Bonnie Prince Charlie: Charles Edward Stuart (Pimlico)

by McLynn, Frank

  71 Sir James Fergusson, Argyll in the ’45, pp.196,201.

  72 Sir Bruce Gordon and Jean Arnot, The Prisoners of the ’45 (Scottish History Society, 3rd series, 13–15, 1928–9), 3 vols.

  73 H M C, Various Colls, viii, p.111.

  74 Lord Rosebery and Rev. Walter Macleod, List of Persons concerned in the Rebellion (Scottish History Society, Edinburgh, 1890), pp.359–62.

  75 For a full picture of the army see A. Livingstone, C. W. H. Aikman and B. S. Hart (eds), Muster Roll of Prince Charles Edward Stuart’s Army 1745–46 (Aberdeen, 1984).

  CHAPTER FOURTEEN

  1 L M, ii, p.115.

  2 R A Cumberland 6/288.

  3 R A Cumberland 6/295.

  4 Chronicles of Atholl, iii, pp.81–2.

  5 R A Cumberland 7/377–9.

  6 F. J. McLynn, The Jacobite Army in England 1745 provides a detailed diary of the activities of the Jacobite army during the period 8 November–20 December 1745 (OS).

  7 R A Cumberland 7/387; R A Stuart M 11, p.137.

  8 R A Cumberland 7/446.

  9 For the siege of Carlisle see W. O. 71/19 ff.286–308; G. C. Mounsey, Carlisle in 1745 (1846).

  10 Add. MSS 34,523 f.79.

  11 McLynn, Jacobite Army, p.50.

  12 Tomasson, Jacobite General, pp.76–83.

  13 R A Stuart M 11, pp.127–9.

  14 This was particularly unpalatable to his brother Tullibardine (R A Stuart M 11, pp.127–9).

  15 McLynn, Jacobite Army, p.51.

  16 R A Stuart M 11, pp.118–19.

  17 R A Cumberland 7/416.

  18 R A Stuart M 11 p.119.

  19 McLynn, Jacobite Army, p.65.

  20 R A Cumberland 7/430.

  21 Blaikie, Origins (‘John Daniel’s account’), p.168.

  22 McLynn, Jacobite Army, pp.80–1.

  23 Jarvis, Jacobite Risings, i, p.87.

  24 Historical Manuscripts Commission, III, pp.255–6.

  25 R. C. Jarvis, Collected Papers on the Jacobite Risings (Manchester, 1972), 2 vols, ii, pp.85 et seq.

  26 David, Lord Elcho, Short Account of the Affairs of Scotland in 1744–1745 and 1746, ed. E. Charteris (1907), p.330; James Maxwell of Kirkconnell, Narrative of Charles, Prince of Wales’s expedition to Scotland in the Year 1745 (1841), p.70.

  27 S P Dom 82 ff.62–8; Add. MSS 35,886 ff.82,100.

  28 Jarvis, Jacobite Risings, ii, pp.237–54.

  29 H. Talon, John Byrom: selections from his journals and papers (1950), pp.227–44.

  30 Elcho, pp.331–2.

  31 McLynn, Jacobite Army, p.99.

  32 H. M. Vaughan, ‘Welsh Jacobitism’, Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmodorion (1920–1), pp.11–39.

  33 Lord George Murray, ‘Marches’, loc.cit., pp.52–3.

  34 R A Cumberland 7/453.

  35 For Cumberland’s movements see Speck, The Butcher, op.cit., pp.87–8.

  36 Duncan Forbes’s letter to Macleod on 13 December shows that all Scotland was holding its breath over the supposedly imminent encounter (R A Cumberland 8/177).

  37 McLynn, Jacobite Army, pp.113–19.

  38 There is a detailed account of the council meeting at Derby in McLynn, Jacobite Army, pp.124–32.

  39 The prince’s own arguments are given at length in the memoir of the ’45 he collaborated on with Pierre André O’Heguerty (R A Stuart M 11, pp.142–3).

