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Whirlwind

Page 34

by Barrett Tillman


  harbor war against, 194–222, 264

  home islands map of, 49

  interservice rivalry in, 253–55

  planned invasion of, 163, 199–222

  POW camps in, 248, 250–51, 269, 293n

  Shimonoseki Strait in, 195–96, 197, 198

  strategic bombing of, legacy of, 252–71

  strategic bombing casualties in, xvi, 153, 256, 292n, 297n

  strategic bombing plan for, 20, 21, 31–34

  surrender of, 242–47, 249–50

  targeting of industry in, 76–77, 262–64

  targeting of urban areas in, 103, 262–64

  war planning and policy of, 26–30

  Japanese Army Air Force (JAAF), 39–40, 51, 54, 76, 83, 95, 131, 173, 254, 256

  Java, 78, 117, 177

  Jeppson, Morris R., 232

  jet stream, 84–85, 101

  Johnson, Davenport, 274–75

  Joint Chiefs of Staff, U.S., 28–29, 64, 76, 158, 208, 264–65

  Joltin’ Josie, the Pacific Pioneer, 78, 79, 164

  Jones, David M., 5, 279n

  Judy dive bombers, 245

  Jukebox 70, 192

  Jutland, Battle of (1916), 13, 108

  Kaiho, Hideichi, 96

  Kaiyo, 130–31, 214, 216, 219–20

  kamikazes, 112, 123, 125, 132–33, 134, 158–61, 162, 201, 207, 257, 268, 292n

  Kanaga, Franz, 212–13

  Kanaoka, Takashi, 264

  Kanno, Naoshi, 126, 127

  Kashiide, Isamu, 51, 55

  Kato, Katsue, 128

  Katsuragi, 130, 212, 216

  Kawabe, Masakazu, 76

  Kawano, Takahashi, 164–65

  Kay, Randy, 245

  Keith, W. J. “Pete,” 116

  Kenney, George C., 45

  Kharagpur, India, 41, 44, 46, 58, 65

  kikusui (floating chrysanthemum) attacks, 160

  Kimura, Sadamitsu, 51

  King, Ernest, 205, 208, 209, 218, 267–68

  King, Richard T., 87–88

  King, Robert, 164

  Kistiakowsky, George, 227

  Klatt, Burt, 192

  Klimczak, Walter, 95

  Klinger, Robert, 212

  Kobayashi, Teruhiko, 95

  Kobe, Japan, 5, 102, 136, 155, 254

  Kofukuda, Mitsugu, 52, 70

  Kojun, Empress of Japan, 151

  Kokura, Japan, 231, 232, 235

  Komachi, Sadamu, 247

  Konoye, Prince of Japan, 269

  Korea, 27, 185, 197, 198, 250

  Korean War, 97

  Kraft, Elmer A., 217

  Krantz, James B., 91

  Krause, Thomas, 89

  Kure Harbor, Japan, 125–32, 196, 208, 211–19, 264

  Kuril Islands, 48, 170, 273–75

  Kusakawa, Kiyoshi, 213

  Kuter, Lawrence S., 19

  Kyoto, Japan, 145

  Kyushu Imperial University, 171

  Laird, Dean “Diz,” 114, 121

  landing signal officers (LSOs), 122–23

  Langley, USS, 108, 109, 121

  Lansdowne, Zachary, 13

  League of Nations, 12

  Ledford, Jack C., 60–61

  Leighton, Bruce, 31

  LeMay, Curtis, 37, 138, 159, 160, 166, 190, 249, 269, 270

  atomic bomb and, 226, 231

  China B-29 operations and, 53, 56–59, 62, 63–66, 97

  firebombing tactic and, 101–5, 134–37, 142, 156

  harbor war against Japan and, 194, 195, 197, 199, 200

  low-level B-29 tactics and, 104–5, 135, 147, 148, 152, 156, 260

  Marianas B-29 operations and, 91, 93, 94, 97–105, 162–64, 168, 172, 239, 240, 241–42, 259–61, 263

