35. Bell, Diary, December 22, 1850, January 1, 1851.
36. New York Herald, January 10, 1857.
37. Walling, Recollections, 567.
38. Conway, The Big Policeman, 47; Johnson, Policing the Underworld, 95.
39. Journal of Prison Discipline 6, no. 1 (January 1851): 103.
40. Brooklyn Daily Times, November 16, 1857.
41. Hone, Diary, January 29, 1847, 1:785.
42. Richardson, The New York Police, 53; Brace, The Dangerous Classes of New York, passim.
43. Edward Van Every, Sins of New York, as “Exposed” by the Police Gazette (New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1930), 74–79; Gilfoyle, City of Eros, 120.
44. McCabe, Lights and Shadows of New York Life, 201–2.
45. Edward Crapsey, The Nether Side of New York (New York: Sheldon, 1872), 138–39.
46. Gilfoyle, City of Eros, 124–26.
47. Ibid., 130–31.
48. Whitman, Journalism, “On Vice,” 7.
49. Browne, The Great Metropolis, 50–51.
50. David Potter, The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861 (New York: Harper and Row, 1976), 229–30.
51. Cantor in Sandler, Police Corruption, Municipal Corruption, 13.
52. Mushkat, Tammany, 238; Richardson, The New York Police, 60; Proceedings, Board of Alderman, Document, 1856, II, No. 97, 170.
53. Mushkat, Tammany, 259.
54. Spann, The New Metropolis, 430; Hall, Cities in Civilization, 746; John Reader, Cities (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2004), 161.
55. Mohl and Betten, Introduction, Pre-Industrial Cities, 94.
56. Spann, The New Metropolis, 436n7.
57. Emmeline Stuart-Wortley, “From Travels in the United States,” in Empire City: New York Through the Centuries, ed. Kenneth Jackson and David Dunbar (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992), 209.
58. Reader, Cities, 151.
59. William Chambers, Things as They Are in America (London and Edinburgh: W. R. Chambers, 1854), 177; Edward Watkin, A Trip to the United States and Canada, in a Series of Letters (London: W. H. Smith, 1852), 11.
60. James Wilson, Thackeray in the United States, 1852–3, 1855–6, 2 vols. (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1904), 1:146, 149.
61. Strong, Diary 2:81, January 3, 1852.
62. Ibid., 2:87, March 13, 1852.
63. Adam de Gurowski, America and Europe (New York: D. Appleton, 1857), 371–72.
64. Walling, Recollections, 46.
65. Hone, Diary 2:360–61.
66. Strong, Diary 1:351–53, May 12, 1849.
67. Walling, Recollections, 46.
68. New York Herald, November 22, 1852.
69. Thomas James, Rambles in the United States and Canada During the Year 1845, with a Short Account of Oregon (London: J. Ollivier, 1846), 43.
70. Jerome Mushkat, Fernando Wood: A Political Biography (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1990), 41.
71. New York Herald, April 1, 1855.
72. Costello, Our Police Protectors, 116.
73. Bell, Diary, February 27, 1851.
Chapter Fourteen
1. Annual Report of the Board of Police Commissioners for 1852, New York Times, March 18, 1853.
2. J. W. Gerard, London and New York: Their Crime and Police (New York: W. C. Bryant, 1853), 9–10; Isabella Bird Bishop, The Englishwoman in America (1856; Chicago: Lakeside Press, 2012), 339–40.
