54. Charles Loring Brace, “The Dangerous Classes of New York,” in The American Way of Crime, ed. Wayne Moquin and Charles Van Doren (New York: Prager, 1976), 15–16.
55. Harper’s Weekly, May 20, 1871.
56. John Pintard’s letter to his daughter, March 1, 1833, in Kenneth Jackson and David Dunbar, Empire City: New York Through the Centuries (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), 162.
57. New York Times, January 9, 1862; Hall, Travels in North America in the Years 1827 and 1828, 155.
58. Bell, Diary, October 11, 1850.
59. Strong, Diary 1:150, October 11, 1840.
60. New York Tribune, July 10, 1852.
61. New York Herald, January 8, 1842.
62. Monkkonen, Murder in New York City, 16, 28–29, 32, 34.
63. Brooklyn Eagle, October 26, 1846; New York Herald, July 6, 1852.
64. New York Herald, January 3, 1842.
65. Miller, The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America, 154.
66. Walling, Recollections, 48–49; Whitman, Brooklyn Daily Times, October 22, 1858.
67. Child, Letters, 61; Lane, Murder in America, 126–27.
68. Chicago Tribune, November 24, 1865.
69. David Reynolds, Walt Whitman’s America: A Cultural Biography (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), 162.
70. Walt Whitman, New York Dissected (New York: Rufus Rockwell Wilson, 1936), 130.
71. New York Aurora, April 22, 1842.
72. Introduction to Walt Whitman, The Journalism of Walt Whitman, vol. 1, ed. Herbert Bergman, Douglas A. Noverr, and Edward J. Recchia (New York: Peter Lang, 1998), xvi–xvii; Brooklyn Daily Eagle, September 29, 1846, June 12, 13, 1846; Reynolds, Walt Whitman’s America, 106.
73. Whitman, Prose Works, 1892 1:286–89.
74. Reynolds, Walt Whitman’s America, 99–100.
75. Whitman, Journalism 1:lxx.
76. New York Aurora, March 28, 1842.
77. McNeur, Taming Manhattan, 199.
78. Burrows and Wallace, Gotham, 493.
79. Costello, Our Police Protectors, 131; Johnson, Policing the Urban Underworld, 127; Philadelphia Public Ledger, January 21, 1859; Robert Gray Gunderson, The Log-Cabin Campaign (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1957), 143.
80. Hone, Diary 1:235–36, January 3, 1837.
81. Ibid., 1:127, May 12, 1834.
82. Brooklyn Daily Times, January 15, 1858.
83. Hone, Diary 1:508, November 3, 1840.
84. Richardson, The New York Police, 18, Jerome Hall, “Legal and Social Aspects of Arrest Without a Warrant,” 49 Harvard Law Review 566 (1936).
Chapter Six
1. McDowall’s Journal, January, April, February, and September 1833,
2. Gilfoyle, City of Eros, 252; memo to Police Commissioner, April 12, 1915, MP-MJP, 41 (his reference was to the prostitutes and police of the pre–Civil War era), Moss testimony in Lexow Commission report 4:4495–98; Van Dyke, The New New York, 278.
3. Herbert Asbury, The Gangs of New York (Garden City, NY: Garden City Publishing, 1927), 249–50.
4. Brooklyn Daily Times, June 20, 1859.
5. Carolyn Karcher, The First Woman in the Republic: A Cultural Biography of Lydia Maria Child (Raleigh, NC: Duke University Press, 1994), 328–29.
6. Child, quoted in Karcher, The First Woman in the Republic, 328.
7. Karcher, The First Woman in the Republic, 328, 329.
8. McNeur, Taming Manhattan, 180–81.
9. Child, Letters, 128.
10. Richardson, Urban Police in the United States, 19–20; Hone, Diary 1:209, June 2, 1836.
11. Jean Ampère, Promenade en Amérique, 2 vols. (Paris, 1855), 1:388.
12. Bishop, “New York Panorama: 1854,” 160.
13. Anonymous resident to Francis Grund, in Junius Browne, The Great Metropolis: A Mirror of New York (Hartford, CT: American Publishing, 1869), 71.
