God's Wolf
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Pagan the Butler, ref1, ref2
Paris University, ref1
Pasqua de Riveri, ref1
Peter Abelard, ref1
Peter of Blois, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
Peter the Hermit, ref1
Petra, ref1, ref2
Philip, Count of Flanders, ref1
Philip II (Philip Augustus), King of France, ref1, ref2
Philippa, Princess, ref1
Phillips, Jonathan, ref1
Plivain, ref1
Poulains, ref1, ref2, ref3
prisoners, treatment of, ref1, ref2, ref3
Saladin and, ref1, ref2
Qalat Guindi, ref1
Quantum Praedecessores, ref1
Quran, ref1
Qus, ref1
al-Qaysarani, ref1
Ralph, Patriarch, ref1
Ralph de Merle, ref1
Ramleh, battle of, ref1, ref2, ref3n
Rashid al-Din Sinan, ref1
Raymond II, Count of Tripoli, ref1
Raymond III, Count of Tripoli, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
accommodation with Saladin, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8
captivity, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
and caravan ambush, ref1
death, ref1
and election of patriarch, ref1
and Horns of Hattin, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
and invasion of Egypt, ref1
raid on Bosra, ref1
and regency in Jerusalem, ref1, ref2, ref3
relations with Baldwin IV, ref1, ref2
relations with Guy de Lusignan, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
rivalry with Reynald, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
and Saladin’s assault on Kerak, ref1, ref2
and succession struggle, ref1, ref2, ref3
Raymond of Poitiers, Prince of Antioch, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9
his daughter, ref1, ref2
Reynald compared with, ref1
his widow’s remarriage, ref1, ref2, ref3
Raymond of Toulouse, ref1
Reconquista, ref1
Reynald de Chatillon, Prince of Antioch
abandons Antioch, ref1
accused of breaking truce, ref1, ref2
adopts swan symbol, ref1
appearance, ref1, ref2
arrival in Jerusalem, ref1, ref2
attitude to Islam, ref1, ref2, ref3
background and lineage, ref1, ref2
captivity, ref1, ref2, ref3
his children, ref1, ref2
chivalry, ref1
comes to power in Antioch, ref1, ref2
compared with Raymond of Poitiers, ref1
and Constance’s death, ref1
courage, ref1, ref2
and courtly love, ref1
and crowning of Guy de Lusignan, ref1
defence of Kerak, ref1, ref2
delegation to Bohemond, ref1
embassy to Constantinople, ref1
engineers marriage alliance, ref1
execution, ref1
finances, ref1, ref2, ref3
and Horns of Hattin, ref1, ref2
joins Second Crusade, ref1, ref2
knowledge of Arabic, ref1
lord of Oultrejordan, ref1
marriage with Constance, ref1, ref2, ref3
marriage with Stephanie de Milly, ref1
presence in Antioch, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
presence in Ascalon, ref1, ref2
raids into Syria, ref1
raids on pilgrim route and Holy Cities, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
ransomed, ref1
reconciliation with Emperor Manuel, ref1, ref2, ref3
and regency in Jerusalem, ref1, ref2, ref3
released from captivity, ref1
reputation, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n, ref5
rivalry with Patriarch Aimery, ref1
rivalry with Raymond III, ref1, ref2,ref3, ref4
and stepchildren, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7
taken ill, ref1
treatment of Muslim subjects, ref1
Reynald, Prince of Antioch (son of Reynald), ref1
Richard I, King of England, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7
Robert of Auxerre, ref1
Robert the Leper, ref1
Roger de Moulins, ref1, ref2
Roger, King of Sicily, ref1
Roger of Antioch, ref1, ref2
Roger of Hoveden, ref1
Romance of the Rose, The, ref1
romantic love, discovery of, ref1
see also courtly love
Romanus Diogenes, Emperor, ref1
Roupen of Cilicia, ref1
Runciman, Sir Steven, ref1, ref2n, ref3
Saif al-Din, Lord of Mosul, ref1, ref2
St Augustine, ref1
St Barsaumo, ref1
St Bernard, see Bernard of Clairvaux
St Catherine, ref1
St George, ref1
St Job castle, ref1
St Paul, ref1
St Peter, ref1, ref2
St Peter’s basilica, ref1
St Simeon, port of, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
St Simeon’s Mount, ref1, ref2
Saladin, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8
accommodation with Raymond III, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8
and Bohemond’s consort, ref1
capture of Aila, ref1
and caravan ambush, ref1
and death of Nur al-Din, ref1
execution of Reynald and knights, ref1
and Horns of Hattin, ref1, ref2
hostility towards Bedouin, ref1
idealization of, ref1
and imposition of Sunni orthodoxy, ref1
and invasion of Egypt, ref1
invasion of Jerusalem, ref1
