The Perfect Heresy
Page 29
call for crusade against, 69–70
campaign against, 5–6
in Carcassonne, 100, 173
and Cistercian monks, 59
connection to Nazis, 257–58
crusade against, 140, 156
debates with Catholics, 55–56, 57, 58, 62–63, 71, 94, 130
in exile, 240, 241
Inquisition in destruction of, 197–200, 226–30
in Languedoc, 8, 9–10, 183, 222–25, 239
legacy of, 262–64
in Minerve, 111–16, 125
at Montségur, 213–21
network of, 161
organization, 31
and power struggle between feudal lords, 106–7
Raymond Roger Trencavel and, 76, 77
reemergence of, 173–74
revival of, 233–38
romanticized, 253
in Toulouse, 121–23
valedictory, 222–25
writings about, 249–52, 253, 255–62
Cathedral of Ste-Cécile, 2–5, 3f
Catholic hierarchy, 170–72
conclave on Raymond of Toulouse, 125–26
Catholicism, 258
conversion to, 204
Catholics, 121
debates with Cathars, 55–56, 57, 58, 62–63, 94, 130
Cavaille, William-Peter, 237
Celestine III, Pope, 35
Cellerien, Sicard, 31
Champagne, 8
Charlemagne, 46
Chartres, 181
Chatte (cat), 97–98, 164–65, 166–67, 216
Christianity, 37
Church (the), 2, 11–12, 213
as cash cow for French monarchs, 181
dissatisfaction with, 8
and Languedoc, 49–54, 118
role in world, 31
women in, 40–41
Church leaders, Languedoc, 170–72
Church of Rome, 109
Church of St. Mary Magdalene (Béziers), 79, 85
Cistercian monastic movement/monks, 49–51, 58–60, 62, 176, 196, 200
Civil society
destroyed by Inquisition, 198
Claricia, 36
Clement III, Pope, 36
Clergue, Peter, 238
Cologne, Germany, 30
Colonna (clan), 35, 118
Comminges, 134
Comminges, count of, 139
Conrad of Marburg, 195, 228
Consolamentum, 23–24, 26, 77, 131, 173, 191, 219, 235–36, 242
for Belibaste, 240, 241
women receiving, 41, 43
Constance (mother of Raymond VI), 44, 45
Constantine, 37
Constantinople, 73, 119
Consuls (capitouls), 52, 120, 160
Conti family, 35–36
Conti di Segni, Lotario dei
see Innocent III, Pope (Lotario dei Conti di Segni)
Corbières, 18, 79, 90, 127, 157, 240, 246, 258, 262
Cordes, 200
Counterculture, 258–59
Couserans, 134
Credentes, 21, 22, 25–26, 28, 115, 121, 122, 131, 173, 174, 210, 235
of Bélibaste, 241
burned at Montségur, 219
errors in beliefs of, 236
female, 42, 43
in Inquisition, 199, 208
number of, 41
refuge at Montségur, 214
Cross (the), 24–25, 28
Crusade, 75–80, 117, 250
attack on Béziers, 78–80, 81–87, 88, 221
end of, 179–90
end of, ordered, 137, 138–39, 140
against lands of Toulouse, 129–31
in Languedoc, 138–41
military success of, 118
reinstated, 141
victim of quarantine, 169
see also Albigensian Crusade
Crusaders, 70–74
attack on Carcassonne, 88–103
attack on Minerve, 112–16
battle of Muret, 141–49
destruction by, 109
promises made to, 72
Crusades, 26, 239
bloody sideshows in, 73
doom for Jews in, 80
D
d’Ablis, Geoffrey, 237, 238
d’Alayrac, Philip, 237, 240
D’Alfaro, Raymond, 208–9
Dante Alighieri, 58
De miseria condicionis humanae (Clement III), 36
Debussy, Claude, 261
Delicieux, Bernard, 4, 233, 234f
Diego de Azevedo, bishop of Osma, 60–63
Dispossession, threat of, 202
Divine Comedy (Dante), 58
Docetism, 30
Doinel, Jules, 254
Dominic, St.
