Living Hell

by Michael C. C. Adams

  35. Carol K. Bleser and Lesley J. Gordon, eds., Intimate Strategies of the Civil War: Military Commanders and Their Wives (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 73–77; Robert A. Bright, “Pickett’s Charge,” Southern Historical Society Papers 31 (1903): p. 234; Lesley J. Gordon, General George E. Pickett in Life and Legend (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), pp. 110–12; Henrietta Stratton Jaquette, ed., South after Gettysburg: Letters of Cornelia Hancock from the Army of the Potomac, 1863–1865 (1937, repr. Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries, 1971), pp. 55, 58; Nevins, ed., Diary of Battle, pp. 409, 476, 508–9, 513.

  36. Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, The Passing of the Armies: An Account of the Final Campaign of the Army of the Potomac, Based upon Personal Reminiscences of the Fifth Army Corps (1915, repr. New York: Bantam, 1993), pp. 104–5; Bleser and Gordon, Intimate Strategies of the Civil War, p. 170.

  37. C. Vann Woodward and Elisabeth Muhlenfeld, The Private Mary Chesnut: The Unpublished Civil War Diaries (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), p. 222; Lee Kennett, Marching through Georgia: The Story of Soldiers and Civilians during Sherman’s Campaign (New York: Harper, 1996), p. 58; Donald, Gone for a Soldier, p. 166; E. Porter Alexander, “Sketch of Longstreet’s Division,” Southern Historical Society Papers 9 (1881): p. 515; Harsh, Confederate Tide Rising, p. 124.

  38. Fletcher Pratt, Ordeal By Fire: An Informal History of the Civil War, rev. ed. (New York: William Sloane, 1948), p. 321; Sparks, ed., Inside Lincoln’s Army, p. 415; Shelby Foote, The Civil War: A Narrative (New York: Random House, 1958), pp. 536–37.

  39. David W. Blight, ed., When This Cruel War Is Over: The Civil War Letters of Charles Harvey Brewster (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1992), p. 145; Crowell, Young Volunteer, pp. 210–11; John R. Brumgardt, ed., Civil War Nurse: The Diary and Letters of Hannah Ropes (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1980), p. 67; Richard Hall, Stanley: An Adventurer Explored (London: Collins, 1974), p. 128.

  40. William C. Davis, Lincoln’s Men: How President Lincoln Became Father to an Army and a Nation (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000), p. 186; Eric T. Dean Jr., Shook over Hell: Post-Traumatic Stress, Vietnam, and the Civil War (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997), pp. 65–66; Sam R. Watkins, “Co. Aytch”: A Side Show of the Big Show (1881, repr. New York: Collier, 1962), p. 209.

  41. Watkins, “Co. Aytch,” pp. 84–85, 211, 232.

  42. A. G. Hart, The Surgeon and the Hospital in the Civil War (1902, repr. Gaithersburg, MD: Olde Soldier Books, 1987), p. 9; Lonn, Desertion during the Civil War, p. 6; Ohioan Thaddeus Hyatt in James M. McPherson, For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 71; Daniel Coe, ed., Mine Eyes Have Seen the Glory: Combat Diaries of Union Sergeant Hamilton Alexander Coe (Rutherford, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1975), p. 123.

  43. Leander Stillwell, The Story of a Common Soldier of Army Life in the Civil War, 1861–1865, 2nd ed. (Eire, KS: Hudson, 1920), p. 56; Daniel E. Sutherland, Seasons of War: The Ordeal of a Confederate Community, 1861–1865 (New York: Free Press, 1995), p. 163. Nathaniel Southgate Shaler, From Old Fields: Poems of the Civil War (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1906), “The Marksman’s Work,” pp. 5–8, and “The Way with Mutineers,” p. 26.

  44. George Freeman Noyes, The Bivouac and the Battle-field (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1863), p. 66. On Victorian chivalric attitudes to war, Michael C. C. Adams, The Great Adventure: Male Desire and the Coming of World War I (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990), chap. 5, “Knights and Their Dragons,” pp. 62–72; Thomason, Jeb Stuart, pp. 209–10, 360–61.