  40 R A Stuart 310/139.

  41 L. Eardley Simpson, Derby and the Forty-Five (1933), pp.190–2.

  42 Jarvis, Jacobite Risings, ii, pp.100–1.

  43 Home’s History, p.324.

  44 Jarvis, Jacobite Risings, ii, pp.100–1.

  45 Tomasson, Jacobite General, p.114.

  46 The Life and Adventures of Captain Dudley Bradstreet (1755), pp.126–7.

  47 Cruickshanks, Political Untouchables, op.cit., pp.92–3.

  48 Jarvis, Jacobite Risings, op.cit., ii, p.209.

  49 Walpole Correspondence, 19, pp.109–10.

  50 S P Dom 76/50; Add. MSS 32,705 f.409; Chronicles of Atholl, ii, p.100.

  51 S P Domestic 76/53,56,57,58,59.

  52 A. J. Youngson, The Prince and the Pretender, op.cit; p.115.

  53 This is acknowledged even in Speck’s ‘pro-Hanoverian’ The Butcher, pp.88–9.

  54 R A Cumberland 9/179.

  55 R A Stuart 310/139.

  56 McLynn, Jacobite Army, passim: cf. also Cruickshanks, Political Untouchables, Chapter Six.

  57 George II to Maria Teresa, December 1745, MP.

  58 See McLynn, France and the ’45, op.cit.

  59 See F. J. McLynn, Invasion: From the Armada to Hitler 1588–1945 (1987).

  60 Bitterness on this point never ceased to rankle with the Jacobites. Cf. R A Stuart 299/162.

  61 F. J. McLynn, France and the Jacobite Rising of 1745 (Edinburgh, 1981), pp.164–87.

  62 R A Stuart M 11, p.148.

  63 See Cruickshanks, Political Untouchables, pp.70,84.

  64 R A Stuart M 11, p.150.

  65 For Wade see McLynn, Jacobite Army, passim; cf. also Speck, The Butcher.

  66 Marine B4/82 f.299.

  67 Sir John Clapham, The Bank of England (Cambridge, 1945), i, pp.233–4.

  68 W. Marston Acres, The Bank of England from Within (Oxford, 1931), i, p.181.

  69 Marine B4/82 ff.36 et seq.

  70 On this point see also Choiseul, Mémoires, p.55.

  71 For a conclusive argument on this point see Max Weber, Gesammelte aufsätze zur Wissenschaftslehre (Tubingen, 1951), pp.266–90; for counterfactuals in general see N. Goodman, Fact, Fiction and Forecast (1954).

  72 Mahon, iii.

  73 R A Stuart Box 1/454.

  74 ‘How could they in that state of mind [italics mine] have gone on to take London?’ (Youngson, Prince and Pretender, op.cit., p.22).

  75 Lord George Murray, ‘Marches’, p.57.

  76 Allardyce Papers, i, pp.287–93.

  77 Tayler, Jacobite Miscellany (‘Elcho’s Diary’), p.151.

  78 R A Cumberland 7/444.

  79 S P Dom 77/60,118.

  80 S P Domestic 77/60.

  81 S P Domestic 76/118

  82 Maxwell of Kirkconnell, pp.78–9.

  83 R A Stuart M 11, p.151.

  84 McLynn, Jacobite Army, p.148.

  85 Speck, The Butcher, p.97.

  86 McLynn, Jacobite Army, p.148.

  87 Elcho, p.345.

  88 Speck, The Butcher, pp.97–8.

  89 Elcho, p.346.

  90 McLynn, Jacobite Army, pp.168–70.

  91 Chevalier de Johnstone, p.84.

  92 Maxwell of Kirkconnell, p.84.

  93 McLynn, Jacobite Army, pp.175–81.

  94 For Oglethorpe’s movements see W. O.71/19 ff.196–282.

  95 R A Stuart M 11, pp.161–3; R A Cumberland 8/190.

  96 Lord George Murray, ‘Marches’, p.65.

  97 Elcho, pp.348–9.

  98 McLynn, Jacobite Army, pp.187–9.

  99 Speck, The Butcher, p.99.

  100 R A Cumberland 8/209; O’Sullivan, p.110; Maxwell of Kirkconnell, p.87.

  101 R A Cumberland 8/211; Speck, The Butcher, pp.99–102.

  102 Chevalier de Johnstone, pp.95–7.

  103 The prince later came to realise this himself (R A Stuart M 11, p.166).

  CHAPTER FIFTEEN

  1 Lord George Murray, ‘Marches’, p.74; Maxwell of Kirkconnell, p.89.

  2 L M, ii, p.124; O’Sullivan, p.112.

  3 L P, ii, p.499.

  4 L M, ii, p.124.

  5 L P, ii, p.499; Murray, ‘Marches’, p.77; London Gazette, 28–31 December 1745.

  6 Maxwell of Kirkconnell, p.89.

  7 R A Cumberland 9/164,166. Glasgow was required to produce 12,000 shirts plus 6,000 each of bonnets, waistcoats, shoes and stockings (Cochrane Correspondence, p.62).