3. Whitman, “Street Yarn,” in New York Dissected, 120.
4. Parkhurst to Police Commissioners, January 16, 1894, Gilfoyle, City of Eros, 185.
5. Asbury, The Gangs of New York, 66.
6. Walling, Recollections, 141.
7. Valentine’s Manual, 1859, 171–72.
8. Strong, Diary 2:61, August 12, 1851.
9. Carlson, The Man Who Made News, 238.
10. New York Herald, November 22, 1852.
11. Walling, Recollections, 454–55.
12. Ibid., 209.
13. Bell, Diary, October 16, 1850; Ernst, “Immigrants and Tenements in New York City, 1825–1863,” 125.
14. New York Tribune, April 10, 1851.
15. New York Times, December 8, 1855.
16. Ibid.; Richardson, The New York Police, 68.
17. Richardson, The New York Police, 70.
18. Cole, The Irrepressible Conflict, 1850–1865, 156.
19. Julian Hawthorne description, in Conway, The Big Policeman, 69.
20. Carlson, The Man Who Made News, 254.
21. Costello, Our Police Protectors, 129.
22. Richardson, The New York Police, 68.
23. Costello, Our Police Protectors, 126.
24. Seth Low, in Hauser and Schnore, The Study of Urbanization, 118.
25. Richardson, The New York Police, 86.
26. Conway, The Big Policeman, 31.
27. Lyman, The Story of New York, 136; Strong, Diary 2:140, December 15, 1853.
28. Strong, Diary 2:91, May 1, 1852; 2:127, August 17, 1853; 2:159, February 21, 1854.
29. Richardson, The New York Police, 74–75.
30. Proceedings, Board of Aldermen, Minutes, September 20, 1841, 21:235, February 11, 1850, 37:141–42.
31. Wallling, Recollections, 599–601.
32. New York Tribune, April 22, 1857.
33. New York Herald, November 22, 1852.
34. Ibid., February 3, 1852.
35. Ibid., January 24, 1852, January 2, 1842.
36. Ibid., November 15, 1852.
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid., November 20, 1852.
39. Strong, Diary 2:130, September 8, 1853.
40. Ibid., 2:178, June 20, 1854.
41. New York Herald, July 3, 6, 1852.
42. Ibid., July 4, 7, 1852, January 12, 1842, numerous other editions also.
43. New York Times, August 3, 1855; Strong, Diary 2:180, August 3, 1855.
44. Strong, Diary,1:196–97, November 8, 1854.
45. Nevins, Ordeal of the Union 2:553.
46. Ibid., 588.
Chapter Fifteen
1. Mushkat, Fernando Wood, 1.
2. Strong, Diary 2:250–51, January 5, 1856.
3. Still, Mirror for Gotham, 167.
4. Ibid., 138.
5. William Ferguson, America by River and Rail; or, Notes by the Way on the New World and Its People (London: J. Nisbet, 1856), 49–52; Still, Mirror for Gotham, 139.
6. Charles Lyell, A Second Visit to the United States of America, 2 vols. (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1849), 2:248–49; Chambers, Things as They Are in America, 173–204.
7. Still, Mirror for Gotham, 141.
8. Bishop, The Englishwoman in America, 332–33.
9. Walling, Recollections, 577–78.
10. Chambers, Things as They Are in America, 173–204; Still, Mirror for Gotham, 148.
11. S. L. Nasing to Fernando Wood, January 2, 1859; Charles Stuart to Fernando Wood, December 28, 1859; Thomas Barr to Fernando Wood, December 30, 1839, Wood Papers.
12. John Sichnbishop to Fernando Wood, December 16, 1859, Wood Papers.
13. Mushkat, Fernando Wood, 42–43.
14. Wood to Joseph Moore, May 3, 1878, Wood Papers.
15. Various issues of city newspapers in the summer of 1855, Mushkat, Fernando Wood, 52.
16. New York Times, January 27, 1857.
17. Wood to Erasmus Corning, November 30, 1850, Gratz Collection, in Mushkat, Fernando Wood, 62.
18. Mushkat, Fernando Wood, 61; New York Times, January 6, 1857.
19. Strong, Diary 2:217–18, March 31, 1855.
20. Ibid. 2:234, October 17, 1855, note.
21. New York Times, March 6, 1855; Wood to William Marcy, March 10, 1855, Wood Papers.
22. Walling, Recollect
ions, 54.
23. Alexander Callow Jr., The Tweed Ring (New York: Oxford University Press, 1966), 18; E. L. Godkin, “The Moral of Tweed’s Career,” Nation, November 7, 1878, 280, in History of the State of New York, vol. 7, ed. Alexander Flick (New York: Columbia University Press, 1937), 144.
24. New York Herald, March 31, 1855.
25. James Gordon Bennett to Fernando Wood, April 16, 1861, Wood Papers.
26. Jerome Mushkat, The Reconstruction of the New York Democracy, 1861–74 (Rutherford, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1981), 17, 18.
27. Ibid., 22.
28. Paul Weinbaum, “Temperance, Politics and the New York City Riots of 1857,” New-York Historical Society Quarterly 59, no. 3 (July 1975): 267.
29. Mushkat, Fernando Wood, 44.
30. Xavier Donald MacLeod, Biography of Hon. Fernando Wood, Mayor of the City of New York (New York: G. F. Parsons, 1858), 216.