  45. Lonn, Desertion during the Civil War, p. 145. O.R., series 1, vol. 25, pt. 2, p. 78.

  46. Richard Wheeler, Voices of the Civil War (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1976), p. 249; Jaquette, South after Gettysburg, p. 163; on intervention before hospitalization, Ingraham and Manning, “Psychiatric Battle Casualties,” pp. 23–24. For more on Hooker’s mental eclipse at Chancellorsville, see Michael C. C. Adams, Our Masters the Rebels: A Speculation on Union Military Failure in the East, 1861–1865 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978), pp. 141–42.

  47. Dewey W. Grantham, ed., “Letters from H. J. Hightower, a Confederate Soldier, 1861–1864,” Georgia Historical Quarterly 40 (1956): p. 183; Reid Mitchell, The Vacant Chair: The Northern Soldier Leaves Home (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 27–28; John H. Brinton, Personal Memoirs of John H. Brinton: Civil War Surgeon, 1861–1865 (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1996), pp. 141–42; R. Gregory Laude, Madness, Malingering, and Malfeasance: The Transformation of Psychiatry and the Law in the Civil War Era (Washington, DC: Brassey’s, 2003), pp. 106–7.

  48. Bell I. Wiley, ed., “This Infernal War”: The Confederate Letters of Sgt. Edwin H. Fay (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1958), p. 32; Stillwell, Common Soldier of the Army, pp. 119–20; Bell Irvin Wiley, The Life of Billy Yank: The Common Soldier of the Union (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1952), p. 278; Ann K. Blomquist and Robert A. Taylor, eds., This Cruel War: The Civil War Letters of Grant and Malinda Taylor, 1862–1865 (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 2000), pp. 14–15.

  49. Milo M. Quaife, ed., From the Cannon’s Mouth: The Civil War Letters of General Alpheus S. Williams (Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press & Detroit Historical Society, 1959), p. 44; Leon Edel, Henry James: A Life (New York: Harper & Row, 1985), pp. 62–63.

  50. Julian Grossman, Echo of a Distant Drum: Winslow Homer and the Civil War (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1974), pp. 176–77; Henry Woodhead, ed., The Illustrated Atlas of the Civil War (Alexandria, VA: Time-Life, 1991), p. 182; Sparks, Inside Lincoln’s Army, p. 449; David P. Conyngham, Sherman’s March through the South (New York: Sheldon, 1865), p. 108.

  51. Howe, Touched with Fire, pp. 141–42, 149–50, 151–52.

  52. Lonn, Desertion during the Civil War, p. 151; Michael C. C. Adams, “Retelling the Tale: Wars in Common Memory,” in Gabor Boritt, ed., War Comes Again: Comparative Vistas on the Civil War and World War II (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 221; William S. McFeely, Grant: A Biography (New York: Norton, 1982), p. 189; John R. Jones, in Battles and Leaders, “Extra Illustrated,” vol. 8, quoted in Stephen W. Sears, Landscape Turned Red: The Battle of Antietam (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1983), p. 307; O.R., vol. 19, pt. 2, p. 627; Kenneth Radley, Rebel Watchdog: The Confederate State Army Provost Guard (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989), pp. 10, 83; Craig L. Symonds, Stonewall of the West: Patrick Cleburne and the Civil War (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1997), p. 158.

  53. William Carey Dodson, ed., Campaigns of Wheeler and His Cavalry, 1862–1865 (Atlanta, GA: Hudgins, 1899), bucking and gagging, pp. 393–94, 426; Watkins, “Co. Aytch,” for branding and lashing, p. 48; Alto Loftin Jackson, ed., So Mourns the Dove: Letters of a Confederate Infantryman and His Family (New York: Exposition, 1965), p. 29.