  8 Cochrane Correspondence, pp.79,84.

  9 RA Cumberland 8/222; Chevalier de Johnstone, p.76; Maxwell of Kirkconnell, p.90.

  10 L P, ii, p.
498.

  11 Elcho, p.379.

  12 Spalding Club Miscellany, I (1841), pp.337,413.

  13 L M, iii, p.55.

  14 Sir William Fraser, The Earls of Cromarty (Edinburgh, 1876), ii, pp.383 et seq.

  15 Scots Magazine, 1745, p.589.

  16 L M, ii, p.344.

  17 R A Cumberland 9/170; L M, ii, p.344; Maxwell of Kirkconnell, p.91.

  18 M C P, iv, pp.167–8.

  19 McLynn, France and the ’45, op.cit., p.133.

  20 R A Cumberland 7/432,454,456.

  21 Elcho, pp.361–2.

  22 S P Scotland 27 Nos 6 and 8.

  23 Murray, ‘Marches’, p.77.

  24 Maxwell of Kirkconnell, p.94.

  25 Home’s History, p.159.

  26 Chevalier de Johnstone, p.82.

  27 L M, ii, p.195; Chevalier de Johnstone, p.82.

  28 L M, ii, p.126.

  29 Cochrane Correspondence, p.63.

  30 Blaikie, Origins (‘John Daniel’s account’), pp.191–2; L M, iii, p.125.

  31 Elcho, pp.355–6.

  32 Elcho, p.363; Tayler, Jacobite Miscellany, p. 154. It has sometimes been disputed that Clementina became his mistress at this point but, Elcho’s testimony apart, the circumstantial evidence for this is overwhelming. See Compton Mackenzie, Prince Charlie and his Ladies (1934), p.204.

  33 Memoirs of Strange and Lumisden, ii, p.319.

  34 Blaikie, Itinerary, pp.73–4.

  35 Ibid., pp.74–5.

  36 Chevalier de Johnstone, p.83; Fraser, Earls of Cromarty, op.cit., pp.383,390.

  37 L M, ii, p.196; H M C, Various Colls, viii, p.162; Scots Magazine, 1746, pp.32–4.

  38 Elcho, pp.364–7.

  39 Tayler, Jacobite Miscellany (‘Elcho’s Diary’), p.155.

  40 S P Scotland 27 Nos 11,18.

  41 R A Cumberland 9/196,199; R A Stuart M 11, p.180; O’Sullivan, pp.112–13; Elcho, p.367.

  42 Elcho, p.367.

  43 For detail on Mirabel see R A Cumberland 7/450; 9/157, 172,253. For his incompetence see O’Sullivan, p.121; Chevalier de Johnstone, p.84.