  search and rescue operations and, 188

  Leonard, Paul J., 6, 279n

  Leonard, William N., 208

  Lewis, Robert A., 233

  Lexington (CV-2), USS, 109, 116, 118–19

  Leyte Gulf, Battle of (1944), 106, 208, 212, 218, 260

  Limber Dugan, 51–52

  Lindbergh, Charles A., 14, 16

  Liscombe Bay, USS, 124

  Little Boy, 227, 232–34

  Lockheed Hudson bombers, 32

  London, England, 142

  Long, Herbert “Trigger,” 129–30

  Long, John W., Jr., 220, 296n

  LORAN (LOng RAnge Navigation), 79

  Lowden, Victor S., 244

  Lucky Irish, 85

  Luftwaffe, 18, 21, 26, 141, 179, 255

  MacArthur, Douglas, 55, 205, 238, 249, 266

  McCain, John S., 110, 133, 199–201, 208–9, 215, 243, 250, 261

  McElroy, Edgar E., 5, 102, 103

  McGovern, William M., 140

  McMillan, Richard, 62

  McNab, John, 243

  Malo, Raymond F., 164, 174

  Manchuria, 29, 51, 54, 58

  Manhattan Engineering District (MED) (Manhattan Project), 225–27, 229, 297n

  Mao Tse-tung, 62

  Mariana Islands, xv, 40, 41, 59, 64, 65, 67–103, 238, 239, 241–42, 247

  atomic bomb and, 230, 234, 235, 237

  search and rescue missions from, 188–93

  strategic firebombing missions from, 102–3, 134–73

  Marianas Turkey Shoot, Great (1944), 67, 106, 111, 119

  Marichone, Anthony, 248

  Marine Corps, U.S., xv, 67, 73

  Iwo Jima invasion and, 123, 134–35, 174

  naval air units of, 112, 119, 125–28, 238

  Marquardt, George, 231

  Marshall, George C., 231

  Martin, William I., 133

  Matterhorn (Setting Sun), Operation, 40–47

  Meetinghouse raid (Mission 40), 146–54

  Meiji, Emperor of Japan, 28

  Memphis Belle, 84, 95

  Midway, Battle of (1942), 7, 111, 217

  Midway Island, 39

  MiG fighters, 185

  Mikes, Edward, 192–93

  Military Academy, U.S. (West Point), 190, 225–26

  Miller, Harry, 60–61

  Miller, Henry L., 113

  Minami, Rokuemon, 198

  mines, 194–99, 264

  Miranda, John, 191

  Missouri, USS, 249

  Mitchell, John W., 185

  Mitchell, William L. “Billy,” xvii, 2, 11–14, 15–16, 18, 22, 23, 32, 101, 109, 259, 270

  Mitscher, Marc A. “Pete,” 3, 107, 111, 113, 119, 122, 123, 124, 125, 132, 133, 199, 200, 204, 250, 261, 270

  Mobley, Thomas, 126–27

  Moffett, William A., 109

  Monterey, USS, 214

  Montgomery, John B., 86, 93, 104, 136–37

  Moore, Clarence A., 245

  Moore, Ernest M. “Mickey,” 175, 180

  Moore, R. Todd, 185

  Morgan, Robert K., 84, 95

  Morgan, Virgil, 196

  Morimoto, Tatsuo, 55

  Morioka, Yutaka, 192–93

  Morrow, Dwight W., 16

  Morrow Board, 16

  Mountbatten, Louis, 45

  Mrs. Tittymouse, 258

  Mulligan, Charles, 95

  Mundy, George W., 190–92

  Musashi, Miyamoto, 117

  Muto, Kaneyoshi, 117, 212

  Muto, Kiyoko, 117

  Nagasaki, Japan, 47, 54, 219, 231

  atomic bombing of, 234–37, 262, 268, 269, 270, 298n

  Nagato, 209–11

  Nagoya, Japan, 5, 76, 90, 91–92, 94, 102, 136, 154, 155, 157, 164, 167–68, 190–91, 211, 254