see Domingo de Guzmán (St. Dominic)
Dominicans, 60, 172, 174–75, 202
and Inquisition, 7, 14
inquisitors, 192, 196, 200–205, 208, 229, 232
Domingo de Guzmán (St. Dominic), x, 15, 60–66, 61f, 71, 129, 173, 185, 202, 239, 250
canonized saint, 192
death of, 174–75
Dondaine, Antoine, 14
Dualism, 13, 18, 23, 81, 111, 121, 236, 238, 245
Cathar, 11, 12, 24, 41, 173
“churches” of, 230
Dualists, 30, 174
Dutch Rosicrucians, 259
E
Eco, Umberto, 228
Eleanor (wife of Raymond of Toulouse), 92
Eleanor of Aquitaine, 190, 225
Endura (hunger strike), 236
England, 181
Enguerrand of Coucy, 129
Epernon, Robert d’, 22
Ermessinde (wife of Roger Bernard), 225
Esclarmonde of Foix, x, 43, 110–1, 153, 176, 250, 256
film about, 262
operas about, 253
Etiennette de Pennautier (called Loba), 45–46, 48, 104, 105, 176
Eudes, duke of Burgundy, 69
Eudo, 27
Europe, Church in, 39
Excommunication, threat of, 202
F
Fabre, Raymond, 237
Faidits (fautors), 107
Fair heretics (bela eretga), 44
Fanjeaux (town), 18, 43, 62, 110
Cathars in, 170, 173
Fausta (wife of Constantine), 37, 38
Félibrige, 253, 254
Ferrer, Brother, 226–27
Feudal lords
political power struggle between, 106–7
Feudal order
French king represented sacred legitimacy of, 183
Feudal rules, 136, 140
Feudalism, 44
Fiancée des ténèbres, La (film), 262
Figueira, Guilhem, 171
First Crusade, 46
First World War, 254
Flanders, 52
Foix, 64, 253
castle of, 108
and royal crusade, 184, 186
Foix, count of, 134, 139
Foix, family of, 135–36
Fontevrault, 224
Fontfroide, monastery of, 59
Fournier, Jacques (later Benedict XII), x, 237, 238, 239, 245–46, 245f
Fourth Crusade, 72–73, 108, 119
Fourth Lateran Council, 150–56, 152f, 177, 195
decree of, 155–56, 157, 161, 170, 178
France, 10
and Languedoc, 178, 180–81
annexed Languedoc, 2, 10, 19, 225
Francis of Assisi, 62
Franciscans, 62, 175, 204
Frangipani, 35, 38, 118, 179
Frederick Barbarossa, Emperor, 22, 28, 72
Frederick II, Emperor (Stupor Mundi), 35, 203, 207, 218
French army, 206, 212
royal crusade, 183–87
French monarchy
Occitans and, 183
French Third Republic, 249, 250, 253
French Underground, 258
Fulk of Marseilles, bishop of Toulouse, x, 15, 42, 49, 58, 64, 66, 68–69, 122f, 124, 130, 152, 171–72, 202,
246
and battle of Muret, 142, 144
deceased, 192
in exile, 170, 175
at Fourth Lateran Council, 153–54, 155–56
preaching campaign in Toulouse, 121–23
and royal crusade, 183, 186
and siege of Toulouse, 160, 161, 164
G
Garcias, Peter, 222–23, 246
Garonne, 161, 164
Gascon nobility, 142
Gascony, 47
Gaston of Béarn, 139
Gelasius II, Pope, 34
Genoa, 181
Geralda, lady of Lavaur, 111, 131
Giotto di Bondone, 62
Gnostics, 30, 42, 80, 81
God of Catharism, 11
Golairan, William-Raymond, 209
Gospel of John, 80–81
Grail stories, 254, 256, 257
Great Heresy
Languedoc and, 17–31
Gregory VII, Pope, 25, 33, 94
Gregory IX, Pope (Ugolino dei Conti di Segni), x, 186, 193, 194f, 195–96, 202–3
death of, 207
Gros, Raymond, 204
Gui, Bernard, 228, 237, 239
Guilhabert of Castres, x–xi, 15, 43, 63, 110, 173, 191, 192, 214, 239, 259
Guirdham, Arthur, 259
Guy de Montfort, 166
H
Heaven’s Gate, 261
Helena (mother of Constantine), 37
Henry of Lausanne, 27, 29
Henry II, king of England, 25, 66, 70, 225