  44 R A Cumberland 9/252.

  45 R A Cumberland 9/212.

  46 R A Cumberland 9/262.

  47 Cordara, op.cit., p.103.

  48 R A Stuart M 11, p.181; Elcho, p.368.

  49 R A Cumberland 9/210.

  50 R A Stuart M 11, p.182.

  51 Murray, ‘Marches’, p.79; Elcho, p.369.

  52 S P Scotland 27 Nos 25,28; Scots Magazine, 1746, p.35.

  53 Murray, ‘Marches’ p.79; Blaikie, Origins (‘John Daniel’s account’), p.194.

  54 Elcho, p.370; Tayler, Jacobite Miscellany (‘Elcho’s Diary’), p.155.

  55 Murray, ‘Marches’, p.79.

  56 R A Stuart M 11, p.185.

  57 C P, p.270.

  58 Home’s History, p.167.

  59 Maxwell of Kirkconnell, p.99.

  60 R A Stuart M 11, p.186.

  61 Tomasson and Buist, Battles of the ’45, op.cit., pp.112–13.

  62 Tayler, Jacobite Miscellany, p.63

  63 Home’s History, p.169.

  64 R A Stuart M 11, p.188.

  65 R A Cumberland, 9/234.

  66 Hawley’s own reports to London shed no light on the matter (S P Scotland 27, Nos 29,33,34,37–9).

  67 H M C, Hastings, iii, p.54.

  68 H M C, 14, ix, pp.139–40; H M C, Various Colls, viii, pp.162–3; Tayler, Jacobite Miscellany, p.63.

  69 Tomasson and Buist, op.cit., p.105.

  70 R A Cumberland 10/298,313.

  71 Elcho, p.372 et seq.

  72 O’Sullivan, p.118.

  73 Home’s History, pp.172–4.

  74 Tomasson, Jacobite General, pp.142–52.

  75 R A Stuart M 11, p.190.

  76 Tomasson and Buist, op.cit., pp.122–3.

  77 R A Stuart M 11 p.194; Home’s History, p.176; Elcho, p.377.

  78 R A Stuart M 11, pp.190–1.

  79 Ibid., p.192.

  80 Ibid., p.193.

  81 ibid., pp.194–5.

  82 Tomasson and Buist, op.cit., p.126.

  83 Tomasson, Jacobite General, p.156.

  84 O’Sullivan, p.119.

  85 Blaikie, Itinerary (‘Lochgarry’s account’), p.119; Tayler, Jacobite Miscellany, p.64

  86 Alexander Mackenzie, History of the MacDonalds (Inverness, 1881), pp.350–3; cf. also Walpole Correspondence, 19, p.208.

  87 R A Stuart M 11, p.195.

  88 Maxwell of Kirkconnell, p.106; Chevalier de Johnstone, pp.134–6.

  89 L M, ii, p.163.

  90 Chevalier de Johnstone, p.89.

  91 Fraser, Earls of Cromarty, op.cit., p.384.

  92 Murray, ‘Marches’, p.96.

  93 Elcho, p.382.

  94 Ibid., p.381.

  95 S P Scotland 27 No.40.

  96 Maxwell of Kirkconnell, p.111.

  97 R A Stuart M 11, pp.203–4.

  98 Home’s History, Appendix, p.xxxix.

  99 Elcho, p.384.

  100 Tomasson, Jacobite General, p.163.

  101 R A Stuart M 11, pp.202–3.

  102 McLynn, Jacobite Army, p.25.

  103 R A Cumberland 9/249,262.

  104 R A Stuart M 11, p.205.

  105 For the true nature and extent (much less than Lord George Murray imagined) of the desertions see Albemarle Papers, pp.247–59; Tayler, Anonymous History, pp.48–9; Fergusson, Argyll in the ’45, p.93. One of the reasons Murray may have been misled was that the desertion rate was particularly high among the Athollmen (see Jacobite Correspondence of the Atholl Family (Edinburgh, Abbotsford Club, 1840), pp.196–200).

  106 The lack of direction and sense of purposelessness comes through clearly in Jacobite correspondence of this period (see R A Cumberland 9/235–78).

  107 For an interesting discussion of this point see Youngson, The Prince and the Pretender, op.cit., pp.237–9.

  108 Tomasson, Jacobite General, p.165.

  109 O’Sullivan, p.122.

  110 Home’s History (‘Hay of Restalrig’s account’), p.355.

  111 Blaikie, Itinerary, pp.76–7. It is very significant that Lord Elcho, always a hostile witness to the prince and inclined to give Lord George Murray the benefit of every doubt, agreed with the prince on this point (Elcho, p.385).

  112 Exactly what he did claim! (S P Scotland 28 No.3; cf. also Walpole Correspondence, 19, pp.207–8.)

  113 Blaikie, Itinerary, p.77.

  114 The prince later reproached himself for hot making a more forceful reply, incorporating these points (R A Stuart M 11, pp.206–7).