Islamic credentials, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
moves into Oultrejordan, ref1
and raids on Holy Cities, ref1
and ransom for Baldwin of Ibelin, ref1n
retreats across Jordan, ref1
and Reynald’s legacy, ref1
rise to power, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
sickness, ref1, ref2
and siege of Kerak, ref1, ref2, ref3
Salerno medical school, ref1
Salisbury, Earl of, ref1
Samosata, ref1
Santiago de Compostela, ref1
Scott, Ridley, ref1, ref2
Second Crusade, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, 97, ref7, ref8, ref9
departs for Outremer, ref1, ref2
launched by Bernard of Clairvaux, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
siege of Damascus, ref1
survivors of, ref1
Sephora, wells of, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Shawar, vizier, ref1n
Shawbak, ref1, ref2
Shayzar, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7
shipbuilding, ref1
Shirkuh, General, ref1, ref2
Sinjar, ref1, ref2
Sisley, Alfred, ref1
Smail, R. C., ref1
Stephane of Cilicia, ref1
Stephanie de Milly, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Stephanie of Botron, ref1
Stephen, King of England, ref1
Stephen of Blois, ref1, ref2
Stephen of La Ferté, ref1
Sufis, ref1, ref2
Swan Knight, ref1, ref2
Sybilla, Queen of Jerusalem, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
crowned queen, ref1
Syria
Muslim emirate, ref1
and rise of Saladin, ref1
under Nur al-Din, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
unification of, ref1, ref2, ref3
union with Egypt, ref1, ref2
Tabuk oasis, ref1
Taj al-Dawla Ibn Munqidh, Emir, ref1
Tancred de Hauteville, ref1
Taqi al-Din, ref1, ref2
Tarsus, ref1, ref2
Tayma, ref1, ref2, ref3
Temple Mount, ref1, ref2, ref3
Theobald of Champagne, Count, ref1, ref2
Theodora, Princess, ref1, ref2, ref3
Thierry, Count of Flanders, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Third Crusade, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Thoros II, Prince of Cilicia, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8
Tiberias, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8
Tigris, river, ref1
Toghetkin, Emir, ref1, ref2
Tower of David, ref1, ref2
Tripoli
earthquake, ref1
falls to Saladin, ref1, ref2
King Baldwin’s council, ref1, ref2
True Cross, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7
lost at Horns of Hattin, ref1, ref2, ref3
Tubaniya, wells of, ref1, ref2
Turbessel, ref1
Turcomans, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Turcopoles, ref1, ref2
‘Twelfth-Century Renaissance’, ref1
Tyre, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Urban II, Pope, ref1, ref2, ref3
Usama Ibn Munqidh, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7
Valley of Moses, ref1
Varangian Guard, ref1
Venice, ref1, ref2, ref3
Vézelay, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Vitry, burning of church, ref1
Walter de Falkenberg, ref1
Walter of St Omer, ref1, ref2
‘War on Terror’, ref1
Willebrand of Oldenburg, ref1
William the Conqueror, ref1, ref2n
William Marshall, ref1
William IX of Aquitaine, ref1, ref2
William X of Aquitaine, ref1
William ‘Longsword’ of Montferrat, ref1, ref2
William of Tyre
appointed chancellor of Jerusalem, ref1
and Armenian campaign, ref1
and arrival of crusaders, ref1, ref2, ref3
and Baldwin IV’s leprosy, ref1
and Constance’s marriage, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7
continuators of, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
death, ref1, ref2
and Eleanor of Aquitaine, ref1
and election for patriarchy, ref1
and flight of Thoros, ref1
and Guy de Lusignan, ref1, ref2
and invasion of Cyprus, ref1, ref2
and invasion of Egypt, ref1
and Melisende’s trousseau, ref1
and Nur al-Din, ref1, ref2
and Patriarch Aimery, ref1
pessimism of his last entries, ref1
and Raymond III’s ambitions, ref1
and Reynald’s captivity, ref1
and Reynald’s reconciliation with Emperor Manuel, ref1
and Reynald’s regency in Jerusalem, ref1
and Reynald’s release from captivity, ref1
and Saladin, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
and Shayzar campaign, ref1
responsibility for Reynald’s reputation, ref1, ref2
Yvain (knight at Kerak), ref1
Zengi, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
A NOTE ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Jeffrey Lee has a First in Arabic and Islamic History from Oxford and, as an award-winning broadcast journalist, he has produced and reported on news and current affairs in more than thirty countries. He lives in London.
