80. New York Herald, April 10, 1857.
81. Foster, New York by Gas-Light, 75.
82. New York Sun, July 4, 1834; Costello, Our Police Protectors, 78–79.
83. Walling, Recollections, 449.
84. Child, Letters, 62.
85. Annual Crime Report, New York Times, March 18, 1853.
86. New York Aurora, March 8, 1842.
87. Lane, Murder in America, 98.
88. McCabe, Lights and Shadows of New York Life, 532; Johnson, Policing the Urban Underworld, 54.
89. New York Aurora, April 12, 1842.
90. Child, Letters, 187 (notes).
91. Ibid., 76.
92. Ibid., 129–32.
93. Proceedings, Board of Aldermen, Minutes, November 23, 1842, 24:6.
94. Hone, Diary 2:171, January 17, 1843.
95. New York Herald, April 11, 1852.
96. Ibid., March 13, 1841.
97. Walling, Recollections, 463.
98. McCabe, Lights and Shadows of New York Life, 376–77; New York Herald, January 3, 1842.
99. Waling, Recollections, 456.
100. Strong, Diary 1:260, April 25, 1845.
101. Philadelphia Public Ledger, November 15, 1836.
102. New York Herald, July 22, 1841.
Chapter Ten
1. Asbury, The Gangs of New York, 30–31, 17.
2. Brooklyn Daily Times, July 8, 1857.
3. Dickens, “American Notes for General Circulation,” 186–94.
4. Ibid., 123–31.
5. Foster, New York by Gas-Light, 120; McNeur, Taming Manhattan, 192–93.
6. Child, Letters, 19.
7. Caldwell, New York Night, 130.
8. Brother Jonathan, February 26, 1842.
9. O’Brien, The Story of the Sun, 105–6.
10. New York Herald, November 22, 1852.
11. Dickens, in Asbury, The Gangs of New York, 10–11; Tyler Anbinder, Five Points: The 19th-Century New York City Neighborhood That Invented Tap Dance, Stole Elections, and Became the World’s Most Notorious Slum (New York: Free Press, 2001), 79, 82–83.
12. New York Post history article on Five Points, February 26, 2012.
13. Ibid., 12–13
14. McCabe, Lights and Shadows of New York Life, 15.
15. Brooklyn Eagle, September 12, 1846.
16. Asbury, The Gangs of New York, 14–15, 19.
17. Anbinder, Five Points, 213.
18. Conway, The Big Policeman, viii–ix.
19. Article in the Cincinnati Enquirer, late 1830s, in Asbury, The Gangs of New York, 187–88.
20. Foster, New York by Gas-Light, 123.
21. Costello, Our Police Protectors, 77.
22. Charles Loring Brace, New York Children’s Aid Society, Second Annual Report (New York: A. B. Wynkoop, 1855), 3–7.
23. New York Post, January 30, 1846.
24. Gilfoyle, City of Eros, 38.
25. Whitman, New York Dissected, 6.
26. New York Herald, March 17, 1836.
27. Costello, Our Police Protectors, 77.
Chapter Eleven
1. New York Sun, July 29, 1841.
2. Stashower, The Beautiful Cigar Girl, 16–17.
3. New York Sun, October 3, 1838;Commercial Advertiser, October 3, 1838.
4. Commercial Advertiser, July 28, 1841.
5. New York Herald, August 13, 1841.
6. New York American, February 15, 1839.
7. Jan Whitt, Settling the Borderland: Other Voices in Literary Journalism (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2008), 69; Helena Katz, Cold Cases: Famous Unsolved Mysteries, Crimes, and Disappearances in America (Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood, 2010), 5.