  napalm, 139, 147, 148, 150

  Nashville, USS, 3

  National Air and Space Museum, 271, 302n

  Naval Academy, U.S. (Annapolis), 109, 114, 131, 200

  Navy, U.S., xv, 7, 21, 106–34

  airfield construction and, 68–75, 237–38

  B-29 bombing campaign and, 98, 162–63

  British Pacific Fleet and, 204–7, 219, 221–22, 244–45

  Fleet Air Wing Four of, 274–75

  harbor war against Japan
and, 194–222, 264

  invasion of Japan and, 199–222

  kamikaze losses by, 158, 160, 292n

  minelaying operations of, 194–99

  search and rescue by, 188–93

  strategic bombing development and, 12–13, 21, 23

  Neddermeyer, Seth, 227

  New Guinea, 68, 117

  Newhafer, Richard L., 244

  Nick (Ki-45) fighters, 51, 55, 276

  Nicolini, E. J. “Nic,” 116

  Nimitz, Chester W., 41, 98, 134, 162, 163, 194, 195, 199, 208, 209, 218, 219, 249, 266

  9th Bomb Group, 92, 155, 164, 174

  Nomohan, Battle of (1939), 29, 51

  Norden, Carl L., 21, 23, 25

  Norden bombsight, 23–25, 56, 60, 263

  Norstad, Lauris, 56, 57, 91, 97–98, 103, 104, 259

  Northeast Area Fleet, Japanese, 274

  Oak Ridge, Tenn., 226

  O’Donnell, Emmett “Rosie,” 59, 78, 80, 84, 85–86, 88–89, 104, 164, 190, 286n

  Office of Naval Intelligence, 31

  Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 140

  Ohe-machi, Japan, 76

  Okinawa, xv, 68, 124, 131, 132–33, 134, 163, 195, 204, 215, 219, 228, 236, 237–41, 246, 247, 248, 257

  Okumiya, Masatake, 4, 68, 76

  Olympic, Operation, 163, 199, 200, 208

  Omura, Japan, 47, 53–54, 59–61, 63, 65, 83, 254

  152nd Army Engineer Battalion, 70–71

  Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 225–27, 270

  Orionchek, Alexander, 159–60

  Osaka, Japan, 5, 136, 145, 154–55, 182, 211, 240

  Oscar (Ki-43) fighters, 119, 128, 184, 276

  Ostfriesland, 13, 109

  Ota, Japan, 76, 100, 118

  Ottinger, George M., 129, 131

  Owens, William J., 92–93

  Oyodo, 131, 215, 216

  P-38 Lightning fighters, 175, 176, 248–49, 274

  P-39 fighters, 181

  P-40 fighters, 32, 181

  P-47 Thunderbolt fighters, 33, 86, 180, 181, 238, 241

  P-51 Mustang fighters, xv, 164, 172, 246

  bomber escort role of, 174–93

  search and rescue missions and, 188–93

  strike role of, 187–88

  P-61 Black Widow night fighters, 62, 238

  Pahl, Herschel, 244

  Parsons, William S. “Deke,” 227, 232, 233

  Pattie, Donald A., 114, 120–21

  Pearl Harbor attack (1941), 1, 21, 34, 126, 132, 185, 211, 271

  Pengshan, China, 41

  Pflumb, Raymond, 193

  Pforzheim, Germany, 141–42

  Philippines, 1, 7, 32, 78, 117, 118, 177, 178, 199, 200, 250, 286n

  Philippine Sea, Battle of the (1944), 111

  Phipps, Harve, 181, 187

  Ping, Robert A., 197

  Pintado, USS, 191–92

  Ploesti, Romania, 33

  Potsdam Declaration (1945), 215, 229, 231, 261, 269

  Power, Thomas S., 98, 104, 137, 151, 270

  Privateer patrol bombers, 192, 193

  Pulley, John H., Jr., 159

  Putt, Donald Leander, 34

  Quebec Conference (1944), 204–5

  radar, 85, 99, 101, 125, 133, 155, 182, 196–97, 198, 212, 239, 240, 242, 254–55, 263, 274