Henry III, king of England, 207–8, 211–12
Henry VI, Emperor and king of Germany, 34–35, 203
Henry VIII, king of England, 38
Heresiarchs, 21, 173
Heresy, 27–31, 57, 205, 233
bastion of, 110
celebration of failed, 248–49
Inquisition and, 225–30
in Italy, 230
Languedoc, 156
putting down, 195–96
rooting out, 206
tolerance of, 94, 140
Heresy tribunal, 193–95
Heretics, 72
burning, 127, 131
Hervé de Donzy, count of Nevers, 69, 100
Hildegard of Bingen, 40
Histoire des Albigeois (Peyrat), 250
Hohenstaufens, 47, 177
Holy Blood and the Holy Grail, The (Baigent, Leigh, and Lincoln), 260–61
Honorius III, Pope, 169
Hot, Arnold, 63
Hugh de Lacy, 103
Hugh de Lusignan, 207–8, 212
Hugh of Arcis, 215, 216–17
Hugo, Victor, 261
Humbert de Beaujeau, 186
Hundred Years’ War, 212
Huysmans, Joris-Karl, 254
I
Iberian Peninsula, 10, 93, 132
Ideas, 20
history of, 10
in Languedoc, 52–53
Ile de France, 10, 19, 44, 178
Ile de la Cité, 187–88, 190
Informers, 198, 199, 204
Innocent III, Pope (Lotario dei Conti di Segni), xi, 15, 32–39, 34f, 40, 41, 51, 54, 60, 62, 66, 70, 157, 171, 176, 177, 186, 196, 203, 239
on bishops, 195
call for crusade, 68–69, 109
and Church in Languedoc, 57–58
and crusades, 72, 73–74, 87, 94, 133, 137
death of, 159, 174
ended Albigensian Crusade, 137, 138–39, 140
Fourth Lateran Council, 150–51, 153–56, 161
launched Albigensian Crusade, 6
made it crime to tolerate presence of heretics, 106–7
Pedro vassal of, 92–93
power of, 118–19
and punishment of Raymond, 126, 129
and Raymond of Toulouse’s diplomatic offensive, 119–20, 124, 125
reinstated crusade, 140–41
Innocent IV, Pope, 229–30
Inquisition, 2, 7, 42, 173, 191–200, 211, 214, 215, 218–19, 225–30, 240, 241, 242, 246
Aragonese, 241
backlash, 201–10
heads of, 237
interrogation check list, 197
interrogations, 14, 226, 228
in Italy, 229–30
symbol of, 220f
torture in, 229
Inquisition registers, 227, 227f, 233
Inquisitors, 196–200, 202–4, 205f, 208, 211, 213, 222, 225–30, 232, 238
Inquisitor’s manuals, 228
Interdict, 129
threat of, 202
Toulouse under, 118, 120, 204
Internet, 261
Italian language, 22
Italy, 8, 39
Inquisition in, 229–30
J
Jean de St. Pierre, 227–28
Jerusalem, 8, 39, 46, 70, 72, 137, 151
Jesus of Nazareth, 24, 30, 260
Jews, 69, 77, 202
attacked by crusaders, 73
doom for, in crusades, 80
of Languedoc, 20, 53
required to wear yellow circle, 151
in Toulouse, 121, 123
Joan of Arc, cult of, 250
Joan of England, 45, 156, 158, 224
John, king of England, 149, 181
Jongleurs, 19–20, 43, 44
Jordan, Pons, 63
Jubilee, 230–32
K
Kabbalah/Kabbalists, 20, 42
Knights, 109, 144, 215
in battle of Muret, 141–43, 146
killed at Lavaur, 130
mounted, 71
in siege of Toulouse, 165–66
Kreuzzug gegen den Gral (Rahn), 256
L
Lackland, John, 45
Languedoc, 1, 7, 13–14, 39
Amaury de Montfort handed over to France, 178, 181
annexed to France, 2, 10, 19, 225
betrayal of Cathars in, 222–25
Catharism in, 17–31, 41, 126
Cathars and, 8, 9–10, 183, 222- 25, 239
the Church and, 49–54, 118
crusade to, 73, 135, 138–41
debate between Cathars and Catholics, 55–56, 57, 58
in Fourth Lateran Council, 152–56
fragility of, 172–73
France and, 178, 180–81
and the Great Heresy, 16, 17–31
Inquisition in, 230