8. Child, Letters, 27–32.
9. New York Herald, July 1841; Stashower, The Beautiful Cigar Girl, 125.
10. Stashower, The Beautiful Cigar Girl,95.
11. New York Sun, July 1841, in Stashower, The Beautiful Cigar Girl, 89–90.
12. Stashower, The Beautiful Cigar Girl, 213.
13. New York Herald, March 13, 1841; New York Sun, November 19, 1840; Furer, 66–68.
14. New York Sun, November 19, 1840.
15. Stashower, The Beautiful Cigar Girl, 260.
16. Ibid., 88; Richardson, The New York Police, 38.
17. Richardson, The New York Police, 80.
18. Ibid., 287.
19. New York Globe, October 13, 1841.
20. John Walsh, Poe the Detective: The Curious Circumstances Behind “The Mystery of Marie Roget” (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1968), 42–45.
21. New York Morning Courier, November 18, 1842; Walsh, Poe the Detective, 56–57.
22. New York Herald, January 19–24, 1842.
23. Child, Letters, 81, 137–43.
24. Walling, Recollections, 15.
25. Child, Letters, 241 (notes).
26. New York Tribune, October 15, 1841.
27. Ibid., December 21, 1842.
Chapter Twelve
1. Walling, Recollections, 33.
2. Proceedings, Board of Aldermen, Minutes, December 4, 1843, 24:47–48.
3. Ibid., November 17, 1843, 24:18.
4. New York Herald, January 9, 17, 1843; Proceedings, Board of Aldermen, Documents, XXI, 188, 195–96, May 31, 1843.
5. New York Tribune, April 12, 1844.
6. Fernando Wood to James Polk, November 5, 1844, Polk Papers.
7. Mushkat, Reconstruction, 216–17, Karcher, The First Woman in the Republic, 688n39.
8. Robert Taylor, Rules and Regulations for Day and Night Police of the City of New-York: With Instructions as to the Legal Powers and Duties of Policemen (New York, 1848), 25–26.
9. Proceedings, Board of Aldermen, Documents, XII, no. 21, 384–94, no. 35, 549–56.
10. Costello, Our Police Protectors, 103.
11. T. D. Woolsey, “Nature and Sphere of Police Power,” Journal of Social Science 3 (1871): 113.
12. Proceedings, Board of Aldermen, Minutes, March 13 and 18, 1844, 24:433–36.
13. Howard Furer, dissertation, New York University, 1963.
14. New York Tribune, March 22, 1845.
15. Mushkat, Reconstruction, 224; New York Sun, April 12, 1845.
16. New York Evening Post, May 13, 1845.
17. Conway, The Big Policeman, 54.
18. Lyman, The Story of New York, 128.
19. Jerome Mushkat, Tammany: The Evolution of a Political Machine (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1971), vii.
20. Walling, Recollections, 598.
21. McCabe, Lights and Shadows of New York Life, 66–68, 76.
22. Mushkat, Tammany, 5.
23. Kenneth Ackerman, Boss Tweed: The Rise and Fall of the Corrupt Pol Who Conceived the Soul of Modern New York (New York: Carroll and Graf, 2005), 37.
24. Ibid., 71.
25. Walling, Recollections, 598–99.
26. Bell, Diary, October 16, 1850.
27. Ibid., October 1850.
28. Walling, Recollections, 597–600.
29. Quoted in McCabe, Lights and Shadows of New York Life, 78–79.
30. Ibid., 76.
31. Samuel J. Tilden, Writings and Speeches of Samuel J. Tilden, ed. John Bigelow, 2 vols. (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1885), 556–606; New York Evening Post, November 2, 1871.
32. McCabe, Lights and Shadows of New York Life, 79.
33. Mushkat, Tammany, 6–7.
34. Hauser and Schnore, The Study of Urbanization, 116–18.
35. The nickname appeared in numerous New York newspapers.
36. McCabe, Lights and Shadows of New York Life, 82.
37. Glyndo
n Van Deusen, William H. Seward (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), 72; Walter Stahr, Seward: Lincoln’s Indispensable Man (New York Simon and Schuster, 2012), 97; Terry Golway, Machine Made: Tammany Hall and the Creation of Modern American Politics (New York: Norton, 2014), 37–39; Mushkat, Tammany, 3.
