by Bob Woodward
Saddam’s statues dropped from target list by, 364
Saddam’s withdrawal predicted by, 351
Saudi advisory team sent by, 254–259, 263–73
Saudi Arabia offered military help by, 240–41, 242–46, 276
secretive management style of, 57
speech-giving disliked by, 321
Tower nomination defeat and, 56–59
on U.S. goals in Panama, 90, 128–29, 184
on U.S. hostages in Iraq and Kuwait, 317–18
Vietnam War’s effect on, 306–7, 324, 339, 347
Welch’s retirement meeting with, 279–80
wimp factor and, 127, 129
Woerner’s firing and, 96, 97, 98, 99
Bush administration:
consensus and loyalty prized in, 38
Crowe on Chairman’s responsibility in, 39
drug war and, 114–16
informality of meetings of, 41, 302, 318
Iraqi and Kuwaiti assets frozen by, 223, 224, 225
Iraqi policy of, 211–12
national security team of, 108
Noriega as an irritant of, 83
Panama invasion goals of, 85, 90, 128, 170
Persian Gulf goals of, 234, 236–237, 239, 259–62, 281–82, 298–99, 300–302, 311, 312, 319, 323
public unity of, 38
Bush-Gorbachev Malta summit, 147, 150
Butler, George Lee, 308
Carlucci, Frank, 54, 68, 110
Powell’s chairmanship backed by, 107, 108
Carnes, Michael P. C., 171
Carter, Jimmy, 127, 151, 230, 240, 241
Carter administration, 115
Carter Doctrine, 230
Casey, William J., 203, 213
CBS, 180, 194, 195, 312
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 46, 147, 148, 158, 205, 265, 266, 276, 317, 359
anti-Saddam orders of, 237, 282
Buckley’s murder and, 91, 137
demoralized state of, 47
on Iraq’s pre-invasion buildup, 207, 218, 219, 222
Noriega’s ties with, 83
Panamanian activities of, 84, 91, 133, 140
PDF coup attempt and, 119–20, 122, 128
prediction of Iraqi withdrawal by, 351
in Saudi advisory team, 263–264
Soviet weapons intelligence of, 327–28
see also Muse, Kurt
C-5 cargo planes, 173
chain guns, 141
chain of command, 12–13, 76, 138, 143, 175–76, 179, 293
chemical weapons, of Iraq, 200, 249, 250, 285, 286, 331, 349
Cheney, Lynne, 62, 63, 67
Cheney, Mary, 63
Cheney, Richard B. (Dick), 127, 130, 178, 199, 205, 213, 298–299, 302, 313, 318, 327–30, 337, 352, 358, 364, 373, 374
Arab support for Desert Shield sought by, 283
Aspin on, 322
on Bush’s war decision, 353–54, 355
on Bush’s political memory, 89–90
at Camp David meeting on Kuwait invasion, 247, 248, 250–51, 253–54
career of, 59, 61, 67, 109
on chain of command, 175–76, 179
characteristics of, 37, 61, 66, 71
“Cheney-watchers” and, 66
on civilian control of military, 110, 329
on congressional war support, 288, 355, 356, 357–58, 362
conservatism of, 65–66
contras supported by, 67, 107
Crowe and, 68–69, 78–79
Defense Secretary nomination of, 60–72
on Desert Shield coalition’s shakiness, 353
on Desert Shield troop levels, 280, 311–12, 323, 324
Dugan fired by, 292–96
Escobar and, 114–16
and first day of Desert Storm, 369–70, 371–72
on first Desert Shield deployment, 274–76, 282, 283
on F-117A Stealth fighter, 140–141
on Gorbachev’s future, 106
heart surgery of, 61
Iraqi target list reviewed by, 364, 365
on Iraq’s pre-invasion buildup, 210, 211, 218, 220, 221–22
in Kuwait invasion response, 41, 42, 224, 226–27, 230, 231, 232–35, 238, 241, 243–45, 254, 255–58, 277
military deferments of, 69–70
military response to Kuwait
invasion sought by, 234–35, 241–42
on Muse rescue, 137
in Panama invasion, 182, 183, 185–87, 193
Panama invasion decision and, 161–62, 163, 167, 169
Panama invasion plans and, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 103, 135–36, 141, 143–44
Panama pre-invasion incidents and, 157
