Perfect Girls, Starving Daughters: The Frightening New Normalcy of Hating Your Body
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Girls Inc.: www.girlsinc.com
Ms. Foundation for Women: www.ms.foundation.org
NARAL Pro-Choice America: www.naral.org
National Council for Research on Women: www.ncrw.org
National Organization for Women: www.now.org
Planned Parenthood Federation of America: www.plannedparenthood.org
Soapbox Inc. speaker’s bureau: www.soapboxinc.com
Third Wave Foundation: www.thirdwavefoundation.org
V-Day movement: www.vday.org
Wellesley Centers for Women: www.wcwonline.org
Woodhull Institute for Ethical Leadership: www.woodhull.org
Younger Women’s Task Force: www.ywtf.org
Feminist Publications, Blogs, and Companies
Alternet: www.alternet.org
Babeland: www.babeland.com
BUST magazine: www.bust.com
Bitch magazine: www.bitchmagazine.com
Bluestockings Bookstore: www.bluestockings.com
The Scholar & Feminist online: www.barnard.edu/sfonline
Feministing: www.feministing.com
Lilith magazine: www.lilith.org
Ms. magazine: www.msmagazine.com
New Moon magazine: www.newmoon.org
off our backs: www.offourbacks.org
The Real Hot 100: www.therealhot100.org
Seal Press: www.sealpress.com
Women’s eNews: www.womensenews.org
World Pulse magazine: www.worldpulsemagazine.com
Size Acceptance Activism
Adios Barbie: www.adiosbarbie.com
Big Fat Blog: www.bigfatblog.com
Body Positive: www.bodypositive.com
Fat! So?: www.fatso.com
National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance: www.naafa.org
Wendy McClure: www.poundy.com
Wendy Shanker: www.wendyshanker.com
Jessica Weiner: www.jessicaweiner.com
Books
Albers, Susan. Eating Mindfully: How to End Mindless Eating and Enjoy a Balanced Relationship with Food. New Harbinger Publications, 2002.
Bateson, Mary Catherine. Composing a Life. Grove Press, 1989.
Bordo, Susan. Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture, and the
Body. University of California Press, 1995.
Brashich, Audrey. All Made Up: A Girl’s Guide to Seeing Through Celebrity Hype and Celebrating Real Beauty. Walker Books for Young Readers, 2006.
Bruch, Hilda. Eating Disorders: Obesity, Anorexia Nervosa, and the Person Within. Basic Books, 1973.
Brumberg, Joan Jacobs. The Body Project: An Intimate History of American Girls. Random House, 1997.
———. Fasting Girls. Harvard University Press, 1988.
Chernin, Kim. The Hungry Self: Women, Eating, and Identity. Harper-Perennial, 1985.
———. The Obsession: Reflections on the Tyranny of Slenderness.
Harper & Row, 1981.
Dalton, Sharron. Our Overweight Children: What Parents, Schools, and Communities Can Do to Control the Fatness Epidemic. University of California Press, 2004.
Davis, Kathy. Embodied Practices: Feminist Perspectives on the Body. Sage Publications, 1997.
Duncan, Karen A. Healing from the Trauma of Childhood Sexual Abuse: The Journey for Women. Praeger, 2004.
Ellin, Abby. Teenage Waistland: A Former Fat Kid Weighs In on Living Large, Losing Weight, and How Parents Can (and Can’t) Help. Public Affairs, 2005.
Ensler, Eve. The Good Body. Villard, 2004.
Fraser, Laura. Losing It: American’s Obsession with Weight and the Industry That Feeds It. Dutton Press, 1997.
Friday, Nancy. My Mother/My Self: The Daughter’s Search for Identity. Delta Books, 1977.
Gilligan, Carol. In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Harvard University Press, 1982.
Ginsburg, Lynn, and Mary Taylor. What Are You Hungry For?: Women, Food, and Spirituality. St. Martin’s, 2002.
Greenfield, Lauren. Girl Culture. Chronicle Books, 2005.
Hornbacher, Marya. Wasted: A Memoir of Anorexia and Bulimia. Harper-Perennial, 1999.
Kabatznick, Ronna. The Zen of Eating: Ancient Answers to Modern Weight Problems. Perigee, 1998.
Knapp, Caroline. Appetites. Counterpoint, 2003.
Levy, Ariel. Female Chauvinist Pigs: Women and the Rise of Raunch Culture. Free Press, 2005.
Maine, Margot. Father Hunger: Fathers, Daughters, and the Pursuit of Thinness. Gurze Books, 2004.
Maine, Margot, and Joe Kelly. The Body Myth: Adult Women and the Pressure to Be Perfect. John Wiley & Sons, 2005.