  54. Walter Lowenfels, ed., Walt Whitman’s Civil War (New York: Knopf, 1971), pp. 215–16.

  55. Buckner F. Melton, A Hanging Offense: The Strange Affair of the Warship Somers (New York: Free Press, 2003). Documentary record in Harrison Hayford, ed., The Somers Mutiny Affair (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1959); Lee Kennett, Sherman: A Soldier’s Life (New York: HarperCollins, 2001), p. 226.

  56. Lonn, Desertion during the Civil War, p. 91; Laude, Madness, Malingering, and Malfeasance, p. 70; Gerald F. Linderman, Embattled Courage: The Experience of Combat in the American Civil War (New York: Free Press, 1987), pp. 174–75.

  CHAPTER SIX. DEPRIVATIONS AND DISLOCATIONS

  1. Carol K. Bleser and Lesley J. Gordon, eds., Intimate Strategies of the Civil War: Military Commanders and Their Wives (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 170; Robert Hunt Rhodes, ed., All for the Union: The Civil War Diary and Letters of Elisha Hunt Rhodes (New York: Random House, 1992), pp. 3, 7.

  2. J. B. Jones, A Rebel War Clerk’s Diary at the Confederate States Capital (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1866), v
ol. 2, p. 88.

  3. Patricia B. Mitchell, Union Army Camp Cooking, rev. ed. (Chatham, VA, 1991), p. 2; James W. Geary, We Need Men: The Union Draft in the Civil War (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1991), pp. 44–45.

  4. Harold Holzer, ed., Dear Mr. Lincoln: Letters to the President (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1993), p. 107; Craig L. Symonds, Stonewall of the West: Patrick Cleburne and the Civil War (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1997), p. 93; Harry F. Jackson and Thomas F. O’Donnell, Back Home in Oneida: Herman Clarke and His Letters (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1965), p. 158; Ella Lonn, Desertion during the Civil War (1928, repr. Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1966), p. 115.

  5. George Templeton Strong, Diary of the Civil War, 1860–1865 (New York: Macmillan, 1962), pp. 184–85; Alvin F. Harlow, Old Waybills: The Romance of the Express Companies (New York: Appleton-Century, 1934), p. 291.

  6. Edward Younger, ed., Inside the Confederate Government: The Diary of Robert Garlick Hill Kean (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1993), p. 43; John F. Marszalek, ed., The Diary of Miss Emma Holmes, 1861–1866 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1994), p. 43.

  7. Earl Schenck Miers, ed., When the World Ended: The Diary of Emma LeConte (New York: Oxford University Press, 1957), pp. 12, 16.

  8. T. F. Dornblaser, Sabre Strokes of the Pennsylvania Dragoons in the War of 1861–1865 (Philadelphia: Lutheran Publication Society, 1864), p. 186.

  9. Alfred Jay Bollet, Civil War Medicine: Challenges and Triumphs (Tucson, AZ: Galen 2002), p. 246; Marszalek, Diary of Emma Holmes, pp. 193–94, 312, 326; Katharine M. Jones, Heroines of Dixie: Confederate Women Tell Their Story of the War (1955, repr. New York: Smithmark, 1995), p. 285.

  10. Marszalek, Diary of Emma Holmes, p. 352; Miers, When the World Ended, p. 17; James A. Ramage, Rebel Raider: The Life of General John Hunt Morgan (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1986), p. 175; E. L. Doctorow, The March (New York: Random House, 2005), p. 267; Donald B. Koonce, ed., Doctor to the Front: The Recollections of Confederate Surgeon Thomas Fanning Wood, 1861–1865 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2000), p. 170; “Horse Cove,” near Highlands, NC, is an example of a stock hideaway that the reader may still visit; see Allen De Hart, North Carolina Hiking Trails, 3rd ed. (Boston, MA: Appalachian Mountain Club Books, 1996), p. 154.

