The Code
Page 64
5. Ann Hardy, interview with the author, September 19, 2017; phone conversation with the author, August 28, 2018. The continuing demographic imbalances in tech and the consequences for the products it builds and markets produced a wave of books during this period; see, for example: Emily Chang, Brotopia: Breaking Up the Boys’ Club of Silicon Valley (New York: Portfolio, 2018); Safiya Umoja Noble, Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism (New York: New York University Press, 2018); Virginia Eubanks, Automating Inequality: How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police, and Punish the Poor (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2018); Sara Watcher-Boettcher, Technically Wrong: Sexist Apps, Biased Algorithms, and Other Threats of Toxic Tech (New York: W. W. Norton, 2017).
6. Yaw Anokwa and Hélène Martin, interview with the author, June 7, 2018, Seattle, Wash.
IMAGE CREDITS
1. Morgenthaler family photograph, Courtesy of Gary Morgenthaler.
2. Personal photograph, Courtesy of Ann Hardy.
3. Reproduced with Permission, Palo Alto Historical Association.
4. Reproduced with Permission, MIT Museum.
5. Reproduced with Permission, Courtesy of Agilent Technologies, Inc.
6. Reproduced with Permission, Palo Alto Historical Association.
7. Wayne Miller / Magnum Photos.
8. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
9. Computer History Museum, Gift of Lee Felsenstein.
10. Bruce Burgess / Lakeside School, Courtesy of Paul Allen and Bill Gates.
11. Computer History Museum, Gift of Jim Warren.
12. Personal photograph, Courtesy of Ed Zschau.
13. Personal photograph, Courtesy of Regis McKenna.
14. Personal photograph, Courtesy of Regis McKenna.
15. AP Photo / Neal Ulevich.
16. Computer History Museum.
17. Ann E. Yow-Dyson / Getty Images.
18. Ed Kashi / VII / Redux.
19. Ann E. Yow-Dyson / Getty Images.
20. AP Photo / Paul Sakuma.
21. AP Photo / Denis Paquin.
22. AP Photo / Namas Bhojani.
23. AP Photo / Andy Rogers.
24. AP Photo / Justin Sullivan.
25. AP Photo / Ben Margot.
26. Kimberly White / Getty Images.
27. AP Photo / Marcio Jose Sanchez.
28. Brian Ach / Getty Images.
29. Morgenthaler family photograph, Courtesy of Gary Morgenthaler.
30. Personal photograph, Courtesy of Ann Hardy.
31. Stanford News Service / Steve Castillo.
32. Gilles Mingasson / Getty Images.
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INDEX
The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. The link provided will take you to the beginning of that print page. You may need to scroll forward from that location to find the corresponding reference on your e-reader.
Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), 3, 101, 207, 208, 239, 244
Adweek, 315
AdWords and AdSense, 365
Air Force, 37, 38, 57
Albrecht, Bob, 118, 128, 134, 140
Alger, Horatio, 4, 170
Allaire, Paul, 296
Allen, Paul, 154, 155, 227–29, 351
Allison, Dennis, 140
Alsop, Stewart, 349
Altair, 135–36, 138–40, 142, 144–46, 154, 155, 227
AltaVista, 362, 365
Alto, 130, 131, 234, 243
Amazon, 1, 2, 221, 313–15, 317, 324, 354, 359, 366, 380–83, 389, 391, 392, 394, 396, 408, 410
Amazon Web Services (AWS), 381–83, 390–91
American Bankers’ Association, 160
American Challenge, The (Servan-Schreiber), 88, 89
American Electronics Association (AEA), 168, 171, 197, 350