14. Walling, Recollections, 141.
15. Lyman, The Story of New York, 136; Still, Mirror for Gotham, 129, James Weldon Johnson, Black Manhattan (1930; New York: New York Times and Arno Press, 1968), 45.
16. Chris McNickle, To Be Mayor of New York: Ethnic Politics in the City (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), 45; Conway, The Big Policeman, 44–46; Lardner and Reppetto, NYPD, 10.
17. Stevens, Sensationalism and the New York Press, 14.
18. Still, Mirror for Gotham, 131.
19. Lewis Mumford, The City in History: Its Origins, Its Transformations and Its Prospects (New York: MIF Books, 1961), 46–50.
20. Walt Whitman, “The Latest Raw Head and Bloody Bones,” Brooklyn Eagle and Kings County Democrat, January 22, 1847.
21. Strong, Diary 4:96. August 6, 1866.
22. Rothman, “Perfecting the Prison,” 104–5.
Chapter Seven
1. Costello, Our Police Protectors, 58–59.
2. Stuntz, The Collapse of American Criminal Justice, 91; Gulick, The Metropolitan Problem and American Ideas, 32–33, 46–47.
3. Richardson, The New York Police, 15.
4. Costello, Our Police Protectors, 78.
5. Child, Letters, 61.
6. New York Tribune, July 10, 1852.
7. Hone, Diary 1:421, September 10, 1839; de la Sagra, Five Months in the United States of North America, 172.
8. Frederick Marryat, A Diary in America, with Remarks on Its Institutions, 2 vols. (Philadelphia: Carey and Hart, 1839), 1:26.
9. Child, Letters, 63–73.
10. New York Aurora, March 8, 1842.
11. Child, Letters, 63.
12. Proceedings, Board of Aldermen, Minutes, December 27, 1842, 24:86–87; December 5, 1842, 24:74–75.
13. Proceedings,Board of Aldermen, Subcommittee Report, January 1843.
14. Richardson, Urban Police in the United States, 20–21.
15. Lane, Murder in America, 125.
16. Roth, American Homicide, 310–30.
17. New York American, August 17, 1840.
18. New York Herald, January 2, 1842.
19. Roth, American Homicide, 310–30; Lyman, The Story of New York, 156.
20. Astor, The New York Cops, 6; Reynolds, Walt Whitman’s America, 102; Marilynn Johnson, Street Justice: A History of Violence in New York City (Boston: Beacon Press, 2003), 16.
21. McCabe, Lights and Shadows of New York Life, 572–74.
22. Strong, Diary 1:273, January 8, 1846.
23. McCabe, Lights and Shadows of New York Life, 162–66.
24. Hone, Diary 1:451, January 1, 1840.
Chapter Eight
1. Child, Letters, 44.
2. Pittsburgh Gazette, November 28, 1823.
3. Hazard’s Register 5 (February 6, 1830): 87.
4. Statistics from Roth, American Homicide, supplemental volume chart; Costello, ix, 144.
5. Lane, Murder in America, 126–27.
6. Frederick Seward, Autobiography of William H. Seward from 1801 to 1834, with a Memoir of His Life, and Selections from His Letters from 1841 to 1846 (New York: D. Appleton, 1877), 785–86.
7. Brooklyn Daily Eagle, May 5, 1847.
8. Commercial Advertiser, August 20, 1840.
9. Board of Assistant Aldermen Procedures, Documents, 19:56, 188.
10. Robert Collyer, Lights and Shadows of American Life (Boston: Redding, 1844), 10–13.
11. Evening Tattler, December 27, 1841.
12. Costello, Our Police Protectors, vii.
13. New York Tribune, April 11, 1857.
14. Ibid.
15. Walling, Recollections, 32.
16. Costello, Our Police Protectors, 80–81.
17. Ibid., 81–83, 36–37, 85.
&n
bsp; 18. Philadelphia Public Ledger, June 17, 1840.