  11. Frank Wilkeson, Recollections of a Private Soldier in the Army of the Potomac (1886, repr. Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries, 1972), p. 103; William Andrew Fletcher, Rebel Private, Front and Rear: Memoirs of a Confederate Soldier (1908, repr. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1954), pp. 110–11; William P. Buck, ed., Sad Earth, Sweet Heaven: The Diary of Lucy Rebecca Buck during the War between the States, December 25, 1861–April 5, 1865, 2nd ed. (Birmingham, AL: Buck Publishing, 1992), pp. 65–66.

  12. Nannie M. Tilley, ed., Federals on the Frontier: The Diary of Benjamin F. McIntyre, 1862–1864 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1963), pp. 75–76; The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1880–1901), vol. 38, pt. 5, pp. 75, 77–78; Donald S. Frazier, Blood & Treasure: Confederate Empire in the Southwest (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1995), p. 131.

  13. G. S. Bradley, The Star Corps; or, Notes of an Army Chaplain during Sherman’s Famous “March to the Sea” (Milwaukee, WI: Jermain & Brightman, 1865), pp. 274–76; Lonn, Desertion during the Civil War, p. 13; F. Jay Taylor, ed., Reluctant Rebel: The Secret Diary of Robert Patrick, 1861–1865 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959), p. 168.

  14. Richard Harwell and Philip N. Racine, eds., The Fiery Trial: A Union Officer’s Account of Sherman’s Last Campaigns (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1986), p. 55.

  15. Sarah Morgan Dawson, A Confederate Girl’s Diary (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1960), p. 343; Mary Elizabeth Massey, Refugee Life in the Confederacy (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1964), pp. 4, 231.

  16. John Q. Anderson, ed., Brokenburn: The Journal of Kate Stone, 1861–1868 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1955), p. 189; Charles East, ed., Sarah Morgan: The Civil War Diary of a Southern Woman (New York: Touchstone, 1992), p. 251.

  17. Virginia Ingraham Burr, ed., The Secret Eye: The Journal of Ella Gertrude Clanton Thomas, 1848–1889 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990), p. 251.

  18. Richard Wheeler, Voices of the Civil War (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1976), pp. 341–48; Miers, ed., When the World Ended, pp. 102, 105, 126, 182, 131.

  19. Younger, ed., Inside the Confederate Government, p. 174; Stephanie McCurry, Confederate Reckoning: Power and Politics in the Civil War South (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010). In her Prologue, pp. 1–10, McCurry argues that the planters’ overreach, in trying to found a proslavery nation, brought down their powerful regime, empowering Southern women and blacks for the first time.

  20. Michael J. Varhola, Everyday Life during the Civil War (Cincinnati, OH: Writer’s Digest Books, 1999), p. 85; Mark A. Weitz, A Higher Duty: Desertion among Georgia Troops during the Civil War (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000), pp. 3, 107–11, analyses the salt shortage; Kenneth Radley, Rebel Watchdog: The Confederate States Army Provost Guard (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989), p. 148; Judith Lee Hallock, “The Role of the Community in Civil War Desertion,” Civil War History 29 (1983): pp. 123–34.

  21. Edward K. Spann, Gotham at War: New York City, 1860–1865 (Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 2002), pp. 58–60; Stephanie McCurry, “Bread or Blood!” Civil War Times 49, no. 3 (June 2011): pp. 37–41; McCurry, Confederate Reckoning, p. 178; Drew Gilpin Faust, “Altars of Sacrifice: Confederate Women and the Narratives of War,” Journal of American History 76 (1990): p. 1222; Robert C. Goodell and P. A. M. Taylor, eds., “A German Immigrant in the Union Army: Selected Letters of Valentine Bechler,” Journal of American Studies 4 (1971): p. 159.

  22. Robert Stiles, “Dedication of the Monument to the Confederate Dead of the University of Virginia, June 7, 1893,” in Southern Historical Society Papers 21 (1893): p. 32; Richard Barksdale Harwell, ed., Kate: The Journal of a Confederate Nurse (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959), p. 296; Susan Leigh Blackford, Letters from Lee’s Army (New York: A. S. Barnes, 1962), pp. 81, 214.

