. 249–55.

  38. Raymond Phineas Stearns, Science in the British Colonies of America (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1970), p. 562.

  39. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Vol. IV, p. 317.

  40. Ibid., p. 354.

  41. Stearns, Science in the British Colonies of America, p. 563.

  42. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Collections of the New York Historical Society for the Year 1919, New York, p. 44.

  43. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Vol. IV, p. 64.

  44. Ibid., pp. 270–71.

  45. Lawrence C. Wroth, An American Bookshelf 1755, (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1934), p. 178.

  46. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Vol. IV, pp. 206–207.

  47. Ibid., pp. 384 and 413.

  48. Alfred R. Hoermann, Cadwallader Colden: A Figure of the American Enlightenment (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2002), pp. 82–83.

  49. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Vol. IV, pp. 355–57.

  50. Ibid. p. 414.

  51. Brooke Hindle, The Pursuit of Science in Revolutionary America 1735-1789 (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1956), p. 46.

  52. “Criticism of The Principles of the Action in Matter,” unpublished translation of Kastner's remarks, Colden MSS, New York Historical Society.

  53. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Vol. IV, p. 473.

  54. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Vol. IX, pp. 144–48.

  55. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Vol. V, pp. 22–24.

  56. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Vol. VI, pp. 197–98.

  57. Ibid., p. 273.

  58. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Vol. IV, pp. 156–58.

  59. Ibid., pp. 217 and 218.

  60. Ibid., pp. 314–16.

  61. Ibid., p. 321.

  62. Ibid., pp. 325–27, 337–39.

  63. Ibid., p. 353.

  64. Ibid., p. 383.

  65. Ibid., pp. 421–30.

  66. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Vol. V, p. 207.

  67. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Vol. IV, p. 417.

  68. Ibid., p. 439.

  69. Stearns, Science in the British Colonies of America, p. 630.

  70. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Vol. IV, p. 98.

  71. Ibid., p. 251.

  72. Ibid., p. 207.

  73. Ibid., pp. 258–61.

  74. Ibid., p. 471–73.

  75. Marcus B. Simpson, Jr., in American National Biography (New York and Oxford, University of Oxford Press, 1999), pp. 691–92.

  76. Edmund Berkeley and Dorothy Smith Berkeley, Dr. Alexander Garden of Charles Town (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1969), p. 42.

  77. Stearns, Science in the British Colonies of America, p. 601

  78. Ibid., pp. 43 and 74.

  79. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Vol. V, pp. 1–2.

  80. Brooke Hindle, The Pursuit of Science in Revolutionary America 1735-1789 (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1956), p. 53.

  81. Margaret Denny, “Linnaeus and His Disciple in Carolina: Alexander Garden,” Isis, 38 (1948), p. 173.

  82. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Vol. VII, Collections of the New York Historical Society for the Year 1923, New York, p. 141.

  83. Berkeley and Berkeley, Dr. Alexander Garden of Charles Town, p. 216.

  84. Garden to Ellis, December 16, 1765, James Edward Smith, ed., A Selection of the Correspondence of Linnaeus and Other Naturalists, Vol. I (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown, 1821), pp. 543–44.

  85. James Britten, “Biographical Notes, VIII—Jan Colden and the Flora of New York,” Journal of Botany, British and Foreign, 33 (1895), pp. 12–15.

  86. Berkeley and Berkeley, Dr. Alexander Garden of Charles Town, p. 48.

  87. The Aberdeen Magazine for the Year XDCCLXI, Aberdeen Scotland, 1761.

  88. Berkeley and Berkeley, Dr. Alexander Garden of Charles Town, p. 43.

  89. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Vol. IV, p. 158.

  90. Ann Murray Vail, “Jane Colden, An Early New York Botanist,” Torreya, 7 (1907), p. 32.

  91. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Vol. V, pp. 29–30.

  92. Ibid., p. 37.

  93. Ibid., p. 139.

  94. W. Darlington, Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marhsall (Philadelphia, 1849), p. 195.

&nbs
p; 95. Ibid., p. 202.

  96. Ibid., p. 400.

  97. John McVickar, A Domestic Narrative of the Life of Samuel Bard, M.D., LL.D, Late President of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of the University of the State of New York (New York, 1822), p. 19.

  98. Bryon Polk Stookey, A History of Colonial Medical Education in the Province of New York with Its Subsequent Development (Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1961), pp. 40 and 41.

  99.. Rickett and E.C. Hall, eds., Botanic Manuscript of Jane Colden (New York: Garden Club of Orange and Dutchess Counties, 1963), p. 53.

  100. Britten, “Bibliographical Notes, VIII—Jane Colden and the Flora of New York,” p. 15.

  101. Rickett and Hall, eds., Botanic Manuscript of Jane Colden, p. 23.

  102. Ibid., p. 20.

  103. Britten, “Bibliographical Notes, VIII—Jane Colden and the Flora of New York,” pp. 15–16.

  104. Ibid., p. 14.

  105. Rickett and Hall, eds., Botanic Manuscript of Jane Colden, p. 20.

  106. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Vol. V, pp. 55–63.

  107. Vail, “Jane Colden, An Early New York Botanist,” p. 32.

  CHAPTER 6: POLITICAL PEAK AND REPUTATIONAL NADIR: 1759–1768

  1. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Vol. V, Collections of the New-York Historical Society for the Year 1921, New York, 1923, pp. 283–86.

  2. Ibid., pp. 289–93.

  3. Ibid., pp. 293–95.

  4. Ibid., pp. 310–19.

  5. Joseph L. Blaue, Men and Movements in American Philosophy (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1952), p. 211.

  6. William Smith, Jr., The History of the Province of New-York, Volume Two, A Continuation, 1732–1762, Michael Kammen, ed., (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press, Harvard University Press, 1972), p. 243.

  7. Bryon Polk Stookey, A History of Colonial Medical Education in the Province of New York with Its Subsequent Development (Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1961), pp. 8 and 9.

  8. Ibid., p. 247.

  9. Ibid., pp. 328 and 329.

  10. Ibid., p. 346.

  11. Smith, The History of the Province of New-York, Volume Two, A Continuation, 1732-1762, p. 251.

  12. The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, Vol. V, p. 368.

  13. Smith, The History of the Province of New-York, Volume Two, A Continuation, 1732-1762, p. 252.

  14. Alice Mapelsden Keys, Cadwallader Colden: A Representative Eighteenth Century Official (New York, 1906), p. 267.