American Research and Development (ARD), 70, 71
America Online (AOL), 306, 316, 317, 346, 358, 368–71
Ampex, 38, 74, 207, 249, 262
Anderson, Fred, 71, 72
Anderson, Harlan, 54
Andreessen, Marc, 2, 305, 306, 309, 316, 318, 338, 341–43, 348, 370, 390, 392–93, 399
Andrews, Paul, 155
Android, 378
Anokwa, Yaw, 408–10
Apollo program, 51, 67, 86, 396
Apple, 1–3, 42, 146–52, 154, 157, 178–84, 186–90, 191, 192, 194, 199–201, 207, 215, 217–21, 223, 227, 229, 231–37, 240–44, 247, 249, 257, 264–67, 270, 271, 273, 277, 280, 284, 289, 295, 304, 305, 322, 328, 336, 355, 356, 364, 366, 372, 375–79, 388, 391, 392, 394, 395, 401, 405, 410
Apple Bill, 218–19, 224
Armstrong, Neil, 65
Army, U.S., 24
ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency; renamed DARPA), 45, 57–58, 64, 133, 225, 226, 227, 246, 248, 287, 288, 312, 352
ARPANET, 64–66, 67, 130, 257, 258, 287, 304
Arrillaga, John, 80, 264
Asimov, Isaac, 257
Association for Computing Machinery, 125
AT&T, 61–64, 118, 129, 167, 193, 238, 305, 328
Atari, 106–8, 147, 149, 154, 185, 201
Atari Democrats, 193–94, 216, 217, 221, 222, 224, 290, 325
@Home, 306
Atlantic, 20, 58
Augmentation Research Center, 91
Auletta, Ken, 364
Ayres, Judith, 263
Azure, 383
Babbitt, Bruce, 193
Badham, John, 246–47
Ballmer, Steve, 228, 273, 340–42, 350, 366, 377
Bancroft, Pete, 161–63
Banham, Reyner, 198
Bank of America, 74, 88
Baran, Paul, 124
Barksdale, Jim, 305, 344
Barlow, John Perry, 258, 286–87, 291, 301, 327
Barram, Dave, 294–95, 297, 298
Bayh-Dole Act, 180
Bechtolsheim, Andy, 275, 277, 354
Bell Laboratories, 40, 364
Bentsen, Lloyd, 170–71
Berezin, Evelyn, 124
Berlin, Leslie, 105
Berman, Jerry, 301
Berners-Lee, Tim, 287–90, 305
Bezos, Jeff, 311–15, 354, 355, 380–82, 391, 402
Bidzos, Jim, 310, 311
Billboard, 357
Billionaire Boys Club, 285
Black, Shirley Temple, 79
Blackberry, 376
Blacks at Microsoft, 320, 322
Blodget, Henry, 359
Bloom, Allan, 253
Bloomberg, Michael, 402–3
Bloomfield, Mark, 168, 169, 222
Blue Origin, 402
Blumenthal, Michael, 170
Boeing, 29, 89–90, 232, 271, 314, 384
Boggs, David, 129–30
Boxer, Barbara, 331
Brand, Stewart, 118, 128, 130, 142, 247, 258
Bricklin, Dan, 188
Bridges, Harry, 48
Brin, Sergey, 351–55, 362–65, 373, 375, 404
Brown, Dean, 117, 125, 127, 128, 134–35
Brown, Jerry, 142–43, 156, 194, 212–14, 216, 219, 224, 225, 292, 293
Brown, Pat, 81, 142
Brown, Ron, 299
Bucy, Fred, 211
Bunker, George, 63
Bunker Ramo Corporation, 63, 64, 238
Bunnell, David, 139–40
Burning Man, 363, 369
Bush, George H. W., 69, 171, 259, 262, 278, 279, 290, 293, 295, 296
Bush, George W., 253, 360, 373, 396
Bush, Vannevar, 20–24, 39, 43, 63, 67, 119, 227, 352
Bushnell, Nolan, 106, 108, 149, 267
Busin
ess Month, 275
BusinessWeek, 33, 70, 180, 186, 202–4, 340
Bylinsky, Gene, 104
Byte, 139, 140, 148, 186
Byte Shop, 140, 148
California Commission on Industrial Innovation, 213, 214, 219
Caltech, 29, 30, 208, 225
Campbell, Bill, 236, 364, 376, 379
Campbell, Tom, 331
Campbell, W. Glenn, 35, 127, 251, 252, 254
Carlos, John, 85, 91
Carmichael, Stokely, 127
Carnegie, Andrew, 4
Carroll, Ashley, 401
Carter, Ash, 384
Carter, Jimmy, 163, 167, 168, 170, 171, 179, 180, 194, 211, 221, 248, 287, 294
Carter, Thomas F., 62, 63
Carterfone, 62, 64, 257
Case, Steve, 316
Cato Institute, 346