19. Proceedings, Board of Aldermen, Documents, 3, no. 25, 140–141, no. 888, 570.
20. Lardner and Reppetto, NYPD, 17.
21. “Police Report,” Hazard’s Register 12 (November 2, 1833): 281.
22. Walling, Recollections, 38–39.
23. Ebenezer Burling to the New York Humane Society, box 4, John Jay Papers, New-York Historical Society; Diary of Robert Taylor, August 16, 1846, New York Public Library; Costello, Our Police Protectors, 229; New York Herald, January 28, 1840.
24. Walling, Recollections, 603.
25. Bell, Diary, October 5, 1850.
26. Costello, Our Police Protectors, 147.
27. Brace, “The Dangerous Classes of New York,” 14–15.
28. Strong, Diary 1:27, July 3, 1836.
29. Child, Letters, 11.
30. Dunshee, As You Pass By, 75–77.
Chapter Nine
1. Asbury, The Gangs of New York, 88–90; O’Brien, The Story of the Sun, 23.
2. New York Herald, January 28, 1852.
3. Foster, New York in “Slices,” 28.
4. Ibid., 28–29.
5. Asbury, The Gangs of New York, 14, 161.
6. Jack Lait and Lee Mortimer, New York Confidential (New York: Crown Publishers, 1948), 222; Edward W. Martin, The Secrets of the Great City: A Work Descriptive of the Virtues and Vices, the Mysteries, Miseries and Crimes of New York City (Philadelphia: Jones, Brothers, 1868), 518.
7. Richardson, The New York Police, 57.
8. Whiteaker, Seduction, Prostitution and Moral Reform in New York, 26; Johnson, Policing the Urban Underworld, 150.
9. Gilfoyle, City of Eros, 291.
10. Foster, New York by Gas-Light, 94.
11. Johnson, Policing the Urban Underworld, 156–57.
12. Whiteaker, Seduction, Prostitution and Moral Reform in New York, 26–27, 31; Caldwell, New York Night, 131; Cohen, Gilfoyle, and Horowitz, The Flash Press, 139.
13. Gilfoyle, City of Eros, 289.
14. Burrows and Wallace, Gotham, 484–85; Gilfoyle, City of Eros, 255.
15. Foster, New York by Gas-Light, 75.
16. Ibid., 74.
17. New York Herald, February 10, 1842.
18. William Duer, Reminiscences of an Old New Yorker (New York: W. L. Andrews, 1867), 10.
19. Bridenbaugh, Cities in Revolt, 318.
20. Gilfoyle, City of Eros, 29–31.
21. Edgar Allan Poe, “Doings in Gotham, Letters III and V,” in Empire City: New York Through the Centuries, ed. Kenneth Jackson and David Dunbar (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992), 199–200.
22. Herman Melville, “From Moby-Dick,” in Empire City: New York Through the Centuries, ed. Kenneth Jackson and David Dunbar (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), 223.
23. Philip Hauser and Leo Schnore, eds., The Study of Urbanization in New York (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1967), 82–84, 86–98.
24. Cohen, Gilfoyle, and Horowitz, The Flash Press, 20–21.
25. New York Times, June 1, 2008.
26. New York Herald, January 2, 5, 1842.
27. New York Spectator, September 24, 1842; Cohen, Gilfoyle, and Horowitz, The Flash Press, 24–25.
28. New York Times, June 1, 2008.
29. Subterranean, September 20, 1845.
30. Cohen, Gilfoyle, and Horowitz, The Flash Press, 50–51.
31. Whip and Satirist of New York and Brooklyn, April 9, 1842.
32. Sunday Flash, February 12, 1842.
33. Cohen, Gilfoyle, and Horowitz, The Flash Press, 67, 167.
34. Ibid., The Flash Press, 2.
35. Ann Buttenwieser, Manhattan, Water-Bound: Planning and Developing Manhattan’s Waterfront from the Seventeenth Century to the Present (New York: New York University Press, 1987), 39–48: Gilfoyle, City of Eros, 34; Caldwell, New York Night, 112–14; Flash, August 14, 1842.