Miedema, Baukje, Janet Stoppard, and Vivienne Anderson. Women’s Bodies/Women’s Lives: Health, Well-being, and Body Image. Sumach Press, 2000.
Nolen-Hoeksema, Susan. Eating, Drinking, Overthinking: The Toxic Triangle of Food, Alcohol, and Depression—and How Women Can Break Free. Henry Holt, 2006.
Orbach, Susie. Fat Is a Feminist Issue. Berkley, 1978.
Paul, Alice. Pornified. Henry Holt, 2005.
Pipher, Mary. Hunger Pains: The Modern Woman’s Tragic Quest for Thinness. Ballantine, 1997.
———. Reviving Ophelia: Saving the Lives of Adolescent Girls. Ballantine, 1994.
Quindlen, Anna. Being Perfect. Random House, 2005.
Roth, Geneen. Breaking Free from Compulsive Eating. Penguin, 1984.
———. Feeding the Hungry Heart. Bobbs-Merrill, 1982.
———. When Food Is Love: Exploring the Relationship Between Eating and Intimacy. Penguin, 1992.
Sachs, Brad. The Good Enough Child: How to Have an Imperfect Child
and Be Perfectly Satisfied. HarperCollins, 2002. -. The Good Enough Teen: How to Raise Adolescents with Love and
Acceptance (Despite How Impossible They Can Be). HarperCollins, 2005.
Sacker, Ira M., and Mark A. Zimmer. Dying to Be Thin: Understanding and Defeating Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia—A Practical, Lifesaving Guide. Warner, 1987.
Schwartz, Mark, and Leigh Cohn, eds. Sexual Abuse and Eating Disorders. Taylor & Francis, 1996.
Shandler, Sara. Ophelia Speaks. HarperPerennial, 1999.
Shanker, Wendy. The Fat Girl’s Guide to Life. Bloomsbury, 2004.
Simmons, Rachel. Odd Girl Out: The Hidden Culture of Aggression in Girls. Harcourt, 2002.
Steiner-Adair, Catherine, Nina Piran, and Michael P. Levine, eds. Preventing Eating Disorders: A Handbook for Intervention and Special Challenges. Edwards Brothers, 1990.
Steiner-Adair, Catherine, and Lisa Sjostrom. Full of Ourselves: A Wellness Program to Advance Girl Power, Health, and Leadership. Teachers College Press, 2005.
Wann, Marilyn. FAT! SO?: Because You Don’t Have to Apologize for Your Size. Ten Speed Press, 1999.
Weiner, Jessica. Do I Look Fat in This?: Life Doesn’t Begin Five Pounds from Now. Simon Spotlight Entertainment, 2006.
White, Emily. Fast Girls: Teenage Tribes and the Myth of the Slut. Berkley, 2003.
Wolf, Naomi. The Beauty Myth: How Images of Beauty Are Used Against Women. William Morrow, 1991.
———. Promiscuities. Random House, 1999.
Woodman, Marion. Addiction to Perfection: The Still Unravished Bride. Inner City Books, 1982.
Conscious Femininity: Interview with Marion Woodman. Inner City Books, 1993.
———. The Owl Was a Baker’s Daughter: Obesity, Anorexia Nervosa, and the Repressed Feminine. Inner City Books, 1980.
———. The Pregnant Virgin: A Process of Psychological Transformation. Inner City Books, 1985.
Artists
Marina Abramovic
Judy Chicago: www.judychicago.com
Lauren Greenfield: www.laurengreenfield.com
Wynne Greenwood, Traci + the Plastics
Jenny Holzer
Miranda July: www.mirandajuly.com
Barbara Kruger: www.barbarakruger.com
Nikki S. Lee
Kiki Smith
Two Girls Working: www.twogirlsworking.com
&n
bsp; Films
The ABC’s of Eating Disorders: www.zakto.com/abc
Dying to Be Thin
The Education of Shelby Knox
Killing Us Softly: www.jeankilbourne.com
Perfect Illusions
Speak Out: I Had an Abortion: www.speakoutfilms.com
THIN
Notes
Introduction
1. “When we try to pick out”: Quoted in Hilde Bruch, Eating Disorders: Obesity, Anorexia Nervosa, and the Person Within (Basic Books, 1973), 8.
1. Eating disorders affect more than 7 million: National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders (ANAD), “Eating Disorder Info and Resources,” http://www.anad.org/site/anadweb/content.php?type=1&id=6982.
1. Ninety-one percent of women recently surveyed: National Eating Disorders Association, http://womensissues.about.com/od/eatingdisorders/f/EatDisorder.htm.