38. McNickle, To Be Mayor of New York, 7–9.
39. Strong, Diary 2:109, November 6, 1852.
40. James Robertson, A Few Months in America: Containing Remarks on Some of Its Industrial and Commercial Interests (London: Longman, 1855), 14.
41. Still, Mirror for Gotham, 133.
42. Astor quote from Conway, The Big Policeman, 35; New York Herald, November 22, 1852; Strong, Diary 1:347, March 27, 1849.
43. Mushkat, Wood, 37–39.
44. Strong, Diary 2:201, December 13, 1854.
45. Ibid., 2:205, December 31, 1854.
46. Mushkat, Feman Wood, 40.
47. Larry Gara, The Presidency of Franklin Pierce (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1991), 84–85; Eugene McCormac, James K. Polk: A Political Biography, 1845–1849 (New York: Russell and Russell, 1965), 616–20; Allan Nevins, The Ordeal of the Union, 2 vols. (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1947), 2:430–32, 470; David Potter, The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861 (New York: Harper and Row, 1976), 89; Bureau of the Census, Sixteenth Census of the United States, 4 vols. (Washington, DC: GPO, 1942), vol. 1, illustrated tables 7 and 8.
48. Edward Shepard, Martin Van Buren (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1899), 289.
49. Potter, The Impending Crisis, 68–69; Binder, James Buchanan and the American Empire, 260–61.
50. New York Tribune, April 12, 1845.
51. William F. Havemeyer, Annual Message, New York, May 13, 1845; Furer, dissertation, 33–34.
52. Richardson, The New York Police, 62–63; New York Herald, July 14, 1848.
53. New York Tribune, April 4, 1857; Proceedings, Board of Aldermen, Minutes, February 18, 1850, 37:219.
54. Proceedings, Board of Aldermen, Minutes, May 9, 1850, 21:661–62; November 19, 1849, 21:318, 312–13.
55. Richardson, The New York Police, 68.
56. Peter Cooper to the Common Council, May 18, 1845, in Reminiscences (New York, 1882), 152–54.
57. James Bryce, “The American Commonwealth,” 1888, quoted in Hauser and Schnore, The Study of Urbanization, 116–18.
58. New York Herald, July 1, 1845; New York Sun, July 1, 1845.
59. Commercial Advertiser, July 3, 1845; New York Tribune, July 19, 1845.
60. Commercial Advertiser, August 1, 1845.
61. Howard B. Furer, William Frederick Havemeyer: A Political Biography (New York: American Press, 1965), 40–41.
62. Costello, Our Police Protectors, 101.
63. Message of the Mayor in Relation to the Police of the City of New York, November 1, 1845, document 21, 1845.
64. Valentine’s Manual, 1859, 55.
65. Richardson, The New York Police, 59; Proceedings, Board of Alderman, Documents, 14, no. 1, 10–11, no. 35, 520–29, no. 37, 547–65.
66. Valentine’s Manual, 1848, 69–70; “Quarterly Reports of the Police Captain of the Tenth Patrol District.” October 1, 1850, Municipal Archives.
67. Richardson, The New York Police, 56.
68. Walling, Recollections, 47–48.
69. McCabe, Lights and Shadows of New York Life, 177.
70. Floyd-Jones, Backward Glances, 6; Miller, Cops and Boppies, 155.
71. Asbury, The Gangs of New York, 103.
72. Proceedings, Board of Aldermen, Minutes, February 15, 1847, 32:317; April 22, 1850, 32:590.
73. Ibid., February 7, 1844, 37:238–39; July 26, 1841, 21:177.
74. Ibid., March 1, 1847, 32:352.
75. Ibid., December 16, 1850, 37:574–75; February 8, 1847, 32:279.
76. Commercial Advertiser, August 20, 1840.
77. Richardson, The New York Police, 35.
78. Strong, Diary 1:260, April 25, 1845.
79. Thomas Bender, “The Culture of the Metropolis,” Journal of Urban History 14 (1988): 494.
80. Ishbel Ross, Crusades and Crinolines: The Life and Times of Ellen Curtis Demorest and William Jennings Demorest (New York: Harper and Row, 1963), 166–68.
