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17.George Grosz, George Grosz, an Autobiography, trans. Nora Hodges (New York: Macmillan, 1983), 149.
18.Ibid., 119.
19.Ibid., 113.
20.Ibid.
21.Ibid., 119.
22.Ibid., 149–150.
1921: The End of Hope
1.Quoted in Paul Avrich, Kronstadt 1921 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1970), 156.
2.New York Times, March 31, 1921.
3.Quoted in Avrich, Kronstadt 1921, 77–78.
1922: Renaissance in Harlem
1.Langston Hughes, “The Negro Speaks of Rivers,” in Collected Poems of Langston Hughes.
2.Carl Van Vechten, Nigger Heaven (New York: Knopf, 1926), 77.
3.Manning Marable, W. E. B. Du Bois, Black Radical Democrat (Boston: Twayne, 1986), 121.
4.Du Bois was to remain editor of The Crisis until his resignation in 1934.
5.Quoted in Marable, W. E. B. Du Bois, 122.
6.Charles S. Johnson, quoted in Kevin Hillstrom, Defining Moments: The Harlem Renaissance (n.p.: KWS, 2011), 38.
7.David Levering Lewis, quoted in Hillstrom, Defining Moments, 51.
8.Zora Neale Hurston, “How It Feels to Be Colored Me,” in Joyce Carol Oates and Robert Atwan, eds., The Best American Essays of the Twentieth Century (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2000), 405.
9.Ibid.
10.Langston Hughes, quoted in Hillstrom, Defining Moments, 182.
11.Aaron Douglas, quoted in Hillstrom, Defining Moments, 99. Jamaican-born Marcus Garvey settled in Harlem in 1917, embracing the idea of racial separatism and developing his Universal Negro Improvement Association into a “Back to Africa” movement. In 1923 he was convicted of mail fraud and imprisoned. Though he retained a large popular following, he played little open part in the Harlem Renaissance itself.
12.Van Vechten, Nigger Heaven, 15.
13.Ibid., 119.
14.Ibid., 148.
15.Quoted in Hillstrom, Defining Moments, 46.
16.Alain Locke, “Enter the New Negro,” Survey Graphic, March 1925.
17.Hugh Wiley Hitchcock, Music in the United States: A Historical Introduction (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1974), 207.
18.Van Vechten, Nigger Heaven, 212.
19.Ibid, 281.
20.Langston Hughes, The Big Sea (London: Macmillan, 1922), 221.
21.Quoted in Wayne F. Cooper, Claude McKay: Rebel Sojourner in the Harlem Renaissance, a Biography (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987), 109.
22.Ibid., 110.
23.Claude McKay, A Long Way from Home (New York: Lee Furman, 1937), 55.
24.Hitchcock, Music in the United States, 202.
25.Langston Hughes, quoted in Hillstrom, Defining Moments, 196.
26.Harry Kessler, The Diaries of a Cosmopolitan: Count Harry Kessler, 1918–1937, trans. Charles Kessler (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1971), entry for February 13, 1926.
27.Willa Cather, Not Under Forty (New York: Knopf, 1936), prefatory note.
28.F. Scott Fitzgerald, quoted in Noel Riley Fitch, Sylvia Beach and the Lost Generation: A History of Literary Paris in the Twenties and Thirties (New York: Norton, 1983), 183.
1923: Beyond the Milky Way
1.Shapley to Hale, quoted in Marcia Bartusiak, The Day We Found the Universe (New York: Pantheon, 2009), 129.
2.Hubble to Shapley, in Bartusiak, The Day We Found the Universe, 202.
3.Quoted in Gary Haitel, The Origins of the Grand Finale (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2014), 11.
4.Werner Heisenberg, “Kausalgesetz und Quantenmechanik” (1931), 182, quoted in Cathryn Carson, Heisenberg in the Atomic Age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 45.
5.Quoted in Jeremy Bernstein, Secrets of the Old One: Einstein, 1905 (New York: Copernicus, 2006), 171.
6.Philipp Lenard, Deutsche Physik, 1. Teil (Berlin: Vorwort, 1938), 38.
7.Oswald Spengler, Decline of the West, trans. Charles Francis Atkinson (London: Allen & Unwin, 1926), 92. Translation modified by author.
8.Ibid., 15.
9.Ibid., 103
10.A. Vierkandt, Die sozialpaedagogische Forderung der Gegenwart (Berlin, 1920), 20.
11.Werner Heisenberg, “Die Beziehungen zwischen Physik und Chemie” (1953), in Carson, Heisenberg in the Atomic Age, 3.
12.G. Doetsch, “Der Sinn der angewandten Mathematik,” Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung 31 (1922): 231–232, quoted in Paul Forman, “Weimar Culture, Causality, and Quantum Theory: Adaptation by German Physicists and Mathematicians to a Hostile Environment,” Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 3 (1971): 1–115.