  Radford, Arthur, 200

  Rainbow Five plan, 108

  Ramey, Roger, 64, 167

  Ramp Tramp, 54

  Randolph, Richard L., 44

  Randolph, USS, 114, 217

  Ranger, USS, 200

  Rasmussen, Oliver, 203–4

  Rawlings, Henry Bernard, 205–6

  Ready Teddy, 54

  reconnaisance, 17, 80, 85, 90, 125–26, 196, 219, 248, 274

  Red Cross, 157

  Reeves, Joseph M. “Billy Goat,” 109

  Regia Aeronautica, 12, 26

  Republic Aircraft, 22

  Robertson, Gordon B., 152, 167

  Rockcrusher mission, 87

  rockets, 129–30, 187, 216

  Roosevelt, Franklin D., 2, 19, 35, 38, 50, 165, 204–5, 224, 258, 259

  Rosalia Rocket, 87

  Rosie the Riveter, 161

  Rover Boys Express, 96

  Royal Air Force (RAF), 11, 12, 25, 26, 50, 110

  firebombing and, 137–38, 141

  Royal Flying Corps, 11

  Royal Navy, xv, 28, 108, 204–7, 219, 244–45

  Fleet Air Arm of, 206–7, 221–22

  Rules for the Use of Airplanes in War (Douhet), 9

  Ryuho, 130

  Ryukyu Islands, 237–41

  Saipan, 64, 68, 80, 88, 91, 95, 228, 241

  airfield construction on, 70–72

  Japanese air raids on, 86, 87

  Sakai, Saburo, 47–48, 82, 117, 247–48

  Sakaida, Henry, 178

  Sally bombers, 121

  Sanada, Joichiro, 39

  San Antonio 1 mission, 84–86

  San Antonio 2 mission, 86

  Sanders, Robert, 165

  San Jacinto, USS, 114, 116, 118–20, 211

  Saratoga (CV-3), USS, 109, 112, 119, 123

  Sasaki, Fusako, 153, 169

  Saunders, Laverne G. “Blondie,” 43, 44, 53, 54, 58

  Scamara, Robert, 185–86

  Scanlan, John V., 186, 294n

  Schaefer, Vernon, 62

  Schecter, Gordon E., 118

  Schweinfurt, Germany, 57

  scout planes, 110

  Seabees (Construction Battalions), U.S. Navy, 68–75, 175, 237–38, 285n

  Seafire fighters, 207, 244–45

  seaplanes, 188, 189, 190, 193

  2nd Bombardment Group, 56

  2nd Marine Aircraft Wing, 238

  Second General Army, Japanese, 232

  Serviceman’s Code of Conduct, Japanese, 28

  7th Air Force, 87, 174, 216, 237, 238

  7th Fleet, Japanese, 198

  17th Bomb Group (Medium), 2

  72nd Fighter Squadron, 181

  73rd Bomb Wing, 59, 64, 77–79, 84, 88, 89, 136

  Seversky, Alexander P. de, 21–23, 280n-81n

  Shady Lady, 96

  Shanghai, China, 63

  Shangri-La, USS, 113, 199, 203, 204, 207, 215, 242, 243

  Shenandoah (ZR-1), USS, 13

  Sherman, Forrest, 249

  Sherman, Frederick C. “Ted,” 118, 133, 250

  Shigemitsu, Mamoru, 257

  Shimokawa, Yukio, 82, 127

  Shimonoseki Strait, 195–96, 197, 198

  Simeral, George, 165, 166

  Simpson, A. A., 244–45

  Singapore, 65

  6th Bomb Group, 92–93, 102, 196

  6th Construction Brigade, U.S. Navy, 73, 75

  Sledgehammer 1 mission, 87

  Smith, Karl, 121

  Smith-Hutton, Henri, 31

  Smithsonian Institution, 271, 302n

  Solomon Islands, 67, 87, 117

  Soviet Union, 6, 29, 51, 54, 61, 101, 208, 226, 229, 261, 269, 270

  Spaatz, Carl “Tooey,” 230–31, 234, 247, 250, 269

  Spanish-American War, 109

  Spanish Civil War, 17, 18, 26

  Spatz, Harold, 6

  Spaulding, Robert L., 191

  Sperry Gyroscope Company, 23

  Spruance, Raymond A., 111, 113, 115, 133

  Standard Oil Company, 139

