The Hemlock Cup: Socrates, Athens, and the Search for the Good Life
Page 46
Votive offerings left at the Crossroads enclosure
Law-courts in Agora
Dionysos Eleuthereus theatre remodeled
South-west fountain house andaqueduct
Tholos repaired
Apollo Patroos sanctuary cleared?
Sanctuary of the Nyph. precinctwall?
Tritopatreion, precinct wall
Pompeion I
Year: 424
Life of Socrates: Athenians invade Boeotia: Socrates present at Athenian defeat at Delion
History: Xerxes II, King of Persia, assassinated and succeeded by Darius II Spartan general Brasidas takes Amphipolis in northern Greece
Culture: Death of HerodotusAristophanes, Knights. Dramatic date of Plato, Laches (winter)
Year: 423
History: One-year armistice between Athens and Sparta
Culture: Aristophanes’ Clouds performed at Athens. Euripides, Hecabe, Suppliant Women
Ameipsias, Konnos
Year: 422
Life of Socrates: Socrates serves at Battle of Amphipolis, where Brasidas and Cleon are both killed
Culture: Dramatic date of Xenophon, Symposium
Dramatic date of Plato, Cratylus
Aristophanes, Wasps
Year: 421
History: Peace of Nikias
Culture: Aristophanes’ Peace performed at Athens
Year: 421-416/15
Culture: Dramatic date of Plato. Critophon, Greater Hippias, Lesser Hippias
Constructions, sculptures and statues: Bronze cult statues of Hephaistos and Athena by Alkamenes
Year: 420
Constructions, sculptures and statues: Asklepieion founded and equipped on Acropolis south slope
Year: 418/7
History: Athenian-Argive force defeated at Mantinea by Sparta
Culture: Dramatic date of Plato. Phaedrus
Constructions, sculptures and statues: Neleion remodelled
Year: 417
Constructions, sculptures and statues: Euripides, Heracles, Electra
Year: 416
Life of Socrates: Birth of Socrates’ son Lamprokles
Culture: Dramatic date of Plato, Symposium
Year: 415
Life of Alcibiades: Alcibiades commands expedition to Sicily
Alcibiades accused of involvement in religioius scandals; recalled from Sicily for trial; flees to Sparta
History: Mutilation of the herms and profanation of the Mysteries in Athens
Massacre at Melos by the Athenians
Athenian expedition to Sicily
Culture: Euripides, The Trojan Women
Dramatic date of Plato, Eryxias
Year: 415-400
Constructions, sculptures and statues: Nike temple parapet
Year: 414
History: Aristophanes, Birds
Year: 413
History: Athenian army in Sicily defeated
Culture: Dramatic date of Plato, Ion
Year: 412
Life of Alcibiades: Alcibiades involved in Sparta’s decision to concentrate on the Aegean rather than the Hellespont, flees to Tissaphernes
Life of Plato: Appointed general of Athenian fleet at Samos
Year: 411
Culture: Island of Chios rebels against Athens
Year: Euripides, Ion Iphigenia among the Taurians, Helen, Cyclops
Year: 410
Life of Socrates: Birth of Socrates’ son Sophroniskos
Life of Alcibiades: Athenian fleet under Alcibiades defeats Spartans at Battle of Cyzicus
History: Demokratia reinstituted
Constructions, sculptures and statues: Sculptural decorationof Temple of Athena Nike completed
Year: 410-400
Constructions, sculptures and statues: Two projecting wings added to the Stoa Basileios (to display new copies of the law code)
Year: 409/8
Life of Xenophon: Involved in cavalry action in Ionia?
Culture: Euripides, Phoenician Women
Dramatic date of Plato, Lysis (earlyspring)
Sophocles, Philoctetes
Constructions, sculptures and statues: Work restarts on the Erechtheion
Year: 408
Culture: Euripides, Orestes
Year: 407
Life of Alcibiades: Alcibiades returns from exile Cleared of religious charges
Culture: Dramatic date of Plato, Euthydemus
Year: 406
Life of Socrates: Athenians defeat Spartan fleet at Arginusae: Socrates opposes subsequent charges against Athenian generals for failure to rescue survivors
Life of Plato: Alcibiades retires to Thrace
Life of Pericles: Possibly present at the trial of the generals?