PDF coup attempt and, 121–23, 124, 125, 126, 130
Persian Gulf preliminary offensive plan and, 303–7, 309, 318, 319, 320
Philippines coup attempt and, 146, 147, 149, 150
Powell’s JCS chairmanship and, 107–11
public reaction to Desert Shield monitored by, 323
and sanctions against Iraq, 299–300
in Saudi advisory team, 256, 257, 258, 263–73
Schwarzkopf’s war plan examined by, 345–49
Scowcroft and, 61, 62, 63, 65
Senate Desert Shield testimony of, 341, 343
on SIOP, 328–29
STOC visited by, 327–28
on Thurman, 138
Thurman promoted by, 94–96, 98, 99
Tower nomination defeat and, 58, 59, 66
on use of force, 90, 175
war plan skepticism of, 329–330
Welch publicly rebuked by, 76–80
on Woerner, 93
Woerner’s firing and, 96–97, 98, 99
at Yale, 66–67
China, People’s Republic of, 213, 226, 242, 267, 333, 335
CIA, see Central Intelligence Agency
Cisneros, Marc, 123, 131
Civil War, U.S., 348
Clark Air Force Base, 147
CNN, 53–54, 65, 180, 192–93, 222, 260, 287, 290, 311, 369
Cohen, William, 287, 288–89, 317–318, 339, 342
Cold War, 37, 55, 106, 262
collateral damage, 139, 374
Colombia, 114, 142
combat jump badges, 165
commanders-in-chief (CINCs), 48
in chain of command, 82
C-141 Starlifters, 180
Congress, U.S., 152, 153
Democratic control of, 355
Desert Shield hearings of, 325, 326, 331–32, 341–43, 345, 362
Desert Shield reaction of, 288–89, 317–18, 322–23, 325–26, 337–39
ICBM debate and, 75–77
Persian Gulf War resolution passed by, 362
on U.S. response to PDF coup attempt, 127
war powers of, 357
war support sought from, 337–339, 354, 355–58
see also House of Representatives, U.S.; Senate, U.S.
Constitution, U.S., 357
contras, 67, 107, 108, 213
Cooke, David O., 71
crack cocaine, 116
Criminal Investigation Division (CID), 144
Crisis Action Team, 157, 159, 173
CRITIC, 371
Cronkite, Walter, 371
Crowe, Blake, 37, 332–33
Crowe, Shirley, 82
Crowe, William J., Jr., 81, 107, 109, 115, 116, 127, 274
Akhromeyev’s private communications channel with, 40
on avoiding Persian Gulf war, 37, 331–32
on Bush’s Persian Gulf policy, 37, 332
Cheney and, 68–69, 78–79
on JCS Chairman’s role, 38–39, 40, 82
Panama contingency plans and, 84–92, 100, 103
Powell and, 35–40, 111–12, 332
retirement of, 82
Senate testimony of, 36, 331–32, 341
on use of force, 85
on Woerner’s firing, 97–98
Cuba, 166, 189, 335
Curtis, Adam J., 158–59, 160, 161, 162, 165, 168, 173
Curtis, Bonnie, 158–59, 160, 161, 162, 165, 168, 173
Daily, Tom, 178–79
Darman, Richard G., 228–29, 230, 237
Defense Department, U.S.: chain of command and, 76, 138, 143, 175–76, 179, 293
Cheney on civilian control of, 110, 329
CRITIC emergency alert system of, 371
JSOC created by, 88
Justice Department’s “Ill Wind” investigation of, 62, 64
military caution of, 117, 165, 230
military “force of the future” plan of, 231
Noriega’s capture planned by, 89, 90, 91, 93, 115, 135, 138, 159, 160, 170, 172
political nature of, 155
SIOP nuclear war plan of, 328–329
STOC division of, 327–28, 364, 365
in war on drugs, 95
Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), 205, 207, 219, 222, 317, 351
Delta Squadrons, 88, 89, 90, 91, 102, 136, 137, 138, 172, 185, 193
Democratic party, 107, 108, 311, 317–18, 324
Cheney’s suspicions of, 355
Congress controlled by, 355
House of Representatives controlled by, 61, 63
DePuy, William E., 154–55
Desert I, 88
Desert Shield, 279–376
congressional hearings on, 325, 326, 331–32, 341–43, 345, 362
congressional reaction to, 288–289, 317–18, 322–23, 325–26, 337–39
goals of, 298–99, 300–302, 311, 312, 319, 323