13.Erwin Schrödinger, “Ist die Naturwissenschaft milieubedingt?” (1932), 27–28, quoted in Forman, “Weimar Culture, Causality, and Quantum Theory.”
14.R. J. Overy, The Morbid Age: Britain Between the Wars (London: Allen Lane, 2009), 47.
15.R. B. Haldane, The Reign of Relativity (London: J. Murray, 1921), 5.
16.Ibid., 129.
17.J. B. S. Haldane, Daedalus or Science and the Future (London: Dutton, 1925), 3.
18.Ibid.
19.Ibid.
1924: Men Behaving Badly
1.Hugo Ball, “Dada Manifesto,” read at the first public Dada soiree, Zürich, July 14, 1916, in Hugo Ball, ed., Flight out of Time (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996), 219.
2.Hans Arp, On my Way: Poetry and Essays, 1912–1947 (Wittenborn Schulz: New York, 1948), p. 48.
3.Tristan Tzara, “Dada Manifesto 1918,” quoted in Mark Polizzotti, Revolution of the Mind: The Life of André Breton (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1995), 90.
4.Vaché, quoted in Polizzotti, Revolution of the Mind, 42.
5.André Breton, Entretiens (Paris: Gallimard, 1952), 56.
6.Breton, quoted in Polizzotti, Revolution of the Mind, 105
7.André Breton and Philippe Soupault, “Les Champs Magnétiques Partie III Eclipses,” Littérature 10 (December 1919): 16. Translation by author.
8.Everling, quoted in Polizzotti, Revolution of the Mind, 122.
9.Polizzotti, Revolution of the Mind, 123.
10.Ibid., 124.
11.Ibid., 171.
12.Ibid., 175.
13.Ibid., 179.
14.Quoted in Patrick Waldberg, Surrealism (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1971), 66–75.
15.Polizzotti, Revolution of the Mind, 247.
16.Ibid., 253.
17.Otto Dix, “War Diary” (unpublished), Städtische Kunstsammlungen Galerie Albstadt, Germany.
18.Teresa A. Carbone, Youth and Beauty: Art of the American Twenties (New York: Skira Rizzoli, 2011), 96.
19.Ibid., 122.
20.Ibid., 113.
21.Ibid., 114.
22.Ibid., 182.
1925: Monkey Business
1.Quoted in L. Sprague De Camp, The Great Monkey Trial (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1968), 91.
2.Quoted in Edward Larson, Summer of the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America’s Continuing Debate over Science and Religion (New York: Basic Books, 1997), 35. The account of the trial I provide here follows Larson’s excellent book.
3.Ibid., 45.
4.Ibid., 32.
5.Ibid.
6.Ibid., 72.
7.Ibid., 93.
8.Ibid., 162.
9.H. L. Mencken, Heathen Days, 1890–1936 (New York: Knopf, 1943), 224–225.
10.Ibid., 177.
11.Ibid., 222.
12.Ibid., 182.
13.Scopes v. State, 154 Tenn. 105, 1927.
14.Just Sicard de Pauzole, “L’Avenir et la Préservation de la Race: Eugeénique,” in Prophylaxie antivénerienne (1932), 201–203, quoted in William Schneider, “Toward the Improvement of the Human Race: The History of Eugenics in France,” Journal of Modern History 54, no. 2 (June 1982): 268–291.
15.Quoted in Susan Currell and Christina Codgell, eds., Popular Eugenics: National Efficiency and American Mass Culture in the 1930s (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2006), 196–197.
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16.“Closing Argument, the State of Illinois v. Nathan Leopold & Richard Loeb, Delivered by Clarence Darrow, Chicago, Illinois, August 22, 1924,” University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law, “Famous American Trials: Illinois v. Nathan Leopold and Richard Loeb,” http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/leoploeb/darrowclosing.html.
17.Oscar Levy, quoted in Dan Stone, Breeding Superman: Nietzsche, Race and Eugenics in Edwardian and Interwar Britain (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2002), 13.
18.Ibid., 20.
19.Ibid., 22.
20.Ibid., 25.
21.Ibid., 27.
1926: Metropolis
1.H. G. Wells, “Mr. Wells Reviews a Current Film: He Takes Issue with This German Conception of What the City of One Hundred Years Hence Will Be Like,” New York Times, April 17, 1927. Reprinted as “The Silliest Film: Will Machinery Make Robots of Men?” in Authors on Film, ed. Harry Geduld (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1972), 59–67.
2.San Antonio Light, July 1, 1928.
3.Blaise Cendrars, “I’ve Killed,” trans. Bertrand Mathieu, Chicago Review 25, no. 3 (1973): 32–36.
4.Lenin, quoted in Richard Stites, Revolutionary Dreams: Utopian Vision and Experimental Life in the Russian Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 147.