Year: 406/5
Culture: Euripides, Iphigenia inAulis, Bacchae Death of Euripides Death of Sophocles
Constructions, sculptures and statues: Erechtheion finished
Year: 405
Life of Alcibiades: Approach to the Athenians beforeAegospotami rebuffedTakes refuge with Phamabazus
History: Death of Darius II of Persia: succeeded by Artaxerxes II
Battle of Aegospotami: Athenian fleet defeated by Sparta
Piraeus blockaded and Athens besieged by Sparta
Culture: Aristophanes’ Frogs performed at Athens
Year: 404
Life of Socrates: Socrates ordered to arrest Leon of Salamis; refuses
Socrates tries to save Theramenes?
Life of Alcibiades: Assassination of Alcibiades
Life of Plato: Plato’s uncle Critias is part of ‘the Thirty’ and Charmides one of the Peiraeus Ten.
Life of Xenophon: Xenophon fights the democratic insurgents during the civil war
History: Athens surrenders to Spartans and rule of ‘the Thirty’ imposed Dekeleian War
Constructions, sculptures and statues: Spartan forces compel Athens to destroy the Long Walls
Pnyx meeting place remodelled
Year: 403
History: Fall of ‘the Thirty’: democracy restored in Athens
Amnesty decree passed by Athenian Assembly
Year: 402
Life of Socrates: Socrates’ son Menexenos born
Culture: Dramatic date of Plato, Meno
Year: 401
Life of Xenophon: Xenophon joins expedition of the Ten Thousand to Asia
Culture: Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus staged
Dramatic date of Plato, Menexenus (winter)
Year: c.400
Life of Xenophon: In sole command of survivors; leads them to Byzantium
Constructions, sculptures and statues: Construction of the Mint Asklepeion, stoa building
South and east branches of the Great Drain
Year: 399
Life of Socrates: Trial and execution of Socrates
Life of Xenophon: Xenophon becomes a Spartan mercenary
Constructions, sculptures and statues: Dramatic date of Plato’s Theaetetus, Euthyphro (spring); Sophist, Statesman (May-June), Apology, Crito, Phaedo (June-July)
TEXT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Grateful acknowledgement is made for permission to reproduce material from the following translations: D. Allen, from ‘A Schedule of Boundaries: An Exploration Launched from the Water-Clock of Athenian Time’ (1996), Greece & Rome (43.2), Cambridge University Press; J. Barnes, from S. Everson (trans. and ed.), Aristotle: The Politics and the Constitution of Athens (1996), Cambridge University Press; D. Barrett, from Aristophanes: The Frogs and Other Plays (1964), Penguin; S. Berg and D. Clay, from Oedipus the King: The Greek Tragedy in New Translations (1978), Oxford University Press; S. Blundell, from page 1 of S. Blundell and M. Williamson (eds.), The Sacred Feminine in Ancient Greece (1998), Routledge; T. C. Brickhouse and N. D. Smith, from The Trial and Execution of Socrates: Sources and Controversies (2002), Oxford University Press; C. L. Brownson, reprinted by permission of the publishers and trustees of the Loeb Classical Library from Xenophon: Volume I, Loeb Classical Library
Volume 88, translated by C. L. Brownson, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press © 1918, by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Loeb Classical Library ® is a registered trademark of the President and Fellows of Harvard College; C. L. Brownson, reprinted by permission of the publishers and trustees of the Loeb Classical Library from Xenophon: Volume III, Loeb Classical Library Volume 90, translated by C. L. Brownson, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press © 1922, by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Loeb Classical Library ® is a registered trademark of the President and Fellows of Harvard College; R. G. Bury, reprinted by permission of the publishers and trustees of the Loeb Classical Library from Plato: Volume IX, Loeb Classical Library Volume 234, translated by R. G. Bury, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press © 1929, by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Loeb Classical Library ® is a registered trademark of the President and Fellows of Harvard College; S. Butler, Iliad from Perseus Digital Library (http://www.perseus.tufts.edu); E. P. Coleridge, from W. J. Oates and E. O’Neill Jr. (eds.), Euripides: The Complete Greek Drama in Two Volumes. Vol. I, Hecuba (1938), Random House (USA); F. M. Cornford, from E. Hamilton and H. Cairns (eds.), The Collected Dialogues of Plato (1973), Princeton University Press; H. G. Dakyns, from The Works of Xenophon (1890), Macmillan; J. Davidson, from The Greeks and Greek Love: A Radical Reappraisal of Homosexuality in Ancient Greece (2007), Weidenfeld & Nicolson, an imprint of The Orion Publishing Group, London, © Orion Publishing/Random House, New York; J. M. Dent, from Thucydides: The Peloponnesian War (1910), Penguin (for E. P. Dutton); J. Elsner, from Roman Eyes: Visuality and Subjectivity in Art and Text (2007), Princeton University Press; H. G. Evelyn-White, reprinted by permission of the publishers and the Trustees of the Loeb Classical Library from Hesiod, Loeb Classical Library Volume 57, translated by H. G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press © 1914, by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Loeb Classical Library ® is a registered trademark of the President and Fellows of Harvard College; N. Fisher, from Aeschines. Against Timarchus (2001), Oxford University Press; J. Fogel, from T. C. Brickhouse and N. D. Smith (eds.), The Trial and Execution of Socrates: Sources and Controversies (2002) by Oxford University Press; H. P. Foley, from E. Fantham, H. Foley, N. B. Kampen, S. B. Pomeroy, H. A. Shapiro (eds.), Women in the Classical World: Image and Text (1994), Oxford University Press; H. N. Fowler, reprinted by permission of the publishers and the Trustees of the Loeb Classical Library from Plato: Volume I, Loeb Classical Library Volume 36, translated by H. N. Fowler, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, © 1914, by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Loeb Classical Library ® is a registered trademark of the President and Fellows of Harvard College; H. N. Fowler, reprinted by permission of the publishers and the Trustees of the Loeb Classical Library from Plato: Volume IV, Loeb Classical Library Volume 167, translated by H. N. Fowler, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, © 1926, by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Loeb Classical Library ® is a registered trademark of the President and Fellows of Harvard College; B. L. Gilder-sleeve, from Pindar: The Olympian and Pythian Odes (1890), Macmillan; M. Gill and P. Ryan, Plato: Parmenides, from J. M. Cooper (ed.), Plato: Complete Works (1997), Hackett; G. M. A. Grube, Plato: Apology, Crito and Phaedo, from J. M. Cooper (ed.), Plato: Complete Works (1997), Hackett; G. M. A. Grube (revised by C. D. C. Reeve), Plato: Republic, from J. M. Cooper (ed.), Plato: Complete Works (1997), Hackett; W. K. C. Guthrie, from Plato: Protagoras and Meno (1956), Penguin; W. Hamilton, from Plato: The Symposium (1951), Penguin; J. Henderson, reprinted by permission of the publishers and the Trustees of the Loeb Classical Library from Aristotle: Volume III, Loeb Classical Library Volume 180, translated by J. Henderson, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, © 2000, by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Loeb Classical Library ® is a registered trademark of the President and Fellows of Harvard College; J. Henderson, from Aristophanes: Frogs (2008), used courtesy of Focus Publishing, Newburyport, MA, USA; J. P. Hershbell, ‘Pseudo-platonic Axiochus’, from J. M. Cooper (ed.), Plato: Complete Works (1997), Hackett; M. M. Henry, from Prisoner of History: Aspasia of Miletus and Her Biographical Tradition (1995), Oxford University Press; R. D. 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Lamb, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, © 1925, by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Loeb Classical Library ® is a registered trademark of the President and Fellows of Harvard College; W. R. M. Lamb, reprinted by permission of the publishers and the Trustees of the Loeb Classical Library from Plato: Volume VIII, Loeb Classical Library Volume 164, translated by W. R. M. Lamb, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, © 1925, by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Loeb Classical Library ® is a registered trademark of the President and Fellows of Harvard College; W. R. M. Lamb, reprinted by permission of the publishers and the Trustees of the Loeb Classical Library from Plato: Volume XII, Loeb Classical Library Volume 201, translated by W. R. M. Lamb, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, © 1927, by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Loeb Classical Library ® is a registered trademark of the President and Fellows of Harvard College; R. 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