31. Strong, Diary 2:231, September 9, 1855.
32. MacLeod, Biography of Hon. Fernando Wood, 217.
33. Mushkat, The Reconstruction of the New York Democracy, 297.
34. Ibid., 23.
35. New York Herald, September 20, 1856.
36. Mushkat, The Reconstruction of the New York Democracy, 299.
37. Fred Seward to Fernando Wood, November 29, 1861, Wood Papers.
38. Mayor Fernando Wood to James Gerard, April 5, 1855, in MacLeod, Biography of Hon. Fernando Wood, 229.
39. Fernando Wood speech at Tammany Hall, March 22, 1855, in ibid., 229.
40. New York Herald, January 2, 1855.
41. MacLeod, Biography of Hon. Fernando Wood, 207.
42. Ibid., 211.
43. Ibid., 233.
44. Ibid., 235.
45. Ibid., 232.
46. Ibid., 236.
47. Mushkat, The Reconstruction of the New York City Democracy, 23.
48. Abijah Ingraham, A Biography of Fernando Wood: A History of the Forgeries, Perjuries, and Other Crimes of Our “Model Mayor,” pamphlet (New York, 1850s).
49. Henry Wikoff to James Buchanan, December 31, 1856, James Buchanan Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
Chapter Sixteen
1. New York Herald, January 15, 1857.
2. Ibid., January 3, 1857.
3. Ibid., January 5, 1857.
4. Ibid., January 10, 1857.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid., January 12, 1857.
7. Strong, Diary 2:333, May 6, 1857.
8. New York Tribune, April 16, 1857; Weinbaum, “Temperance, Politics and the New York City Riots of 1857,” 246.
9. Ibid., 246–47.
10. Fernando Wood to unknown recipient, May 23, 1855, Wood Papers; New York Evening Times, April 23, 1857; Richardson, “To Control the City,” 274–75.
11. Brooklyn Eagle, May 30, 1857.
12. Richardson, Urban Police in the United States, 38–39.
13. Proceedings, Board of Aldermen, Assembly docs (June 1857), no. 127, 2–5; New York Times. March 24, 1857.
14. Walling, Recollections, 56.
15. New York Times, May 12, 1857; Spann, The New Metropolis, 391.
16. James Richardson, Urban Police in the United States, 37–38.
17. Harper’s Weekly 1 (1857): 225.
18. New York Times, April 16, May 1, 13.
19. Spann, The New Metropolis, 388.
20. Democratic Review, May 7, 1857.
21. New York Times, August 22, 1871.
22. Brooklyn Daily Times, November 7, 1857.
23. Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, June 27, 1857.
24. Walling, Recollections, 59–61.
25. Strong, Diary 2:323–45, September 17, 1857.
26. Mushkat, 74.
27. Ibid., 342.
28. Wood, Board of Aldermen Proclamation, LXVII, 1857, 11; New York Herald, July 5, 1857.
29. Strong, Diary 2:346–47, July 5, 1857.
30. Harper’s Weekly, July 11, 1857.
31. A good general description of the riots is given in Weinbaum, “Temperance, Politics and the New York City Riots of 1857,” 246–57; the story of the cop beatings is on 256.
32. New York Herald, July 6, 1857.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid.; New York Daily Times, July 6, 1857.
36. New York Herald, July 6–8, 1857; there was an inquest. Stories on the inquest were in the New York Daily Times on July 7, 8, 10, 11, and 13 and the New York Journal of Commerce on July 8.
37. Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, June 27, 1857.
38. Harper’s Weekly, mid-July 1857.
Epilogue
1. Strong, Diary 2:349, July 14, 1857.
2. Ibid.
3. Callow, The Tweed Ring, 24.
4. New York Tribune, July 4, 1878.
Bibliography
Historical Papers
Fernando Wood Papers, New York Public Library
Horace Greeley Papers, New York Public Library
Hudson Family Papers, Concord Free Library, Concord, Massachusetts
James K. Polk Papers, Library of Congress
John Jay Papers, New-York Historical Society
Proceedings of the Board of Alderman of the Municipal Assembly of the City of New York Proceedings of the Council of the Municipal Assembly of the City of New York (New York: Board of Alderman, 1902–1935), 120 vols., New York Municipal Archives
William Bell Papers, New-York Historical Society
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