  23. Marszalek, ed., Diary of Emma Holmes, p. 194; William H. Hastings, Letters from a Berdan Sharpshooter: The Civil War Letters of Private William B. Greene, Co. G. 2nd United States Sharpshooters (Berdan’s) Army of the Potomac, 1861–1865 (Belleville, WI: Historic Publications, 1993), p. 199; Anna Howard Shaw, The Story of a Pioneer (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1915), p. 34; James Marten, ed., Lessons of War: The Civil War in Children’s Magazines (Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1998), p. 155.

  24. Burr, ed., Secret Eye, p. 203, also p. 227; Peter Messent and Steve Courtney, eds., The Civil War Letters of Joseph Hopkins Twichell: A Chaplain’s Story (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2006), p. 62; Dixon Wecter, When Johnny Comes Marching Home (1944, repr. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1976), pp. 191–92.

  25. Bell Irvin Wiley, Confederate Women (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1975), pp. 162–63; Reid Mitchell, The Vacant Chair: The Northern Soldier Leaves Home (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 90; Stephen W. Sears, ed., For Country, Cause & Leader: The Civil War Journal of Charles B. Haydon (New York: Ticknor & Fields, 1993), p. 354; “James E. Graham Diary,” July–August 1864, Ohio Historical Society, Columbus.

  26. Alistair Horne, The Fall of Paris: The Siege and the Commune, 1870–71 (1965, repr. London: Reprint Society, 1967), p. 185.

  27. J. Matthew Gallman, The North Fights the Civil War: The Home Front (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1994), p. 107; Edith Abbott, “The Civil War and the Crime Wave of 1865–70,” Social Service Review 1 (1927): pp. 215–16.

  28. Abbott, “Crime Wave of 1865–70,” pp. 220–22; also, Twenty-First Annual Report of the Prison Association of New York (1866), p. 173.

&n
bsp; 29. Abbott, “Crime Wave of 1865–70,” pp. 232, 220.

  30. Iver Bernstein, The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 53.

  31. Donald Yacovone, ed., A Voice of Thunder: A Black Soldier’s Civil War (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998), p. 73; Mills Lane, ed., “Dear Mother: Don’t Grieve about Me; If I Get Killed, I’ll Only Be Dead”; Letters from Georgia Soldiers in the Civil War (Savannah, GA: Beehive, 1977), p. 329; William Camm, “Diary of Colonel William Camm, 1861–1865,” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 18, nos. 3–4 (October 1925–January 1926): p. 902; Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion, 31 vols. (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1895–1929), series 1, vol. 23, pp. 255–57.

  32. Charles Wright Wills, Army Life of an Illinois Soldier: Including a Day by Day Record of Sherman’s March to the Sea (Washington, DC: Globe, 1906), p. 332; Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, September 30, 1865, quoted in Edward D. C. Campbell Jr. and Kym S. Rice, eds., A Woman’s War: Southern Women, Civil War, and the Confederate Legacy (Richmond, VA: Museum of the Confederacy; Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1996), p. 63; Marszalek, Diary of Emma Holmes, p. 455.

  33. Vincent Harding, There Is a River: The Black Struggle for Freedom in America (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1981), pp. 225–35; Reid Mitchell, Civil War Soldiers: Their Expectations and Their Experiences (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998), pp. 120–23; Henrietta Stratton Jaquette, ed., South after Gettysburg: The Letters of Cornelia Hancock from the Army of the Potomac, 1863–1865 (1937, repr. Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries, 1971), p. 31.

  34. Lee Kennett, Marching through Georgia: The Story of Soldiers and Civilians during Sherman’s Campaign (New York: Harper, 1996), pp. 289–90; Ray Allen Billington, The Journal of Charlotte L. Forten (New York: Dryden, 1953), p. 167; Susan Walker, “Journal of Miss Susan Walker, Mar. 3–June 6, 1862,” Quarterly Publication of the Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio (Jan.–Mar. 1912): pp. 38, 39, 35.