5.Henry Ford, “The Meaning of Time,” quoted in Stites, Revolutionary Dreams, 148.
6.Alexei Gastev, quoted in Stites, Revolutionary Dreams.
7.Stites, Revolutionary Dreams, 202.
1927: A Palace in Flames
1.Anton Kuh, “Wien am Gebirge,” in Die Stunde 1, 101 (July 4, 1923): 3. Translation by author.
2.Charles Maurras, quoted in Louis Bodin and Jean Touchard, Front populaire 1936 (Paris: Armand Colin, 1961), 33–34.
3.Charles Maurras, L’Action Française, May 15, 1936.
4.Quoted in Wolfgang Huber, “Die Gegenreformation 1933/34,” Neuhäuser, 2004, 47.
1928: Boop-Boop-a-Doop!
1.Zelda Fitzgerald, “Eulogy on the Flapper,” Metropolitan Magazine, June 1922, 78.
2.J. B. Watson, Behaviorism, rev. ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1930), 82.
3.Quoted in Clive Bloom, Bestsellers: Popular Fiction Since 1900 (Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), 175–176.
4.Quoted in Joshua Zeitz, Flapper: A Madcap Story of Sex, Style and Celebrity and the Women who Made America Modern (New York: Random House, 2007), 211.
5.Harry Kessler, Diaries of a Cosmopolitan (London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2012), 284–285.
6.Virginia Woolf, Collected Essays (London: Hogarth Press, 1966), 1:320.
7.Quoted in Alison Maloney, Bright Young Things: Real Lives in the Roaring Twenties (London: Virgin, 2012), 16.
8.“Neger,” Neues Wiener Tagblatt, January 9, 1927.
9.Harry Graf Kessler, Tagebücher 1918–1937 (Frankfurt am Main: Insel Verlag, 1961), entry for February 26, 1926, 482. Quoted in translation in Peter Jelavich, Berlin Cabaret (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993), 171.
1929: The Magnetic City
1.Quoted in Stephen Kotkin, Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a Civilization (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 29.
2.Ibid.
3.Robert Shackleton, The Book of Chicago (Philadelphia: Penn Publishing, 1920), 183.
4.Paul O’Hara, Gary: The Most American of All American Cities (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011), 6.
5.Quoted in Kotkin, Magnetic Mountain, 37.
6.Ibid., 46.
7.Ibid., 81.
8.Ibid., 49.
9.Ibid., 46.
10.John Scott, Behind the Urals: An American Worker in Russia’s City of Steel (Boston: Houghton Mifflin), 4–5.
11.Ibid., 16.
12.Arthur Koestler, Arrow in the Blue: An Autobiography (New York: Macmillan, 1952), 277–278.
13.Stephen Spender, World Within World: The Autobiography of Stephen Spender (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1951), 132.
14.Quoted in Ludmila Stern, Western Intellectuals and the Soviet Union, 1920–40: From Red Square to the Left Bank (New York: Routledge, 2007), 11.
15.Theodore Dreiser, Dreiser’s Russian Diary, ed. Thomas P. Riggio and James L. W. West III (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996), 67.
16.Ibid., 140.
17.Quoted in Stern, Western Intellectuals and the Soviet Union, 105.
18.Ibid.
19.Henri Barbusse, ”Le Devoir Socialiste,” L’Humanité, October 24, 1920.
20.Winston Churchill, Great Contemporaries (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973), 55.
21.Ibid.
22.Scott, Behind the Urals, 5–6.
23.Kotkin, Magnetic Mountain, 182.
24.Ibid., 121.
1930: Lili and the Blue Angel
1.Klaus Mann in Die Bühne, 1930.
2.W. H. Auden, quoted in David Clay Large, Berlin (New York: Basic Books, 2000), 227.
3.John Lehmann, quoted in Large, Berlin, 227.
4.Auden, quoted in Large, Berlin, 228.
5.Christopher Isherwood, Christopher and His Kind, quoted in Large, Berlin, 229.
6.Ibid., 230.
7.Carl von Ossietzky, Weltbühne, January 26, 1930.
8.Large, Berlin, 237.
9.Stephen Spender, World Within World, quoted in Large, Berlin, 252.
1931: The Anatomy of Love in Italy
1.“Testament of Michael Schirru,” in “Man!” An Anthology of Anarchist Ideas, Essays, Poetry and Commentaries, ed. Marcus Graham (London: Cienfuegos Press, 1974), 515.
2.Ibid.
3.Quoted in Piers Brendon, The Dark Valley: A Panorama of the 1930s (New York: Knopf, 2000), 72.
4.Booker T. Washington, The Man Farthest Down: A Record of Observation and Study in Europe (New York: Doubleday, 1912), 212.
5.Ibid.
6.Speech by Ellison DuRant Smith, April 9, 1924, Congressional Record, 68th Congress, 1st Session (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1924), 65:5961–5962.