81. Conway, The Big Policeman, 34; Foster, New York by Gas-Light, 100–1.
82. Foster, New York by Gas-Light, 70.
83. Brooklyn Daily Times, June 19, 1859.
84. Cole, The Irrepressible Conflict, 156.
85. Strong, Diary 1:293, May 7, 1847.
86. Floyd Stovall, ed., Prose Works, 1892, 2 vols. (New York: New York University Press, 1963–64), 1:273–75.
Chapter Thirteen
1. Mushkat, The Ruin of New York Democracy, 3.
2. Whitman, “Advice to Strangers,” in New York Dissected, 141.
3. Whitman, “Depot to Stopping Place,” in ibid., 136.
4. New York Atlas, June 15, 1856.
5. Papke, Framing the Criminal, 127.
6. Walling, Recollections, 48.
7. Benjamin Sewell, Sorrow’s Circuit; or, Five Years’ Experience in the Bedford Street Mission (Philadelphia: Jaspar Harding and Son, 1859), 333; Philadelphia Public Ledger, August 11, 1855.
8. Walling, Recollections, 359.
9. Frances Connor, The Vindication of Frances Connor: The Report of Her Late Case Against George Matsell, the Chief of Police, pamphlet (New York, 1848), 12.
10. Costello, Our Police Protectors, 120.
11. Johnson, Policing the Urban Underworld, 185.
12. Ibid.
13. Walling, Recollections, 507, 509.
14. Robert Livingston, New York State Assembly documents, 1855, vol. 7, no. 150.
15. New York Times, July 18, 1866; Johnson, Policing the Urban Underworld, 144–45.
16. Walling, Recollections, 194.
17. Richardson, Policing the Underworld, 136–37.
18. Chicago Tribune, October 28, 1857; Philadelphia Public Ledger, July 21, 1854; Richardson, Urban Police in the United States, 51, 134–35, 193.
19. New York Tribune, March 17, 1853.
20. New York Herald, April 11, 1852.
21. New York Herald, January 8, 1842; New York Tribune, April 10, 1857.
22. Proceedings, Board of Aldermen, Minutes, February 11, 1850, 37:142–43.
23. James Richardson, “To Control the City: The New York Police in Historical Perspective,” in Cities in American History, ed. Kenneth Jackson and Stanley Schultz (New York: Knopf, 1972), 272, 283; Richardson, Urban Police in the United States, 49–50.
24. Bell, Diary, November 18, 1850.
25. Richard Wade, “Violence in the Cities: A Historical View,” in Cities in American History, ed. Kenneth Jackson and Stanley Schultz (New York: Knopf, 1972), 477.
26. Lothrop Stoddard, Master of Manhattan: The Life of Richard Croker (New York and Toronto: Longmans, Green, 1931), 10.
27. Walling, Recollections, 31–32.
28. Cornelius Willemse, with George Lemmer and Jack Kofoed, Behind the Green Lights (Garden City, NY: Garden City Press, 1931), 20.
29. Proceedings, Board of Aldermen, Minutes, March 1, 1847, 32:317.
30. Hone, Diary 1:179, October 3, 1835.
31. New York Herald, March 13, 1841, January 2, 1842.
32. Costello, Our Police Protectors, 133.
33. Connor, The Vindication of Frances Connor, 12, 14.
34. Jacob Cantor at an 1895 New York Senate hearing, describing New York life at midcentury. His testimony was republished in Ross Sandler, ed., Police Corruption, Municipal Corruption: Cures at What Cost? (New York: New York Law School and the New York Law Review, 1995), 24.
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