The contents of the FedEx package sent by Al-Qaida in 2010, addressed to Reynald de Chatillon. The printer contained a bomb made of the explosive PETN, programmed to detonate over Chicago, Illinois.
The powerful and beautiful Eleanor of Aquitaine. She went on the Second Crusade (1147–49) with her husband King Louis of France, bringing romance and scandal along with her. Fresco from the Chapel of St Radegund in Chinon, France (13th century).
Knights setting out for Outremer on the Second Crusade. Cressac Chapel fresco (12th century).
The leaders of the Second Crusade argue at the council of Acre, June 1148 (top). The crusaders then make their ill-fated attack on the Muslim city of Damascus, July 1148 (bottom). From the manuscript of William of Tyre’s History of Deeds done beyond the Sea (late 12th century).
Reynald tortures the patriarch of Antioch on top of a tower, c. 1154. From the manuscript of William of Tyre’s History and its Continuation (13th century).
Reynald de Chatillon’s seal as Prince of Antioch. One side shows Reynald as a mounted knight. The other shows St Peter and St Paul, both closely associated with Antioch.
View from across the Orontes river by J. Redway (1841). This engraving shows the daunting defences of the great ancient metropolis of Antioch.
The impregnable might of Reynald’s stronghold at Kerak in Oultrejordan. For the Muslims it was ‘a wolf placed in the valley’ to hamper their communications and prey on caravan traffic.
The strategic Muslim stronghold of Shayzar on the frontiers of Antioch resisted crusader assaults for half a century. In 1157, a coalition forged by Reynald de Chatillon captured the lower town and had the upper fortress at its mercy.
The citadel of Aleppo, Syria, crowns its towering tel – a mound made up of cities dating back to prehistory. In the twelfth century, Reynald was among many crusader prisoners who languished for years in its deep pits and dungeons.
The castle on the Ile de Graye off Aila (Eilat) in the Red Sea. It is now known as Saladin’s Island, and is Egyptian territory. Reynald besieged this fort with two galleys during his raid of 1182/3.
Reynald’s bitter enemy, the astute and ambitious Muslim leader, Saladin (1137–93). Reynald dealt Saladin his worst military defeat and at least twice Saladin swore he would personally kill Reynald. Portrait after a contemporary miniature (c. 1180).
Reynald’s seal as Lord of Oultrejordan showing his swan symbol. He retained the title of prince.
Manuel I Comnemos, Byzantine emperor from 1143–80, with his second wife Maria of Antioch, stepdaughter of Reynald de Chatillon. Reynald’s role in this marriage may have had damaging long-term consequences for the crusaders. Image from a facsimile of a manuscript from the Vatican Library.
Christianity’s Holy of Holies, the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. This is the view of the twelfth-century crusader façade. Here, in 1186, Reynald’s power in the Kingdom of Jerusalem reached its zenith.
The Horns of Hattin in Galilee, Israel – site of the momentous battle of 1187. From the Horns you can look eastwards down to the Sea of Galilee in the distance.
Crusaders and Saracens fight over the Holy Cross at the Battle of Hattin, 1187. From the Chronica Maiora by Matthew Paris (13th century).
First published in hardback in Great Britain in 2016 by Atlantic Books, an imprint of Atlantic Books Ltd.
Copyright © Jeffrey Lee 2016
The moral right of Jeffrey Lee to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act of 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book.
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Hardback ISBN: 978-1-78239-925-4
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