linguistic recovery movement, 253
as moral utopia, 255
overlords, 44–49
partible inheritance system, 43
pop exploitation of Catharism, 247–49, 258–62
repression of Cathars in, 228
resentment toward Inquisition in, 206
revolt in, 211–13
Romano di San Angelo papal legate to, 179–80
royal crusade in, 183–87, 190
search for heretics in, 196
Simon de Montfort lord of, 152, 156, 159
tolerance in, 173
troubadour culture, 250
war in, 169–72
warriors from, besieging Montségur, 215–18
Languedoc nobles, 172, 207–8
dispossessed, 106–7
and royal crusade, 182–83
La Mancha, 132–33
Las Navas de Tolosa, 133, 138, 142, 159
Lateran Palace, 28, 37, 38
Laurac, 173
Lauragais, 173
Lavaur, 18, 129, 137, 138, 173, 184
siege of, 129–31, 171
Leigh, Richard, 260
Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel, 14
Lincoln, Henry, 260
Lizier, Grazida, 236
Lombard League, 22
Lombardy, 52
Lombers (town), 30–31, 44, 56, 110
Lombrives, 251–52, 254, 255
Louis VIII, king of France, xii, 169, 177, 180–81, 213
royal crusade, 182, 183–85
Louis IX, king of France, 185f, 189, 215, 239
Louvre, 190
Lucius II, Pope, 34
Luzifers Hofg
esind (Rahn), 256–57
M
Magiciens et illuminés (Magre), 255
Magna Carta, 107, 151
Magre, Maurice, 255–56, 258, 260
Maimonides, Moses, 202
Main de Dieu, La (movie), 261–62
Malvoisine, La (Bad Neighbor), 112–13, 114, 124, 164
Mangonels, 96
Manual of the Inquisitors of Carcassonne (Bernard de Caux), 228
Mark (gravedigger), 22, 229, 239
Marmande massacre, 169, 177, 183
Marseilles, 183
Marty, Arnold, 243
Marty, Bertrand, 214, 215, 216, 217, 219
Mary, mother of Jesus, 40, 101
Mary Magdalene, 80–81, 239, 260
feastday, 79, 80, 88, 116
Mass executions by fire, 116
Massacres, 211
at Marmande, 169
at Montgey, 153–54
at Muret, 149, 159
Matter/material world
in Catharism, 10, 11, 122
Maury, Peter, 241, 243–44
Medieval (the), 7
Medieval society, 71
Medieval warfare
conventions of, 84
sabotage scenario, 98
Melioramentum, 21, 22, 121, 242
Mercadier, Sans, 237
Mercenaries (routiers), 65, 71, 86, 164, 215
with crusading army, 71, 72
Mercier, Guirald, 31
Metempsychosis, 42
Middle Ages, 7, 67
Milo (notary), 69, 125
Mine gallery(ies), 98
Minerve, 111–16, 124, 125, 127, 137, 164, 173
Minervois, 18, 90, 111
Mirabilis Urbis Romae (Innocent III), 36
Mirepoix, 173
Mistral, Frederic, 253
Moissac, 200
Monastic clergy, 50
Monasticism, 49
Moneylending, 121, 122
Montagne Noire, 18, 79, 90, 105, 127, 157
Perfects on, 192
Montaillou, 18, 237–38, 242
Montaillou (Le Roy Ladurie), 14
Montforts, 177, 179
Arnold Amaury turned against, 176
reparations to, 180
Montgey, 130, 135, 163
massacre at, 153–54
Montpellier, 7, 17, 47, 52, 59, 60, 128
Church leaders exiled in, 170
and crusade, 76
Dominic in, 61–62
Inquisition in, 202
Montpensier, 184, 185
Montréal, 18, 62, 63
siege of, 206
Montségur, 18, 137, 153, 256, 259, 262–63, 263f
Cathars in, 110, 173, 205
cult of, 250–52, 254
fall of, 15, 213–21, 222
siege of, 7
studies of, 258
refuge for Perfect, 213–15
Moore, R. I., 13
Moors, 10, 133, 137
Morella, 242, 243, 246
Mount St. Bartholomew, 110, 214, 263
Muret, 177
battle of, 141–49, 146f, 147f, 152
memory of, avenged, 166
victory of, 156, 159
Muslims, 10, 39, 151