1. In 1995, 34 percent of high school-age girls: Emma Bothorel, Lizzie Dunlap, and Melissa Walker, “Love Your Body: Body Image Survey,” ELLEgirl, February 2006.
1. Over half teenage females between the ages of eighteen and twenty-five: Ibid.
1. The single group of teenagers: Abby Ellin, “Dad, Do You Think I Look Too Fat?,” New York Times, September 17, 2000.
1. A survey of American parents: Laura Fraser, Losing It: America’s Obsession with Weight and the Industry That Feeds on It (Dutton Press, 1997).
4. “obsessive perfectionists”: Steve Inskeep and Patricia Neighmond, “New Evidence Shows Childhood Anxiety Increases a Young Girl’s Risk of Having an Eating Disorder Later in Life,” National Public Radio, December 3, 2004.
5. “Someday, sometime, you will be sitting”: Anna Quindlen, Being Perfect (Random House, 2005), 47.
5 “effortless perfection”: The Women’s Initiative, Duke University, http://www.duke.edu/womens_initiative/.
8. “To move toward perfection”: Marion Woodman, Addiction to Perfection: The Still Unravished Bride (Inner City Books, 1982), 52.
10. Recent research confirms that more than forty countries: Margot Maine, Father Hunger: Fathers, Daughters, and the Pursuit of Thinness (Gurze Books, 2004), 40.
10. Japan’s “culture of cute”: Amy Borovy and Kathleen M. Pike, “The Rise of Eating Disorders in Japan: Issues of Culture and Limitations of the Model of ‘Westernization,’” Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, December 2004.
11. A 2003 study of high school girls in Hong Kong: Maria Fung and Mantak Yuen, “Body Image and Eating Attitudes Among Adolescent Chinese Girls in Hong Kong,” Perceptual & Motor Skills, February 2003.
11. Another in an all-female kibbutz: Yael Latzer and Sarit Shatz, “Disturbed Attitudes to Weight Control in Female Kibbutz Adolescents: A Preliminary Study with a View to Prevention,” Eating Disorders, Fall 2001.
11. Almost a quarter of girls from the United Arab Emirates: Valsamma Eapen, Abdel Azim Mabrouk, and Salem bin-Othman, “Disordered Eating Attitudes and Symptomatology Among Adolescent Girls in the United Arab Emirates,” Eating Behaviors, January 2006.
11. more than 1 million people in Britain: Jeremy Laurence, “Anorexia Linked to Brain Defect Rather Than Social Pressures,” The Independent, April 7, 2005.
11. An unprecedented law passed in Buenos Aires: Erika Kumar, “The Law of Sizes,” Adbusters, July-August 2006.
1. Perfect Girls, Starving Daughters
16. Social psychologists call this: Author interview with Robin Stern, January 25, 2006.
17. “In an effort to be mature and independent”: Marion Woodman, Addiction to Perfection: The Still Unravished Bride (Inner City Books, 1982), 62.
22. Anorectics starve themselves: National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders, http://www.anad.org/site/ anadweb/content.php?type=1&id=6982.
22. “body dysmorphic disorder”: Kate Ravilious, “How the Brain Builds Its Image of the Body,” The Guardian, November 29, 2005.
22. Many are suspected of having a genetic predisposition: Jeremy Laurence, “Anorexia Linked to Brain Defect Rather Than Social Pressures,” The Independent, April 7, 2005.
22 5 percent of those who have anorexia: Ibid.
22. With both bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder: Ibid.
23. bulimiarexia: Ibid.
23. A grab bag . . . does appear: Robin Marantz Henig, “Sorry. Your Eating Disorder Doesn’t Meet Our Criteria,” New York Times, November 30, 2004.
23. Binge-eating disorder was distinguished: Ibid.
23. Experts expect that the DSM-V: Ibid.
23. Large numbers of young women binge and purge: Ibid.
23. “partial-syndrome eating disorder”: Ida Dancyger and P. E. Garfinkel, “The Relationship of Partial Syndrome Eating Disorders to Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa,” Psychological Medicine, September 1995.
25. “treating eating disorders as aberration”: Ronald Bishop, “The Pursuit of Perfection: A Narrative Analysis of How Women’s Magazines Cover Eating Disorders,” Howard Journal of Communications, October 2001.
26. During the 1870s: Author’s reporting at a keynote speech, “Fast Girls: Then and Now,” given by Joan Jacobs Brumberg at the Renfrew Center National Conference, November 12, 2005.
27. the Victorian era marks the birth: Ibid.
27. Around the same time in America: Ibid.
27. Brumberg herself remembers: Ibid.
27. One of the first public memories: Adena Young, “Battling Anorexia: The Story of Karen Carpenter,” http://atdpweb.soe.berkeley.edu/quest/Mind&Body/Carpenter.html.