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 249, 300, 383, 385–86
Cerf, Vinton, 289
CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research), 288–89
Chambers, John, 359
Chang, Emily, 398
Chiat/Day, 242, 266
Christian Coalition, 329, 330
Cisco Systems, 277, 317, 359
Clark, Jim, 305, 316, 318, 341–43
Clark, Paul, 70
Clinton, Bill, 193, 292–99, 302, 310, 315, 319, 324, 325, 330–37, 340, 346–48, 350, 352, 360, 373
Clinton, Hillary, 193, 292, 294, 297, 373, 403
Clipper Chip, 300–301, 337
Closing of the American Mind, The (Bloom), 253
CNN, 293, 358
Cold War, 20, 24, 30–31, 35, 36, 38, 39, 44, 45, 92, 102, 114, 119, 122, 195, 205, 232, 260, 278, 310, 315, 383–84, 388, 404
CommerceNet, 310, 311, 314
Commodore, 149, 157, 182
Communications Decency Act (CDA), 329–30, 347
Community Memory, 118, 131, 257, 258, 369
Compaq Computer, 189, 240
Compton, Karl, 70
CompuServe, 63, 255, 257–59, 287, 306
Computer Lib (Nelson), 119, 240
Computermania, 140
Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR), 248, 300
Computers and Society, 123
Contract with America, 325
Control Data Corporation, 118, 215
Conway, Lynn, 129, 130, 208, 225
Cook, Tim, 379, 394
Cooney, Stuart, 134–35
Coppola, Francis Ford, 194
Council for Capital Formation, 168
Cox, Chris, 370
Cranston, Alan, 261
Creighton, Susan, 345
Cultural Literacy (Hirsch), 253
Cunningham, Andrea “Andy,” 200
Cyberspace and the American Dream, 323–26, 330
Cypherpunks, 259, 291, 328
Cypress Semiconductor, 321, 336
DARPA, see ARPA
Dart, Justin, 196
Data General, 55, 110, 111, 181, 203
Davis, Tommy, 41–42, 76, 88, 371
Davis & Rock, 42, 76, 88
Défi Américain, Le (Servan-Schreiber), 88, 89
de Gaulle, Charles, 48–49, 213, 260
Dennis, Reid, 74, 78, 159, 164–68, 230
Department of Commerce, 299, 310, 328
Department of Defense (DOD), 37, 45, 51, 57, 103, 133, 249–50, 287
Department of Education, 217
Department of Energy, 247
Department of Justice (DOJ), 125, 227, 342–46, 350
Department of Labor (DOL), 167–68, 171
Deschooling Society (Illich), 132
Didion, Joan, 85, 109–10
Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), 54–55, 57, 70, 86, 110, 111, 168, 181, 187, 188, 203, 268, 279, 362, 365
Digital Libraries Project, 352–53
Dillon, Douglas, 49
Discoverer, 47–48
Diversity Myth, The (Sacks and Thiel), 253, 395
Doerr, Ann, 374
Doerr, John, 2, 75, 142, 275, 304–7, 314, 333–38, 340–41, 348–49, 355, 362–64, 366, 374, 376, 377, 380, 395–99, 405
Dole, Bob, 334, 336
Doriot, Georges F., 38, 54, 55, 70, 71, 73, 203
Draper, Phyllis, 70
Draper, Tim, 402
Draper, William Henry, Jr., 71–73, 402
Draper, William Henry, III (Bill), 69–74, 78–80, 398, 402
Dr. Dobb’s Journal of Computer Calisthenics and Orthodontia, 140, 145, 148–49, 152–53
Dukakis, Michael, 193, 291, 294
Dulles, John Foster, 23
Dyson, Esther, 185, 189, 197, 269, 323–24, 326, 369
Dyson, Freeman, 323
Earth in the Balance (Gore), 290
eBay, 254, 310–11, 317, 357, 366
Edstrom, Pam, 274, 343
Edwards, Don, 286
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 23, 41, 44–46, 48, 51, 72, 74, 163, 245, 390
Eitel, Bill, 19
Eitel-McCullough, 52
Electronic Data Systems (EDS), 58, 268
Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), 286, 291, 300, 301, 324, 326, 328, 330, 349, 386
Electronic News, 99, 100, 102
Elgin, Duane, 143
Ellison, Larry, 249, 334