international coalition in, 319, 321, 338, 341, 353
Iraqi defensive preparations against, 314
Iraq target list and, 330–31, 364, 365
media coverage of, 314–15, 324
preliminary offensive plan during, 303–7
public opinion on, 36, 279, 316, 325
Schwarzkopf’s war plan for, 345, 346–49
troop morale in, 314–15
U.S. troop levels in, 36, 38, 243, 249, 279, 284, 297–98, 312, 318–24, 355
see also Desert Storm; Kuwait invasion
Desert Storm, 369–76
air phases of, 376
anticipated U.S. casualties in, 349, 376
first day of, 369–76
ground phase of, 376
Iraqi casualties in, 376
Kuwait liberated in, 376
media rules in, 368, 370, 375
NSD for, 353, 354, 366–67
Powell’s planned restraint in, 374
Schwarzkopf’s naming of, 352
starting time set for, 352–53, 364
U.S. casualties in, 376
see also Desert Shield; Kuwait invasion
Dhahran, 257
Dickinson, William L., 76
Dignity Battalions (Digbats), 84, 91, 144
Dobrynin, Anatoly, 53–54
dog bomb-detection teams, 144
Dole, Robert J., 326
droplines, 127
Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), 115, 116, 124, 193
drugs, war on, 95, 221
Duberstein, Kenneth, 49, 54
Dubinin, Yuri, 53
Dugan, Michael J., 290–96, 364
Cheney’s firing of, 293–96, 305
Persian Gulf War plan comments of, 290–92
Welch succeeded by, 239, 280
Dukakis, Michael, 47
Eagleburger, Larry, 116, 147, 283, 356, 363
Egypt, 271, 274, 283, 353
18th Airborne Corps, 100, 101–2, 114, 133, 305
82nd Airborne Division, 101, 274
Division Ready Brigade of, 220, 245, 261, 274, 278
in Operations Plan 90–1002: 220, 261, 274, 278
in Panama invasion, 180
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 307
Eisenhower, U.S.S., 275–76, 278
ELABORATE MAZE, 85
ELOQUENT BANQUET, 141
Embody, Kathie, 64, 71
Endara, Guillermo, 84, 170, 182
ERNEST WILL, 227
Escobar Gaviria, Pablo, 114–16
EYRE, 327
“Face the Nation,” 292, 293
Fahd ibn Abdul Aziz, King of Saudi Arabia, 200, 202, 231–32, 287, 335–36, 341, 370
Bush’s advisory team sent to, 254–59, 263–73, 276
Bush’s offer of military help to, 240–41, 242–46
financial diplomacy favored by, 231, 253
indecisiveness of, 266
Saddam’s calls to, 199, 204
Saddam vouched for by, 203, 213, 222
war approval given by, 361
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 62, 64, 65, 70, 124
Escobar and, 114–16
foreign jurisdiction of, 115, 140
F-4 fighter bombers, 147, 148, 150–151
F-5 fighters, 248
F-15 fighters, 220, 224, 227, 240, 248, 273, 365, 370
1st Tactical Fighter Wing, 273–74
Fitzwater, Marlin, 87, 125, 171, 184–85, 247
Foley, Thomas S., 317, 338, 356
F-117A Stealth fighter, 140–41, 174, 176–77, 179, 328, 352
Forces Command, U.S., 48, 49, 109
Ford, Gerald R., 50, 67, 76
Ford, Guillermo (Billy), 84, 87, 187
Fortune, 114
France, 203, 267, 333
Freeman, Charles W., Jr., 263, 265, 266, 271
“friendly fire,” casualties from, 195
Frost, David, 343–44
Fuller, Craig, 56–57, 60
GABEL ADDER, 136, 138
Gates, Robert, 128, 146, 147, 150, 215, 223, 259, 263, 265, 266, 276, 283, 296, 354, 358, 366
Gilbert, Martin, 317
Giroldi, Moises, 120, 122, 130
glasnost, 54
Glaspie, April, 211–12, 213, 215, 358–59, 360
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 52, 310, 323, 341
Bush’s first meeting with, 53–55
future prospects of, 106
UN’s Iraq resolution and, 333, 334–35
see also Bush-Gorbachev Malta summit; Reagan-Gorbachev Reykjavik summit
Gorgas U.S. Army Hospital, 142, 144, 157
Grant, Ulysses S., 348
Gray, Al, 213, 239, 340
in Panama invasion decision, 162, 163–64, 179–80
Gray, C. Boyden, 57–58, 62, 64, 151, 223, 229, 231
Great Britain, 333