28. “In the nineteenth century a woman”: Author’s reporting at a keynote speech, “Fast Girls: Then and Now,” given by Joan Jacobs Brumberg at the Renfrew Center National Conference, November 12, 2005.
28. “vision of autonomy and independence”: Catherine Steiner-Adair, Niva Piran, and Michael P. Levine, eds., Preventing Eating Disorders: A Handbook for Intervention and Special Challenges (Edwards Brothers, 1990), 173.
28. “We are forced to question”: Janell Lynn Mensinger, “Eating Disorders and the Superwoman Ideal in the Twenty-first Century” (unpublished paper), 22.
29. Dr. Ruth Striegel-Moore: Ruth Striegel-Moore et al., “Eating Disorders in Black and White Young Women,” American Journal of Psychiatry, July 2003.
30. The 7 million American women and girls: National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders, http://www.anad.org/site/anadweb/content.php?type=1&id=6982.
31. “brain drain”: Joan Jacobs Brumberg in introduction to Lauren Greenfield, Girl Culture (Chronicle Books, 2005), 6.
2. From Good to Perfect
32. “I had no doubt that”: Lorene Cary, Black Ice (Alfred A. Knopf, 1991), 131.
39. wives’ marital satisfaction decreased: Lawrence A. Kurdek, “Parenting Satisfaction and Marital Satisfaction in Mothers and Fathers with Young Children,” Journal of Family Psychology, 1996.
39. Women with jobs outside the home: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, www.bls.gov.
41. According to the Women’s Sports Foundation: The Women’s Sports Foundation, http://www.womenssportsfoundation.org.
42. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics: “Women in the Labor Force: A Data Book,” Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 13, 2005.
43. A survey of almost six hundred tenth-graders: Tracy L. Dunkley, Eleanor H. Wertheim, and Susan J. Paxton, “Examination of a Model of Multiple Sociocultural Influences on Adolescent Girls’ Body Dissatisfaction and Dietary Restraint,” Adolescence, Summer 2001.
44. “young people were 50 percent more likely”: Jean M. Twenge, Generation Me: Why Today’s Young Americans Are More Confident, Assertive, Entitled—and More Miserable Than Ever Before (Free Press, 2006), 117.
44. girls are internalizing their mothers’ lessons: Catherine E. Freeman, “Trends in Educational Equity of Girls and Women,” Education Statistics Quarterly (National Center for Education Statistics), 2004.
44. Women outnumber men on college campuses: Ibid.
44. In a recent New York Times op-ed: Jennifer Delahunty Britz, “To All the Girls I’ve Rejected,” New York Times, March 23, 2006.
44. “ ‘gender norming’ is the dirtiest little secret in higher education”: “Colleges Slam the Door on Girls” (letter to the editor), New York Times, March 23, 2006, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C06E6D71730F936A15750C0A9609C8B63.
45. “How much better I might have been”: Jane Fonda, My Life So Far (Random House, 2005), 88.
46. “The girl is left with the perception”: Nancy Friday, My Mother/My Self: The Daughter’s Search for Identity (Delta Books, 1977), 7.
47. “Up until then I had been a feminist”: Jane Fonda, My Life So Far (Random House, 2005), 558.
47. “more and more midlife women”: Melba Newsome, “Empty Inside: For Older Women, the Quest for Perfection Leads Increasingly to Eating Disorders,” AARP: The Magazine, November-December 2005.
47. 400 percent increase: Ibid.
48. Fifty years of attachment theory: Lauren Lindsey Porter, “The Science of Attachment: The Biological Roots of Love,” Mothering, July-August 2003.
50 women are more prone to depression: Society for Women’s Health Research, http://www.womenshealthresearch.org/site/PageServer?pagename=hs_sbb_suffer.
50. studies show that women’s bodies: Author interview with Karen Kisslinger, January 22, 2006.
51. “Because our mothers could not love themselves”: Marion Woodman, Conscious Femininity: Interviews with Marion Woodman (Inner City Books, 1993), 15.
3. The Male Mirror
60. “A lot of fathers feel such guilt”: Author interview with Brad Sachs, January 30, 2006.
60. “Many of the men”: Author interview with Robin Stern, January 23, 2006.
61. two thirds don’t believe: Dads and Daughters http://www.dadsanddaughters.org/Poll_Results.html.
63. Dads and Daughters was started: Abby Ellin, “Dad, Do You Think I Look Too Fat?,” New York Times, September 17, 2000.
63. “We came to the idea”: Ibid.
63. sixteen hundred members: Ibid.