7.Claretta Petacci, Mussolini Segreto. Diari 1932–1938 a cura di Mauro Suttora (Rome: Rizzoli, 2009), 236.
8.Quotations from Christopher Duggan, Fascist Voices: An Intimate History of Mussolini’s Italy (London: Bodley Head, 2012), 225–244.
9.P. Willson, Peasant Women and Politics in Fascist Italy: The “Massaie Rurali” (London: Routledge, 2002), 155–156.
10.Arnaldo Mussolini, quoted in Duggan, Fascist Voices, 107.
11.Quoted in Duggan, Fascist Voices, 120.
12.Maria Teresa Rosetti, quoted in Duggan, Fascist Voices, 205.
13.Edward R. Tannenbaum, Fascism in Italy: Society and Culture, 1922–1945 (London: Allen Lane, 1973), 264.
1932: Holodomor
1.Miron Dolot, Execution by Hunger: The Hidden Holocaust (New York: W. W. Norton, 1985), 1. Dolot is the pen name of Simon Starov, who lived through the forced collectivization and the subsequent famine and later became a language teacher in California. It is impossible to verify the details of his autobiographical and avowedly subjective memoir, but there is no reason to doubt his account, which is generally regarded as reliable, and it certainly describes events and circumstances supported by other historical evidence.
2.Ibid., 2.
3.Ibid.
4.Ibid., 32.
5.Ibid., 56.
6.Ibid., 68.
7.Ibid., 92.
8.Ibid., 137–138.
9.Ibid., 138.
10.Ibid., 140.
11.Ibid., 150.
12.Ibid., 182.
13.Ibid.
14.Arthur Koestler, quoted in Richard Crossman, ed., The God That Failed (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1950), 52.
15.Nicolas Werth, Karel Bartošek, Jean-Louis Panné, Jean-Louis Margolin, Andrzej Paczkowski, and Stéphane Courtois, The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), 159–160.
16.Walter Duranty in the New York Times, March 31, 1933.
17.Robert Conquest
, The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986), 306.
18.Archives of the FSB (Federal Security Service), Moscow, 2/11/971/145–147.
19.A. Graziosi, “Lettres de Kharkiv: La famine en Ukraine et dans le Caucase du nord à travers les rapports des diplomates italiens, 1932–1934,” Cahiers du Monde Russe et Soviétique 30 (1989): 5–106.
20.Dolot, Execution by Hunger, 229.
1933: Pogrom of the Intellect
1.Erich Kästner, Bei Durchsicht meiner Bücher (Stuttgart: Rowolt, 1946), preface.
2.Hans Karl Leistritz, Erstes Rundschreiben, April 8, 1933, Akte der Deutsche Studentenschaft, Bundesarchiv Berlin.
3.Ibid.
4.Quoted in Helmuth Heyer, “10. Mai 1933 ‘Ehrentag der freien deutschen Literatur’—zur Bücher-Verbrennung in Bonn,” in Bonner Geschichtsblätter, 51–52, 2001–2002, 285–328.
5.Quoted in J. S. Medawar and David Pyke, Hitler’s Gift: The True Story of the Scientists Expelled by the Nazi Regime (New York: Arcade, 2001), 26.
6.Quoted in Marion Sonnenfeld, The World of Yesterday’s Humanist Today: Proceedings of the Stefan Zweig Symposium (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1983), 221; translation by author.
7.Martin Heidegger, “Die Selbstbehauptung der deutschen Universität, Rede vom 27. Mai 1933,” quoted in Victor Farías, Heidegger und der Nationalsozialismus (Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer, 1989), 155ff.
8.Martin Heidegger, “Die Universität im Neuen Reich, Vorlesung vom 30. Juni 1933,” quoted in Farías, Heidegger und der Nationalsozialismus, 200ff.
9.Benedetto Croce, Il Giornale d’Italia, July 9, 1924; translation by author.
10.Il Mondo, March 1, 1925.
11.Quoted in John Gordon Garrard and Carol Garrard, Inside the Soviet Writers’ Union (London: I. B. Tauris, 1990), 1.
12.Ossip Mandelstam, “The Stalin Epigram”; translation by author.
13.Olga Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time: My Years with Pasternak (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1978), 61–63.
14.Klaus Mann, “Notizen in Moskau,” in Die Sammlung 2, 2 (1934–1935): 72–83; translation by author.
15.Willi Bredel, “Rede auf dem Moskauer Allunionskongres,” Neue Deutsche Blätter 12 (1934): 724.
1934: Thank You, Jeeves
1.John Boynton Priestley, English Journey: Being a Rambling but Truthful Account of What One Man Saw and Heard and Felt and Thought During a Journey Through England During the Autumn of the Year 1933 (London: Harper & Brothers, 1934), 20.