Green, Fred K., 356
Grenada, U.S. invasion of, 118, 140, 141, 175, 285
Gribbin, David, 66, 71
Haass, Richard, 243, 247, 358, 359
Haig, Alexander, 108–9
Haig Syndrome, 108, 109
Halverson, Richard C., 366
HAMMER RICK, 363–64, 370
Hardisty, Huntington, 147, 150
Hassan, King of Morocco, 276
HAWK missiles, 314
helicopters, 348
AH-64 Apache, 141, 328, 376
in Kuwait invasion, 219
OH-58 scout, 141
in Panama, 136, 138, 141, 172, 173
Hellfire missiles, 141, 376
Helms, Jesse, 127
Herbits, Steve, 73–74
Herrera Hassan, Eduardo, 133
Herres, Robert, 106, 109, 110, 146, 147, 150, 153, 171
Hertzog, William, 156, 158
Hill & Knowlton, 287
hiring quotas, at Defense Department, 72
Horner, Charles, 248
Horton, Willie, 47
hostage rescue force, 136
House Armed Services Committee, 76, 80, 112, 131, 345
House Intelligence Committee, 67
House of Representatives, U.S.:
Democratic control of, 61, 63
Desert Shield debated by, 356, 362
Howard, Dan, 76
Howe, Patricia, 62
Hussein, King of Jordan, 257, 272, 287
after invasion of Kuwait, 232, 234
prior to invasion of Kuwait, 213, 222
Hussein, Saddam, 38, 41, 42
Bush’s letter to, 354, 361
&nb
sp; Bush’s personal attacks on, 282, 285
character of, 216, 257–58, 286, 336, 350
Glaspie’s meeting with, 211–12, 213, 215
Iraqi support for, 359, 360
Kuwait invasion goals of, 252, 274
lifetime presidential appointment of, 208
“mother of all battles” declaration by, 297, 359
peace promises by, 199–204, 239, 257, 268
proposed CIA overthrow of, 237, 282
proposed meeting between Baker and, 335–37, 338, 345, 353, 354
U.S. resolve misread by, 374
war expected by, 358–60
see also Desert Shield; Desert Storm; Kuwait invasion
“Ill Wind” investigation, 62, 64
Independence, U.S.S., 269, 278
intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), debate on, 75–77
Iran, 90
secret U.S. arms sales to, 151
Iran-contra affair, 213, 238, 300
Iran hostage crisis, 87–88, 127, 151, 300
Iran-Iraq War, 199, 203, 206, 207, 249, 251, 265, 286, 346
Iraq:
Bush administration policy toward, 211–12
chemical weapons of, 200, 249, 250, 285, 286, 331, 349
French hostages released by, 317
French weapons sales to, 203
frozen assets of, 223, 224, 225
human rights violations by, 343–344
Kurdish rebels in, 249
military strength of, 207, 242, 247–49, 257–58, 269, 286, 350
1981 Israeli air strike against, 201, 203
nuclear reactor of, 201, 331
nuclear weapons capability of, 211, 337
as outlaw Arab state, 203
sanctions against, 225, 228–29, 237, 298, 299, 300–302, 308, 311, 312, 318, 322, 331–32, 338, 341, 342, 345, 356
Soviet weapons of, 327–28
terrain analysis of, 305, 348
UN authorization of force, 333–335, 337, 338, 339, 341, 356, 362
UN sanctions against, 36, 38, 41, 284–85, 308
U.S. hostages in, 315, 316, 317–318, 346
Iraqi Air Force, 248, 286, 304, 339
Israel, 215, 274, 308, 323, 359, 370
1981 Iraqi air strike by, 201, 203
peace pledge by, 363
Saddam’s peace promises and, 200–204
U.S. military technology sent to, 363–64
JCS, see Joint Chiefs of Staff
Jeremiah, David, 222, 224, 236, 354
Johnson, Hansford T., 172
Johnson, Lyndon B., 167, 284, 325, 368
Johnston, Robert B., 304–6, 307, 309
Joint Chiefs of Staff, 112, 115, 116, 189, 374
Bush’s Desert Shield meeting with, 340–41
Chairman’s legal authority in, 38, 82, 162
Crowe on Chairman’s role in, 38–39, 40, 82
decision-making role of, 369
insulation of, 48–49
J-2 intelligence staff of, 134
J-3 operations staff of, 99, 103, 134, 139, 140, 234
J-5 plans and policy staff of, 308
in Kuwait invasion response, 235, 238, 239