  115 Maxwell of Kirkconnell, p.112.

  116 Tomasson, Jacobite General, p.164.

  117 Blaikie, Itinerary, p.78.

  118 Home’s History, Appendix, p.xl.

  CHAPTER SIXTEEN

  1 O’Sullivan, p.123.

  2 Elcho, p.385.

  3 Tomasson, Jacobite General, p.166.

  4 R A Stuart M 11, p.209.

  5 R A Cumberland 10/331.

  6 R A Stuart M 11, p.210.

  7 Maxwell of Kirkconnell, p.114.

  8 Home’s History, pp.187–92.

  9 Elcho, p.386; S P Scotland 28 No.1.

  10 Tomasson, Jacobite General, p.170.

  11 R A Stuart M 11, p.211.

  12 Daily Advertiser, 7 February 1746.

  13 Tomasson, Jacobite General, p.167.

  14 L M, i, pp.17,83; L M, ii, p.132.

  15 R A Cumberland 69/11.41.18.

  16 O’Sullivan, p.124; Elcho, p.386.

  17 O’Sullivan, p.125.

  18 Maxwell of Kirkconnell, p.115.

  19 L M, ii, p.32.

  20 R A Stuart M 11, pp.211–12.

  21 Maxwell of Kirkconnell, p.115.

  22 Tomasson, Jacobite General, p.173.

  23 R A Cumberland 10/337.

  24 Tomasson, Jacobite General, p.174.

  25 Lord George Murray, ‘Marches’, p.100.

  26 O’Sullivan, p.127.

  27 Ibid.

  28
Lord George Murray, ‘Marches’, p.100; Maxwell of Kirkconnell, p.116.

  29 The retreat from Stirling made this contingency even more remote. D’Eguilles was now disillusioned, convinced he was with a demoralised and defeated army (Add. MSS 34,523 ff.79–80).

  30 Tomasson, Jacobite General, p.175.

  31 L M, i, p.84.

  32 R A Cumberland 69/11.41.18.

  33 R A Stuart M 11, p.212.

  34 Spalding Club Miscellany I (1841), p.434.

  35 W. Cheyne-MacPherson, Chiefs of Clan MacPherson (1948), pp.101–2.

  36 Murray, ‘Marches’, p.100.

  37 L M, ii, p.132.

  38 Scots Magazine, 1746, p.87. The prince’s column proceeded by Taybridge and Tummel Bridge to Dalnacardoch. His artillery was taken to Blair Atholl via Dunkeld.

  39 S P Scotland 28 No.20.

  40 Scots Magazine, 1746, p.48.

  41 Scots Magazine, 1746, pp.81–9.

  42 Speck, The Butcher, p.l 13.

  43 R A Cumberland 10/340,350.

  44 R A Cumberland 10/353.

  45 R A Cumberland 10/357.

  46 R A Cumberland 10/362,366.

  47 R A Stuart 273/21.

  48 R A Cumberland 10/358.

  49 Elcho, p.388.

  50 Scots Magazine, 1746, p.89; Elcho, p.389.

  51 L M, ii, p.134; R A Cumberland 10/374.

  52 O’Sullivan, p.131.

  53 R A Cumberland 10/356.

  54 L M, ii, p.134.

  55 For a sketch of Lady Anne Mackintosh see Compton Mackenzie, Prince Charlie’s Ladies, op.cit., pp.49–69.

  56 See Conway to Walpole, 7 May 1746: ‘She was said to be the first in the good graces of the young gentleman but I believe had only the name of it, for he is generally reckoned quite indifferent to women, and I believe a true Italian in all respects’ (Walpole Correspondence, 37, pp.244–5).

  57 Tayler, Jacobite Miscellany, p.65.

  58 M C P, v, pp.4–5.

  59 Scots Magazine, 1746, p.91.

  60 Chevalier de Johnstone, p.145.

  61 L M, ii, p.134.

  62 Chevalier de Johnstone, p.146.

  63 O’Sullivan, p.130.

  64 L M, ii, p.246.

  65 M C P, v, p.5.

  66 London Gazette, 1–4 March 1746.

  67 London Gazette, 8–11 March 1746.

  68 M C P, v, p.5.

  69 Add. MSS 34,523 f.81.

  70 M C P, v, p.5.

  71 Maxwell of Kirkconnell, p.118.

  72 L M, ii, p.138; Scots Magazine, 1746, p.91.

  73 R A Cumberland 11/41; M C P, v, pp.6–8.

  74 M C P, v, p.17.

  75 M C P, v, p.42.

  76 R A Stuart M 11, p.215; M C P, v, pp.8,17.

  77 Scots Magazine, 1746, p.92.