36. Whip and Satirist, April 9, 1842.
37. Gazette Extraordinary, August 27, 1842, including Philadelphia Journal quote.
38. Child, Letters, 121–24.
39. Cohen, The Murder of Helen Jewett, 75.
40. Arthur Cole, The Irrepressible Conflict, 1850–1865 (New York: Macmillan, 1934), 158.
41. Proceedings, Board of Aldermen, Minutes, September 29, 1834, 6:71; Proceedings, Board of Aldermen, Documents, vol. 1, no. 20.
42. Gilfoyle, City of Eros, 82; Cohen, The Murder of Helen Jewett, 84–86.
43. Whiteaker, Seduction, Prostitution and Moral Reform in New York, 34.
44. New York Herald, February 15, 1841.
45. New York Tribune, April 10, 1857.
46. Wilbur Miller, Cops and Bobbies: Police Authority in New York and London, 1830–1870 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1973), 5; Journal of Commerce, August 26, 1836.
47. New York Magdalen Society, first annual report, 3, Larry Whiteaker, Seduction, Prostitution and Moral Reform in New York (New York: Garland Pub., 1997), 47.
48. Whip, August 6, 1842.
49. Female Benevolent Society, first annual report, 13.
50. Advocate of Moral Reform, May 1, 1841.
51. Gilfoyle, City of Eros, 49.
52. Johnson, Policing the Urban Underworld, 178–79.
53. Advocate, April 15, 1843, 63; New York Herald, March 13, 1841; Bell, Diary, October 14, 1850.
54. New York World, date unknown, in McCabe, Lights and Shadows of New York Life, 594–95.
55. Ibid., 597–98.
56. Ibid., 600–604.
57. Ibid.
58. Walling, Recollections, 479.
59. George Combe, Notes on the United States of North America, During a Phrenological Visit in 1838–9–40, 3 vols. (Philadelphia: Carey and Hart, 1841), 1:28–29.
60. Frances Trollope, “From The Domestic Manners of the Americans,” in Empire City: New York Through the Centuries, ed. Kenneth Jackson and David Dunbar (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992), 157.
61. Foster, New York in “Slices,” 76.
62. Ibid., 8; McCabe, Lights and Shadows of New York Life, 123.
63. James Boardman, “From America and the Americans,” in Empire City: New York Through the Centuries, ed. Kenneth Jackson and David Dunbar (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992), 160.
64. Flash, July 10, 1842; McCabe, Lights and Shadows of New York Life, 186–88.
65. Foster, New York in “Slices,” 15.
66. Ibid., 120–22; Foster wrote stories in his paper, the Tribune, based on his own visits to stores in the Bowery and Broadway in the mid-1840s.
67. McCabe, Lights and Shadows of New York Life, 188–93.
68. Whiteaker, Seduction, Prostitution and Moral Reform in New York, 160–61.
69. New York Herald, January 8, 1842, January 28, 1852, January 20, 1852; New York Tribune, April 12, 1857.
70. New York Tribune, November 15, 1852.
71. New York Aurora, February 28, 1842.
72. Walling, Recollections, 497.
73. New York Tribune, December 21, 1841.
74. Burrows and Wallace, Gotham, 485; Cole, The Irrepressible Conflict, 160.
75. Richardson, The New York Police, 27.
76. New York Aurora, February 28, 1842.
77. Ibid., December 6, 1858; New York Herald, March 13, April 20, 1841.
78. Van Dyke, The New New York, 281.
79. New York Tribune, April 11, 1857; New York Herald, November 21, 1852.
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