  Starvation, Operation, 194–99

  effectiveness of, 197–98

  Stauffer, Ornell, 55

  Stevens, Robert, 246

  Stilwell, Joseph W., 47, 50

  Stimson, Henry, 231

  strafing missions, 187–88, 201–2

  Strategic Air Command (SAC), U.S., 260, 270

  Strategic Air Intelligence Section, 20

  strategic bombing, xvi, 9–30

  criticisms of, 261–65, 300n

  doctrine for, 16–19, 21, 45, 104–5, 135, 156

  firebombing as tactic in, 102–3, 134–73

  legacy of, 252–71

  practical applicatio
n of, 21–25

  targeting of Japanese industry for, 76–77, 262–64

  Strategic Bombing Survey, U.S., 253, 256

  strike missions, 187–88, 242–45

  submarines, 2, 7, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192–93, 194, 264

  Sumatra, 54

  super-dumbo rescue planes, 189, 190

  Supreme Council, Japanese, 29

  Suribachi, Mount, 175, 182–83

  Suzuki, Kantaro, 269

  Sweeney, Charles, 231, 234–37

  Szilard, Leo, 224, 225, 227

  Taigei, 5

  Takahashi, Susumu, 150–51

  Takata, Toshitane, 237, 263–64

  Tapp, James B., 184–85

  Tarumizu, Japan, 239

  Task Force 38, 199–222, 242–45, 296n

  Task Force 58, 107, 111–33, 204

  Task Group 58.3, 118

  Teller, Edward, 225, 227

  10th Fighter Division, Japanese, 83, 85

  3rd Photographic Reconnaisance Squadron, 80, 85

  Third Fleet, 133, 199–222, 241, 260, 261

  13th Air Force, 237

  30th Construction Regiment, U.S. Navy, 73

  34th Army Engineer Battalion, 70–71

  38th Bomb Group, 219

  39th Bomb Group, 159–60, 190–92

  Thorsen, William R., 73

  302nd Naval Air Group, Japanese, 83, 178, 211

  304th Naval Squadron, Japanese, 245

  305th Bomb Group, 57

  313th Bomb Wing, 92, 100, 102, 136, 195, 198, 240

  314th Bomb Wing, 98, 100, 136, 137

  315th Bomb Wing, 167, 239–40, 242

  318th Fighter Group, 238

  319th Bomb Group, 239

  343rd Naval Air Group, Japanese, 126–28, 179

  348th Fighter Group, 246

  Tibbets, Paul W., 37, 229, 230, 231–34, 236, 239, 270

  Tice, Clay, 248–49

  Ticonderoga, USS, 212, 243

  Tinian, 65, 68, 71, 73–75, 92, 102, 165, 167, 197, 241

  atomic bomb and, 230, 234, 235, 237

  Tirpitz, 221

  Tojo, Hideki, 229, 268, 276

  Tojo (Ki-44) fighters, 85, 95, 119, 121, 184

  Tokyo, Japan:

  bombing casualties in, 153, 292n

  civil defense in, 143–45, 146

  Doolittle’s raid on, 1–7, 33, 48, 68, 80, 102, 107, 111, 187, 279n

  firebombings of, 102–3, 136–37, 146–54, 168–70, 171, 172, 292n

  first B-29 attack on, 84–86

  first carrier-launched attacks on, 118–23

  Great Kanto earthquake and, 143, 157

  Musashino aircraft factory in, 84–86, 87–88, 89, 91–92, 94–97, 120, 164

  strategic bombing of, 76–77, 84–105, 134–42, 146–54, 164, 168–70, 171, 172, 184–85

  Tokyo Electric Power Company, 148

  Tokyo Rose, 102

  Toland, John, 147

  Tone, 214

  Tony (Ki-61) fighters, 83, 121, 164, 184, 276

  torpedo planes, 110

  Toyu Maru, 202

  Trenchard, Hugh, 11, 12, 16, 18

  Truk Atoll, 116

  Truman, Harry S., 165, 166, 228, 234, 241, 266–67, 270

 

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