Ellul, Jacques, 121
Ely, Carole, 145, 146, 237
Ely, Paul, 237
Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA), 161
Engelbart, Douglas C., 91–92, 127–30, 147
ENIAC, 28, 184
Enterprise Integration Technologies (EIT), 288, 305
Environmental Protection Agency, 263
Ervin, Sam, 83–84, 123, 124, 246
Esalen Institute, 128, 133, 363
Esquire, 198, 199
Etchemendy, John, 388
Ethernet, 130
Evans, Christopher, 156
Excite, 306, 354
Exon, James, 328–30
Facebook, 1, 105, 344, 366–73, 380, 386, 389, 391–95, 399–401, 403, 406, 409, 410
Facing Up to the Bomb, 248
Fairchild, Sherman, 41
Fairchild Semiconductor, 40–42, 50–52, 55, 67, 76, 88, 97, 100–101, 149, 176, 263, 268, 277, 305–6, 372
Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 62–64, 299, 327, 374
Federal Telegraph, 19
Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 172, 340, 342
Felsenstein, Lee, 113–15, 117–18, 126, 131–33, 138, 139, 144–46, 186, 190, 193, 205, 257
Filo, David, 308–9
Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), 318–19
Flanders, Ralph, 70
Florida, Richard, 391
Foley, Howard, 213–14
Forbes, 158, 188, 272, 323
Ford, Gerald, 124, 162, 163, 195
Ford, Henry, 4, 70, 103, 190, 231
Ford, Tom, 165, 331
Ford Foundation, 116
Ford Motor Company, 51, 189
Fortune, 104, 121, 236, 242, 274, 366
Frankston, Bob, 188
Freeman, Frank, 36
Freiberger, Paul, 265–66
French, Gordon, 137–38, 143, 146
Friedman, Milton, 385
Friendster, 367
Future Shock (Toffler), 121, 122, 186
Gage, John, 275, 332
Gaither, H. Rowan, 44, 71, 72
Gaither Report, 44–45, 65, 71
Gallagher, Neil, 123, 124
Gates, Bill, 1, 3, 5, 153–55, 191, 199, 224, 227–32, 247, 266, 273–76, 285, 312, 322, 339–46, 349–51, 366, 368, 375, 377, 391, 402, 408, 409
Gates, Mary, 228–29, 275
Gates, Melinda, 402
Genentech, 179–80, 191, 366
General Electric (GE), 11, 14, 25, 31, 59
General Magic, 317, 376
General Micro-electronics, 97
General Motors (GM), 161, 268
General Telephone & Electronics, 62
George, 328
Gibbons, Jim, 39, 40, 278, 351
Gibson, William, 247
Gilder, George, 323–25
Gilmore, John, 291
Gingrich, Newt, 193, 290, 325–29, 331, 334, 340, 347
Gise, Preston, 312
Gmail, 365, 366
Go Corp., 376
Goldberg, Adele, 130
Goldman, Jacob, 129
Goldwater, Barry, 124
Google, 1, 2, 105, 221, 344, 352, 354–55, 362–66, 368–70, 372–74, 377–80, 383, 386, 389, 391–96, 399–402, 405, 406, 409
Google News, 365
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 260
Gore, Al, 193, 217, 218, 290, 291, 295, 297–301, 324, 328, 331, 332, 335, 336, 338, 339, 348–49, 360, 362, 377, 395–97
Gore, Tipper, 329
Gores, Harold, 116
Graham, Katherine, 209
Graham, Paul, 399
Green, Wayne, 139
Greenberger, Martin, 58
Greenfield, Stew, 159, 161, 167, 170–71
Greening of America, The (Reich), 125
Greenspan, Alan, 297, 316
Griswold, Merrill, 70
Grove, Andy, 41, 103, 106, 112, 113, 152, 158, 210, 230, 283, 304, 337
Hackers (Levy), 247
Hagerty, Ken, 197
Hall, Raymond, 25
Hambrecht, William, 88
Hambrecht & Quist, 189
Hansen, Clifford, 170, 171
Hansen, William, 19
Hardt, Pam, 118, 120, 131
Hardy, Ann, 12–14, 26–27, 43, 59–61, 64, 75, 105–6, 200, 255–56, 312, 360, 382, 407
Harp, Lore, 145, 146, 237
Hart, Gary, 192, 196, 215, 217, 224, 295
Hart, Philip A., 126
Harvard University, 21, 27–29, 30, 38, 68, 75, 82, 154, 188, 201, 203, 276, 367
Hayes, Janet, 263